課時作業(yè)：14AstronomythescienceofthestarsWord解析版

課時作業(yè)(十四)必修③Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestars【夯實基礎(chǔ)】I.單句語法填空1.Asisknowntous,theRepublicofChinacameinto(exist)asanindependentcountryin1949.2.Notallpeopleareawareofthevariouseffectsof(globe)warmingonEarth.3.Newtonwasoneofthegreatest(physics)intheworldandmanypeopleadmirehimverymuch.4.(like)mostpeopleintheofficewhocometoworkbycar,Iusuallycometoworkbybus.5.Theconversationwascarriedonaharmoniousandfriendlyatmosphere.6.ProfessorGreenwas(puzzle)overtheresult,whichwascompletelyoppositetowhathehadexpected.7.Forlotsofpeople,thenatural(react)istogetangrywhentheyarecheatedbyothers.8.myfriendLilywilltakepartinthesingingcompetitionornotisunknown.9.Duringthosefouryears,heworkeddayandnight,thus(improve)histheorygraduallyuntilitwascomplete.10.Theywanttomakecleartothepublicthattheydoanimportantandnecessaryjob.II.完成句子1.既然你已經(jīng)知道這件事了，我不想再談了。2.參觀者必須下午四點離開公園。3.吸煙有害健康。4.他被迫放棄了自己的夢想。5.我們要相信形勢會好轉(zhuǎn)的。(dependon)III.課文濃縮根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容，在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Noone1(know)exactlyhowtheearthbegan.Accordingtoa2(wide)acceptedtheory,theuniversebeganwitha“BigBang”,3explodedloudlyandproducedwatervapourandmany4(gas)makingtheearth’satmosphere.Astheearthcooleddown,waterappearedandstayed5thesurface.Itwasthepresenceofwaterthatallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgasesandacidsintotheoceansandseas,whichmade6possibleforlifetodevelop.First,theappearanceofsmallplantsencouragedthelaterdevelopmentofearlyshellfishandallsortsoffish.Next,greenplantsbegantogrowonland,7(follow)bylandanimals.Soreptilesappearedforthefirsttime.Later,dinosaursdeveloped.However,theysuddenlydisappeared.Afterthat,mammalscameintobeing.Finally,humans8(appear)andspreadallovertheearth.However,theyareputtingtoomuchcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere,9(make)theearthtoohottoliveon.So,whetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependon10thisproblemcanbesolved.【能力提升】IV.閱讀理解【2022·天津卷·C】AHowdoesanecosystem（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）work?Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,forinstance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator（掠食動物）alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey（獵物）,thetwospeciesarestronglylinked.Whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinction（滅絕）ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare，theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies---includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey,scientistssaysbecauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint（臨界點）,itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.1.Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs?A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.C.Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.2.Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator_______.A.hasawidefoodchoiceB.caneasilyfindnewpreyC.stickstoonepreyspeciesD.canquicklymovetoanotherplace3.Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline?A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.D.Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.4.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4?A.Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.B.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.C.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.D.Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.5.Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance?A.Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.B.Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.C.Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.D.Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.B【2022·重慶第二次調(diào)研】TheBeltandRoadstartedpeoplegoingaround.Now2022isslowlycomingtothemiddle,whichmeansit'stimetostartbrainstormingyourplansforthenexthalfyear.Herewe'vejustreleasedthetopfourplacestovisit.Seville,SpainSevillehastradedheavytrafficforbicyclesandtramsinrecentyears,makingitanenjoyablecitytovisitandgetaround.AndthecityisknownforitsbeautifulMoorisharchitecture.Thisyearit'scelebratingthe400thanniversaryofBartoloméEstebanMurillo,abaroque(巴洛克風格的)painterandanativeofSeville.Detroit,AmericaInrecentyears,Detroithastransformedfromaheapofabandonedsitestoafashionablecitythatboaststrendygalleries,hotels,andbikeshops.There'sahockeyandbasketballarena(競技場)downtownandthreenewparksthatwillhelpextendtheriverfronttrail.Plus,gettingtoallofDetroit'shotspotsiseasythankstotheQLinestreetcar.Canberra,AustraliaThere'salothappeninginCanberrathisyear.Forthefirsttimeever,thecapitalcitywillhostacricket(板球)TestmatchbetweenAustraliaandSriLankaattheManukaOval.Outsideofthisevent,thecityisfullofnationallandmarks,aswellasplentyofmemorableculturalandcookingexperiences.Hamburg,GermanyHamburg'snew789millioneuroconcerthallistheveryreasontovisitthisnorthernGermancityin2022.Thehalltookyearstocomplete,butitsstrikingglasswallsandcontrastingbrickbottomareasighttoview.ThehallisconvenientlylocatedinHafenCityportarea,whichstretchesalongtheElbeRiverandishometoriverfrontbarsandbusynightlife.6.Inwhichcolumn(欄目)ofamagazinecanyoumostprobablyfindsuchapassage?A．Sports.B．Culture.C．Travel.D．Architecture.7.Wherecanyouenjoybothsportsandriverbanksightsorviews?A．Seville.B．Detroit.C．Canberra.D．Hamburg.8.Ifyouareinterestedinarchitecturalstyles,youmaychoosetovisit________.A．SevilleandDetroitB．DetroitandCanberraC．CanberraandHamburgD．HamburgandSevilleV.根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。【2022·全國卷III.】Inanonlineclass,developinghealthypatternsofcommunicationwithprofessorsisveryimportant.1WhileIhaveonlylistedtwoofeach,thereareobviouslymanyothersituationsthatcanarise.Studentsshouldbeabletoextendthelogic(邏輯)ofeachtotheirparticularcircumstance.Do's?2Questionsaboutsubjectcontentaregenerallywelcomed.Beforeaskingquestionsaboutthecoursedesign,readthesyllabus(教學(xué)大綱)andlearningmanagementsysteminformationtobesuretheanswerisn'thidinginplainsight.?Participateindiscussionforums(論壇),blogsandotheropen-endedforumsfordialogue.3Besuretostayontopicandnotofferirrelevantinformation.Makeapoint,andmakeitsafeforotherstodothesame.Don'ts?Don'tsharepersonalinformationorstories.Professorsarenottrainednurses,financialaidexpertsoryourbestfriends.Ifyouareinneedofadeadlineextension,simplyexplainthesituationtotheprofessor.4?Don'topenlyexpressannoyanceataprofessororclass.5Whenastudentattacksaprofessoronthesocialmedia,thelanguageusedactuallysaysmoreaboutthestudent.Ifthereistrulyaconcernaboutaprofessor'sprofessionalismorability,besuretouseonlinecourseevaluationstocalmlyofferyourcomments.A.That'swhattheyarefor.B.Turntoanonlineinstructorforhelp.C.Ifmoreinformationisneeded,theywillask.D.Rememberthatonlineprofessorsgetalotofemails.E.Belowaresomecommondo'sanddon'tsforonlinelearners.F.Everyonehastakenanot-so-greatclassatonetimeoranother.G.Askquestions,butmakesuretheyaregood,thoughtfulquestions.VI.語法填空【2022河南豫北】Learningtoplayaninstrumentissomethingthatcangiveyoualotofpleasure.Itisalsoanachievementandaskill1stayswithyourlife.Musichasaparttoplayineveryone’slife,andhas2(describe)as“aprimarylanguage.”Learningtoplayaninstrumentisn’teasyatthebeginningand3(take)effortanddetermination.WhileitisOKtoaimforthetop,musicis4(certain)notsomethingtotakeupbecauseyouthinkyououghttodoit.Alotofadultsregretnothavinglearnttoplayaninstrumentwhenthey5(be)younger.Butitisnevertoolatetolearn!Andthe6(advantage)oflearninganinstrumentarefar7(great)thanjustthepleasureofproducinganenjoyablesound.Whenyou’veprogressedfarenough,therearelotsofamateurgroupsthatyoucanjoin8youwanttobepartofalargergroup.Onceyou’vereachedagoodenoughstandard9(join)abandororchestra(管弦樂隊),youaddtheteamskillslikethoseyougetfromplayingsport.There’salsoagreatsocialsidetoplaying10others,aswellasthechancetotravelthroughtouring.答案：1.existence9.improving10.it1.Nowthatyouhavealreadyknownthematter,Idon’twanttotalkaboutitanymore.2.Visitorsaretoleavetheparkat4.3.Smokingisharmfultohealth.4.Hewasforcedtogiveuphisdream.5.Weshoulddependonitthatthesituationwillbebetter.III.9.makingIV.A.【答案】1.B2.C3.D4.A5.D【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。本文介紹了借助食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些在食物網(wǎng)運營的關(guān)鍵原則?？茖W(xué)家們說：因為一個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)越過了它的臨界點，它們很難再回來。該系統(tǒng)將告訴我們何時適應(yīng)人類活動，這些活動正將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)推向崩潰，或者甚至允許我們將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)從邊緣拉回來，預(yù)防是關(guān)鍵?！?題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.可知，借助食物網(wǎng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了食物網(wǎng)中的一些關(guān)鍵原則。故選B?！?題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的Whenapredator(掠食動物)alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(獵物)，thetwospeciesarestronglylinked可知，當捕食者總是吃大量的單一獵物，這兩個物種是緊密相連的。故選C?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhad,asurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack可知，處于食物網(wǎng)頂端的食肉動物對它們沒有直接攻擊的其他物種的種群數(shù)量有著驚人的控制，由此可推斷出，如果食物鏈頂級食肉動物的數(shù)量大大下降，其他物種的種群將經(jīng)歷意想不到的變化。故選D?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段的Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline可知，人類過度的活動會將生態(tài)系統(tǒng)推向崩潰，由此可推斷出，不受控制的人類活動極大地破壞了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選A?！?題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段的Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warmingsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.可知，早期變暖系統(tǒng)發(fā)出緊急需要采取預(yù)防行動的信號幫助我們維持生態(tài)平衡。故選D。B.【答案】6.C8.D【語篇解讀】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文?！耙粠б宦贰弊寚说难酃馔断蚴澜纭?022年即將過半，下半年世界上最值得一游的四個地方是西班牙的Seville、美國的Detroit、澳大利亞的Canberra和德國的Hamburg?！?題詳解】考查推理判斷。通讀全文可知，文章第一段最后一句“Herewe'vejustreleasedthetopfourplacestovisit”為全文的主旨句；結(jié)合文章介紹了2022年下半年世界上最值得一游的四個地方，即西班牙的Seville、美國的Detroit、澳大利亞的Canberra和德國的Hamburg可知，本文最可能出現(xiàn)在旅游欄目中，故C項正確?！?題詳解】考查細節(jié)理解。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“bothsportsandriverbanksightsorviews”定位至第三段第二句“There'sahockeyandbasketballarena(競技場)downtownandthreenewparksthatwillhelpextendtheriverfronttrail”，據(jù)此可知，美國的Detroit有一個曲棍球和籃球競技場和三個新公園，這些新公園延長了河邊小道，故在美國的Detroit你可以享受河岸美景和體育運動，故B項正確。【8題詳解】考查細節(jié)理解。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“architecturalstyles”定位至第二段的第二句“AndthecityisknownforitsbeautifulMoorisharchitecture”，據(jù)此可知，西班牙的Seville以其美麗的摩爾式建筑而聞名，故西班牙的Seville值得對建筑風格感興趣的人一游；根據(jù)尾段第二句“Thehalltookyearstocomplete,butitsstrikingglasswallsandcontrastingbrickbottomareasighttoview”可知，該音樂廳經(jīng)數(shù)年時間才建成，它那引人注目的玻璃墻和與之形成對比的磚砌的底部是值得一看的景觀，據(jù)此可知，德國的Hamburg值得對建筑風格感興趣的人一游。故D項正確。V.【答案】1.E2.G3.A4.C5.F【語篇解讀】本文為說明文。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂上，與教授建立健康的交流模式是非常重要的，作者在文中列舉了一些規(guī)矩與禁忌?！?題詳解】根據(jù)文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)和本段首句Inanonlineclass,developinghealthypatternsofcommunicationwithprofessors