2015年國際奶牛新技術(shù)大會專家1-jan

世界一流的犢牛培育技術(shù)

WorldClassCalfRearing

F?rster–TechnikGmbH內(nèi)容

Content2犢牛智能飼喂設(shè)備的優(yōu)點

GeneraladvantagesAutomaticCalffeeders犢牛強化培育的重要性／“優(yōu)育40”技術(shù)概念

Theimportanceofintensifiedcalffeeding/40FITconcept超大規(guī)模牧場的成功例子ExamplesMegaDairyFarms規(guī)劃設(shè)計建議Layout-SuggestionsF?rster-Technik公司：我們的飼喂設(shè)備

OurProductsforFeeding犢牛智能飼喂設(shè)備

AutomaticcalffeederVario+牛奶飼喂車MilktrolleyMilchMobil羔羊智能飼喂設(shè)備

Automaticlamb&kidfeeder

ECO單圈犢牛飼喂機器人FeedingrobotforcalvesinsinglepensCalfRail全功能系統(tǒng)式設(shè)計Completesystems最佳質(zhì)量

Highestquality和畜群管理系統(tǒng)銜接

Connectedtoherdmanagementsystems節(jié)省時間Time-saving提高犢牛福利

Animal-friendly更好的監(jiān)控犢牛發(fā)育

BettermonitoringF?rster-Technik公司：我們的飼喂設(shè)備

OurProductsforFeeding犢牛智能飼喂設(shè)備的優(yōu)點

GeneraladvantagesAutomaticCalffeeders5節(jié)省時間

Laborsaving生長速度更快的犢牛－－產(chǎn)奶量更高的奶牛Fastergrowingcalveshigheryieldingcows標準化操作程序

Standard-Operating-Procedures

投入劃算

——

因為：群舍圈養(yǎng)節(jié)省空間；更高的勞動效率；更好的成年奶牛。

Costeffectiveduetogrouphousing,laborsaving，andbettercows犢牛智能飼喂設(shè)備的優(yōu)點

GeneraladvantagesAutomaticCalffeedersfeeders6確保合適的奶溫度、濃度和飼喂量Alwaysrighttemperature,concentration,amount可用于生鮮乳

和／或代乳料

（包括巴氏殺菌后飼喂犢牛的廢棄奶）

Workswithrawmilkand/ormilkreplacer(hospitalmilkafterpasteurization)外周設(shè)備包括谷物飼喂器、電子秤、藥物定量投放裝置

Peripheralslikeelectronicgrainfeeders,scales,medicinedosingdevices帶有電子耳標或RFID標記的項圈的犢牛群體圈養(yǎng)

Calvesingroupswithelectroniceartags/neckbandsRFID犢牛智能飼喂設(shè)備的優(yōu)點

GeneraladvantagesAutomaticCalffeedersfeeders7每個智能飼喂裝置可最多連接四個飲奶站

Upto4drinkstations每個飲奶站可喂養(yǎng)25-30頭犢牛－

也就是每個智能飼喂裝置最多可同時喂養(yǎng)100-120個犢牛

Onestationfor25-30animals100-120animalspermachine每頭犢牛利用智能飼喂裝置的時間約為56天，所以，每套智能飼喂裝置每年可培育

約600頭犢牛

Calvesshouldstayabout56dayswithmilkatthemachine(yearlycapacity~600calves導(dǎo)航?=主菜單＋工具欄Navigator“=

mainmenu+toolbar菜單欄

－犢牛飼喂裝置窗口menubarcalffeeder排序和過濾工具按鈕sortandfiltertool每個犢牛的歷史數(shù)據(jù)historyofoneanimal菜單欄

單個動物的歷史數(shù)據(jù)窗口menubarhistoryofoneanimal菜單欄

索引和繪圖menubarindexorgraph犢牛管家－管理軟件

CalfManagermanagementPCsoftware單個犢牛飲奶量歷史數(shù)據(jù)圖

graphicviewtoshowdrinkingparametersofonecalf犢牛管家－管理軟件

CalfManagermanagementsoftware所有軟件都有中文版本

AlltextinChineselanguage10安全模式——簡化操作方式，保障設(shè)備正常運行Safety-techforeasyapplication控制終端保護殼，掛鎖鎖定，僅暴露數(shù)據(jù)部分按鍵

Mechanicallockforkey-boardrestriction可設(shè)置軟件密碼Useskey-lock普通員工僅可查看信息，無權(quán)修改Workercanonlycheckanimalsatmachine可通過計算機遠程控制設(shè)備RemotecontrolviaPC1-2-3犢牛電子秤（RFID識別和USB數(shù)據(jù)輸出）

1-2-3CalfScalewithRFID&USB12閱讀器MultireaderUSB盤接口USB-StickplugMakita充電電池

RechargeableMakitaBattery數(shù)據(jù)輸出到Excel表格ExporttoExcel&CalfManager近年來，許多研究表明在出生后的幾個星期內(nèi)的強化培育的犢牛Manyimpressivenewstudiesshowthatintensiverearinginthefirstfewweeksofliveproducescalvesthat更有活力aremoreenergetic繁殖性能更好aremorefertile更健康arehealthier強化培育的犢牛成年后產(chǎn)奶量更高。Producingmoremilkduringlactation產(chǎn)奶量增加的回報超過用于強化培育的投入Higherearningsfrommilkyieldexceedbyfartheaddedcostsofcalfraising

”出生后四十天是開發(fā)犢牛遺傳潛力的重要時期”“Thefirst40daysinlifeareessentialtoexploitthefullgeneticpotential.”犢牛強化培育的重要性Theimportanceofintensifiedcalffeeding犢牛強化培育的重要性Theimportanceofintensifiedcalffeeding14增加犢牛飼料營養(yǎng)濃度對頭胎產(chǎn)奶量的影響Effectofincreasedfeedintensityonfirstlactationcowperformance研究

Study頭胎305天產(chǎn)奶性能Performance丹麥Denmark(FoldagerandKrohn,1994)+1,402kg丹麥Denmark(Foldageretal.,1997)+519kg以色列Israel,(Bar-Peledetal.,1998)+454kg美國USA,NY(Ballardetal.,2005)+700kg美國USA,MI(DavisRinckeretal.,2006)+499kg美國USA,IL(Drackleyetal.,2007)+835kg美國USA,MN(Chester-Jonesetal.,2009)+998kg平均Average+772kg40FITFeedingplan15Forthefirstapprox.40daysthecalvesgetasmuchmilkperdayastheywant:AdlibmodeEachcalfhasstillRFIDsothattheautomaticcalffeederknowsexactlytheconsumption:Controlledad-libmodeAfterapprox.40daysthedailyallowanceislimitedandgoesdowngradually:Easyweaningtochangetorumendigestion40FITFeedingplan–controlledadlib16EachdrinkingvisitiscomputercontrolledviaRFID,alsointhead-libphaseofthe40FITplanLimitsonlypervisittopreventover-drinkingWorksforwinterandsummerconditionsIntakecomparedagainstreference,e.g.oldercalfneedstodrinkmoreliters,otherwisealarmdocumentedinCalffeeder&PCalwaysfreshlyprepared,sweet,no“depot”ofoldmilkwithexactdrinkingtemperatureEasyweaningafterwards40FitFeedingPlaninProgramVersion8.040FIT(F):Noabsolutefeedlimitperday,butmaximumamountpervisit&waitingtimeifmaximumwasachieved.Waitingtimeissetable,defaultis2h.Litervaluesarea?reference“tocontrolminimumconsumptionandgeneratewarningsifcalfstaysbelowthereference(here6litres).Enable40FitperplanA-DF(40Fit)orR(Restricted)perPeriodP1-P5現(xiàn)代化犢牛培育的效果Consequencesformoderncalfrearing來自美國康奈爾大學(xué)著名犢牛培育專家MichaelvanAmburgh教授的建議MikemendationMichaelvanAmburgh,CornellUniversity,USA培育目標：在出生56天內(nèi)使犢牛體重加倍Aim:DoubleBirth-Weightin56days重點增加牛奶或代乳料的采食量IntensifiedconsumptionofMilkorMR初始狀態(tài)Initialsituation19出生后約四十天內(nèi)，動物的生長主要體現(xiàn)在其體內(nèi)細胞的分化增殖（數(shù)量的增多）Afterbirth,cellproliferationaccountsformostoftheanimal'sgrowth.Thiskindofgrowthcontinuesuntilaboutthe40thdayoflife.出生后約四十天以后，動物的生長主要體現(xiàn)在體內(nèi)細胞的個體體積的增大Inthefollowingmonths,organsgrowinmassandvolumeprimarilythroughenlargementofexistingcells.犢牛出生最初的一段時間對其各個組織器官結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)育非常重要。該階段的飼養(yǎng)直接影響其一生中各器官的功能Thefirstdaysoflifearecrucialfortissuestructure.Thishasalifelongeffectonorganfunctions:初始狀態(tài)Initialsituation20代謝程序編制

（Metabolicprograming）

：在生命的早期發(fā)育的關(guān)鍵階段，動物從分子、細胞、及生化水平進行調(diào)整，以適應(yīng)其所處的營養(yǎng)和環(huán)境條件的過程稱之為代謝程序編制。

該過程中所形成的生理和代謝機制（編制的程序）將對其此后一生產(chǎn)生影響。而且，這種機制并不會隨刺激其形成的營養(yǎng)和環(huán)境條件改變而消失（Patel和Srinivasan，2002）?！癉uringtheearlycriticalperiodsinlifetheorganismalsohastheabilitytorespondtoenvironmentalsituationsthatarealientonormaldevelopmentbyadaptationsatthecellular,molecular,andbiochemicallevels.Suchearlyadaptationstoanutritionalstress/stimuluspermanentlychangethephysiologyandmetabolismoftheorganismandcontinuetobeexpressedevenintheabsenceofthestimulus/stressthatinitiatedthem,aprocesstermed“metabolicprogramming”

”出生后第二到第八周2ndto8thweekoflife出生后第九到十四周9thto14thweekoflife代乳粉喂量1.1%體重1.1%ofbodymass

MPdrymatter代乳粉喂量2%體重

2.0%ofbodymass

MPdrymatter斷奶后限制飼養(yǎng)400gGDLRearingfeed

limitedfor400gGDL斷奶后期自由采食

Rearingfeed

adlibitum(accordingtoBrown2005器官發(fā)育Organdevelopment乳房發(fā)育取決于犢牛階段Udderdevelopmentisdeterminedatthecalfstage:-犢牛培育后期的高營養(yǎng)飼養(yǎng)并不能補償早期的營養(yǎng)缺乏所造成的乳腺發(fā)育減緩

Evenhigherfeedsupplyatolderagecannotcompensateunder-nutrtioninthefirst8weeks第八周

8thweek第十四周

14thweek乳腺組織g/100KgKM研究結(jié)果Researchresults早期生長對繁殖性能的影響Effectofearlygrowthonreproduction(Losand2009,FBNDummerstorf)前六個月日增重影響授精頻率Inseminationratedependingondailygainuntil6monthofage受孕的配I種次數(shù)

Inseminationperpregnancy天數(shù)

days前六個月日增重影響產(chǎn)犢間隔Calvingindexuntilsecondlactationrelatedtodailygainuntil6monthofageg/天

g/dayg/天

g/dayExampleof40FitadvantagesMasterthesisofNinaJurkewitz,2012?Effectsoftwofeedingsystemsonthedevelopmentofdairycalves:40FITvs.RestrictedFeeding“2324Conducted2012atAgrargenossenschaftMemmendorfe.G.,Saxony,GermanyApprox.1,000milkingcows5automaticfeeders6concentratefeedersTrial:54Holstein-Frisiancalves24 -restrictedfedcalves30 -40FITcalvesMasterthesisNinaJurkewitzFeedingplanatmasterthesisJurkewitz(N.Jurkewitz,2012)Untilday30:MRwith21%protein(40%skimpowderprotein),20%fat.Afterday30:MRwith22%protein(20%skimpowderprotein),20%fat.牛奶采食量Feedconsumption（

Jurkewitz，masterthesis）(N.Jurkewitz,2012)牛奶飲用量

升／天日齡優(yōu)育40強化飼喂組定量供應(yīng)組Visitswithfeedentitlement27(N.Jurkewitz,2012)Visitswithoutfeedentitlement28(N.Jurkewitz,2012)MorestressforrestrictedanimalsDevelopmentofconcentrateconsumption29(N.Jurkewitz,2012)“優(yōu)育40”試驗的日增重：

Dailyweightgain:40Fittrial30(N.Jurkewitz,2012)犢牛日增重g/天定量供應(yīng)組出生后40天第40天斷奶牛以后優(yōu)育40強化飼喂組NodifferencebetweengroupsatbirthorhousingRestrictedcalvescan`tcatchupwiththehigherweightof40FITcalvesafterintensivefeedingAverageweightofcalvesatdifferentageAveragedailygainofsickandhealthycalves32just1calfsick40FITrestrictedEvensick40Fitcalvesgrowbetterthannon-sickrestrictedcalves“優(yōu)育40”

試驗總結(jié)

Summaryof40Fittrial強化飼喂組犢牛有接近于自然狀態(tài)的采食行為Naturalbehavior平均牛奶日均采食量11升

Averagemilkintakeperdayandcalfof11literduring40FIT強化飼喂組犢牛出生后40天內(nèi)日增重更高

Higherdailygainduring40FIT-Period試驗?zāi)w重更高Higherweightsattheendofthetrial強化飼喂組犢牛在生后40天的強化飼喂階段，到飲奶站要求吃奶的次數(shù)更少

Lessvisitsof40FITcalvesduringintensivefeeding更多的休息，更少的應(yīng)激Moreresttime-lessstress兩組犢牛的精料采食量基本相同Concentrateintakeofbothgroupsalmostequal

以及：強化飼喂組犢牛飼料轉(zhuǎn)化效率高9%and:Feedconversionof40FITcalvesupto9%better.優(yōu)育40技術(shù)——冬季飼養(yǎng)方案

40FITTechnology–Winterfeedingregime34根據(jù)外界溫度變化調(diào)整飼養(yǎng)方案Outsidetemperaturedependentadaptationofthefeedingregime犢牛舍內(nèi)安裝溫度探頭Temperaturesensorinsidetheantennaincalfpen根據(jù)溫度調(diào)整奶料的濃度和飼喂量Adaptationoffeedingorconcentrationinrestrictedperiods預(yù)設(shè)調(diào)整的百分率regimessetin%

調(diào)整的目的主要是滿足低溫條件下犢牛的維持營養(yǎng)需要Compensationofhighermaintenancerequirement犢牛的飼養(yǎng)要求Calves`demandonfeeding真胃容積是有限的ThecapacityoftheabomasumislimitedYoungcalves=smallportions

Abomasumvolumeofayoungcalf:1.5to2.0liters35幾天Agedsomedays瘤胃Rumen:0.75l

真胃Abomasum:2.00l比例Relative:25:75%八周齡Agedapprox.8weeks瘤胃Rumen:6l

真胃Abomasum:6l比例Relative:50:50%十二周齡Agedapprox.12weeks瘤胃Rumen:14l

真胃Abomasum:7l比例Relative:65:35%一周歲Agedapprox.1year瘤胃Rumen:90l

真胃Abomasum:10l比例Relative:90:10%1.犢牛營養(yǎng)基礎(chǔ)

Basicscalfnutrition犢牛的飼養(yǎng)要求Calves`demandonfeeding36abomasumsmallintestinerumengulletabomasumsmallintestinerumengulletnotlikethisbutlikethis通過奶嘴飼喂Feeddispensedviatheteat犢牛飲用速度慢thecalvesdrinkslower增加唾液生成increasedformationofsaliva有利于食管溝的形成supportsthegulletreflex代乳料溶解均勻，不要有結(jié)塊現(xiàn)象。這有利于：Thefeeddoesnotgolumpy.Thatisimportantfor消化效率digestibility最佳的飼料轉(zhuǎn)化效率optimumfeedconversion犢牛的飼養(yǎng)要求Calves`demandonfeeding最佳牛奶溫度：39攝氏度RequiredMilktemperature:39°C如果奶溫太低，會延緩真胃內(nèi)牛奶凝固

iftemperaturetoolow:delayedclotting如果溫度太高：損壞牛胃黏膜及上皮細胞

iftoohigh:stomachmucosawillbedamaged合適的溫度有助于食管溝的閉合

Temperaturesupportsthegulletreflex沒有凝固的牛奶可能到達大腸，從而引起牛糞變稀Unclottedmilkthatreachesthelargeintestinecancausescours37食道溝閉合后牛奶從食道直接進入瓣胃－真胃，而不會在瘤胃停留。Muscularfoldofthereticulorumenformtheesophagealgrooveanddirectmilktotheabomasum牛奶溫度Feedtemperature真胃凝固時間Clottingafter39°C2-3min35°C5min30°C8min25°C12min20°C24min犢牛的飼養(yǎng)要求總結(jié)Calves`demandonfeeding-Summary飼養(yǎng)Feeding出生后及時飼喂足量的優(yōu)質(zhì)初乳BesureaboutsufficientColostrumintakeafterbirth!出生后幾個星期，真胃的發(fā)育較充分Intheearlyweeksonlytheabomasumisdeveloped因真胃容積有限，所以少量飼喂，每天3-5次Capacityoftheabomasumislimited!Smalldrinkportions3-5timesperday出生后的幾個星期內(nèi)犢牛以牛奶為主要營養(yǎng)來源Duringitsfirstweeksoflife,thecalflivesonmilk通過奶嘴飼喂Feeddispenseviatheteat牛奶飼喂溫度39攝氏度Freshmilktemperature:39°C此外：供給適量的水，開食料和干草Furthermore:SupplywithWater,concentrate(calfstarter)andhey381.犢牛營養(yǎng)基礎(chǔ)

BasicscalfnutritionRiverview牧場

Riverview-Farms,Chippewa,MN牛總頭數(shù)：

大約2.5萬頭approx.25.000cows設(shè)施可容納1540頭犢牛spacefor1.540calves(fora7000cowfarm)22套智能化飼喂設(shè)備，每套飼喂設(shè)備連接四個奶嘴式飲奶站22automatedcalffeederswith4parallelteatstations日增重：700-800g/天

weightgain:700–800g/d斷奶時間：45天

timetoweaning:45days犢牛損失率2-3.5%losses:2–3.5%勞動效率

每人照看500犢牛laborrequirements;1person/500calves

明尼蘇達州Riverview牧場犢牛培育CalfraisingatRiverviewfarmMinnesotaRiverview牧場犢牛培育

CalfraisingRiverviewfarm成年牛舍中產(chǎn)犢區(qū)Calvingareainthecowbarn:在產(chǎn)犢區(qū)，新生犢牛被集中到收養(yǎng)欄。犢牛在收養(yǎng)欄中待1-24小時。在此期間：

Atthecowbarnthenewborncalvesareputtogetherinacollectingpen.Theystaythereforapprox.1-24hours.犢牛一次性灌服1加侖（3.8升）初乳

Therethecalvesaredrenchedwithapprox.1galloncolostrumonce完成犢牛腹部消毒等工作treatmentslikethedisinfectionofthebellyaredone犢牛收集欄內(nèi)安裝加熱設(shè)施，促使犢牛體表盡快干燥

thepenisheatedtogetthecalvesdryquick欄內(nèi)設(shè)施的設(shè)計和安裝以容易清潔為主要原則easycleaning每天一次，將所有犢牛和喂犢牛的牛奶運輸?shù)綘倥Ｅ嘤酧nceadaythecalvescomebytrucktotheauto-barn(togetherwiththefresheningmilktobefedthere)

成年牛舍產(chǎn)犢區(qū)calvingarea

成年牛舍內(nèi)帶加熱設(shè)施的新生犢牛收養(yǎng)欄，初乳飼喂在此欄內(nèi)進行collectingpenwithheatherforthenewborncalves，

feedingofcolostrumRiverview牧場犢牛培育CalfraisingRiverviewfarm每天有大約30頭犢牛從兩個牧場轉(zhuǎn)運到到犢牛自動培育舍Approximately30calvesarecollectedfromtwodifferentfarmseveryday，

andtransportedtotheCalfraisingfarm

犢牛轉(zhuǎn)入自動培育舍的年齡為24小時以內(nèi)

Attheageof24hoursthecalvesarebroughttotheautomatedcalffeeders.

從第一天到第44天，犢牛在自動培育舍群飼培育Thecalvesstayintheautofeedergroupsfromday1today44Riverview牧場犢牛培育：犢牛自動培育舍CalfraisingRiverviewfarm:AutofarmRiverview牧場犢牛培育CalfraisingRiverviewfarm鮮乳經(jīng)過巴氏殺菌pasteurizerforthefreshmilk牛奶通過閉路管道傳輸?shù)矫總€智能飼喂器circlelinesystemtodeliverthefreshmilktotheautomatedfeeders122犢牛舍設(shè)計理念conceptofthebarn:牛舍加熱heatedbarn中央通道Centeraisle全水泥軋紋地面Fullconcreteslateredfloor22犢牛單元22calfunits通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)ventilationsystem:負壓通風(fēng)lowpressureventilation地板下排風(fēng)underfloorsuctionRiverview牧場犢牛培育CalfraisingRiverviewfarm犢牛舍內(nèi)景insideviewRiverview牧場犢牛培育CalfraisingRiverviewfarm新鮮空氣freshair加熱設(shè)施fluidheaterRiverview牧場犢牛培育CalfraisingRiverviewfarm飼喂技術(shù)feedingtechnology22套智能飼喂裝置

22automatedcalffeeders每個飼喂裝置可同時處理新鮮牛奶和代乳料combinationfeederforfreshmilkandmilkreplacer每個飼喂裝置同時接四個奶嘴式飲奶站4stationsSynchroFeed(paralleldrinking)perautomatedfeeder每個飼喂裝置可喂養(yǎng)60-70頭犢牛

60–70calvesperautomatedfeeder