2011年12月英語四級真題及答案

EvaluatingTodecidewhetherariskisworthtaking,youmustexaminetheconsequences,inthefutureaswellasrightnow,negativeaswellaspositive,andtoothersaswellastoyourself.Thosewhotakeriskstheylaterregretusuallyfocusonimmediatebenefits("what'sinitforme"),andsimplyhaven'tconsideredwhatmightgowrong.Theconsequencesofgettingcaughtareserious,andmayincludea"0"onatestorassignment;an"F"intheclass;suspensionordismissalfromschool;transcriptnotation;andatarnishedreputation.Infact,whenyoubreakaruleorlaw,youlosecontroloveryourlife,andgiveothersthepowertoimposepunishment:youhavenocontroloverwhatthatpunishmentmightbe.Thisisanextremelyprecariousandvulnerableposition.Theremaybesomemattersoflifeanddeath,orhighestprinciple,whichmightjustifysucharisk,buttherearen'tmanythingsthatfallinthiscategory.GettingAwayWithIt--OrThosewhodon'tgetcaughtpayanevenhigherprice.Acheaterdoesn'tlearnfromthetest,deprivinghim/herselfofaneducation.Cheatingunderminesconfidenceandindependence:thecheaterisafraud,andknowsthatwithoutdishonesty,he/shewouldhavefailed.Cheatingdestroysself-esteemandintegrity,leavingthecheaterashamed,guilty,andafraidofgettingcaught.Worstofall,acheaterwhodoesn'tgetcaughtthefirsttimeusuallycheatsagain,notonlybecausehe/sheisfartherbehind,butalsobecauseitseems"easier."Thisslipperyslopeoferodingethicsandbiggerrisksleadsonlytodisaster.Eventually,thecheatergetscaught,andthelaterhe/shegetscaught,theworsetheconsequences.Studentshavebeendismissedfromschoolbecausetheydidn'tgetthissimplemessage:HonestyistheONLYthatworks.CheatingHurtsOthers,Cheatersoftenfeelinvisible,asiftheiractions"don'tcount"anddon'treallyhurtanyone.Butindividualchoiceshaveaprofoundcumulativeeffect.Cheatingcanspreadlikeadisease,andacheatercanencourageothersjustbybeingseenfromacrosstheroom.Recentstatisticssuggest30%ormoreofcollegestudentscheat.Ifaclassisgradedonacurve,cheatinghurtsothers'grades.Evenifthereisnocurve,cheating"poisons"theclassroom,andothersmayfeelpressuredtojoinin.("IfIdon'tcheat,Ican'tcompetewiththosewhodo.")Cheatingalsohasadestructiveimpactonteachers.Therealrewardofgoodteachingisseeingstudentslearn,but⑧.acheatersays,"I'mnotinterestedinwhatyou'retryingtoteach;allIcareaboutisstealingagrade,regardlessoftheeffectonothers."Theendresultisablatantanddestructiveattackonthequalityofyoureducation.Finally,cheatingcanhurtthereputationoftheUniversity,andharmthosewhoworkedhardfortheirdegree.WhyIntegrityIfcheating esthenorm,thenweareinbigtrouble.⑨.Wemustrelyonthehonestyandgoodfaithofotherseveryday.Ifnot,wecouldn'tputmoneyinthebank,buyfood,clothing,ormedicinefromothers,driveacrossabridge,getonane,gotothedentist--thelistisendless.Therearemanyexamplesofthevastharmthatiscausedwhenindividualsforgetorignoretheeffecttheirdishonestycanhave.Thesavingsandloanscandal,thestockmarketandjunkbondswindles,and,ofcourse,⑩.Watergate,haveunderminedthefaithofmanyAmericansintheintegrityofpoliticalandeconomicleadersandsocietyasawhole.Suchstakeatremendoustollonournation'seconomyandourindividualwell-being.Forexample,butforthesavingsandloandebacle,theremightbefundsavailabletoreducethenationaldebtandpayforeducation.Insum,weallhaveacommonstakeinourschool,ourcommunity,andoursociety.Ouractionsdomatter.Itisessentialthatweactwithintegrityinordertobuildthekindofworldinwhichwewanttolive.1. ofintegritynotonlysetshighmoralandethicalstandardsbutalso A)stickstothemintheirdailylifeB)makesthemknowntoC)understandstheirtrue D)seesthatothersalsofollowWhatroledoesintegrityy alandprofessionalA)Ithelpstocreateteam B)ItfacilitatesC)Itisthebasisofmutual D)ItinspiresmutualWhymustwelearntoidentifytheriskswearegoingtoToensurewemakeresponsible B.ToavoidbeingoverwhelmedbyC.sothatwedon’tbreakany D.sothatwedon’trunintoViolationofaruleismisconductevenif ithascausedno B.itisclaimedtobeC.ithasgone D.itiscommittedwithgoodWhatshouldonedoifhedoesn’twishtofoolAvoidmaking B.Listentootherpeople’sC.Makehisintensions D.HaveotherswatchoverhisThosewhotakeriskstheyregretlateron will emore B.areusuallyveryC.valueimmediatebenefits D.mayloseeverythingintheAccordingtotheauthor,acheaterwhodoesn’tgetcaughtrightawaywill paymore emoreC.bewidely D.feelsomewhatCheatersatexamdon’tcareabouttheireducation,alltheycareaboutishowto Integritymattersinthatallsocialactivitiesrelyonpeople’s ManyAmericanslostfaithintheintegrityoftheirpoliticalleadersasaresultof PartIIIListeningComprehensionSectionAA.Readthenoticeonthe B.GetanewbusC.Goandaskthe D.BoardthebustoA.HewaslookingforwardtoseeingtheB.HeenjoyedwatchingtheanimalC.HegothometoolatetoseetheTVD.HefellasleepinthemiddleoftheTVA.ShewantstotakethemostdirectB.ShemaybelateforthefootballC.SheisworriedaboutmissingherD.SheiscurrentlycaughtinatrafficA.Ata B.Inafish C.Ata D.OnafishingA.HeisanexperiencedsalesB.HeisbeinginterviewedforaC.HeisaclosefriendoftheD.HeisgoodatansweringtrickyA.ThemanshouldconsiderhisprivacyB.Themanwillchoosealow-rentC.ThemanisnotcertainifhecanfindaquieterD.ThemanisunlikelytomoveoutoftheA.ThewomanisgoingtomakehertopicmoreB.ThemanandwomanareworkingonajointC.OneshouldchooseabroadtopicforaresearchD.IttoolalotoftimetogetthemanontherightA.TheywentcamthistimelastB.Theydidn’tquiteenjoytheir C.TheylearnedtocooperateunderharshD.Theyweren’texperiencedin Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA.HelikesSwedenbetterthanB.HeprefershotweathertocoldC.HeisanEnglishmanlivinginD.HevisitsLondonnearlyeveryA.Thebad B.Thegloomy C.Thecold D.ThelongA. B. C. D.A.Theyoftenstayuplate B.TheyworkhardandyC.TheyliketogocaminsummerD.TheytrytoearnmoreandspendmoreQuestions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A.English B. C. D.PublicA.English B.StaffC.Careers D.PsychologicalA.Itsgenerous B.ItsworldwideC.Itswell-designedcourses D.ItspleasantenvironmentSectionBPassageA.Characteristicsof B.SomefeaturesofJapaneseC.TheartofJapanesebrush D.TheuniquenessofJapaneseA.Tocalmthemselves B.ToenhanceC.Toshowtheir D.TosignallackofA.HowlistenersindifferentculturesshowB.HowspeakerscanwinapprovalfromtheC.HowspeakerscanmisunderstandtheD.HowdifferentWesternandEasternartformsarePassageTwoA. nel B.BuyingandmaintainingC.Drawingupnsforin-service D.InterviewingandrecruitingA.SomeofhisequipmentwasdamagedinaB.ThetrainingprogramheranwasaC.Twoofhisworkerswereinjuredat D.TwoofhisemployeescommittedA.Abetterrelationshipwithhis B.AdvancementtoahigherC.Abetter-payingjobin D.Improvementin ’sA.Shehasmoreself-confidencethanB.SheworkswithChrisinthesameC.ShehasmoremanagementexperiencethanD.SheiscompetingwithChrisforthenewjobPassageThreeA.TheyhelpusseetheimportantvaluesofaB.TheyguideusinhandlinghumanC.TheyhelpusexpressourselvesmoreD.TheyareaninfinitesourceofhumanA.Theirwording e B.ThevaluestheyreflectmayC.Theiroriginscannolongerbe D.TheymaybemisinterpretedA.CertainvaluesaresharedbyalargenumberofB.SomeproverbsareassumingmoreandmoreC.OldproverbsareconstantlyrecedbynewD.CertainvalueshavealwaysbeencentraltoacultureSectionCOurlivesarewoventogether.AsmuchasIenjoymyown36 .InolongerimagineIcangetthrougha37 day,muchlessallmylife,38 onmyown.EvenifIamon inthemountains,Iameatingfoodsomeoneelsehasgrown,livinginahousesomeelsehasbuilt,wearingclothessomeoneelsehas40 fromclothwovenbyothers,using someoneelseisdistributingtomyhouse.42 ofinterdependenceiseverywhere.Weareonthis43 AsIwasgrowingup,44 “Makeyourownway”,“standonyourowntwofeet”,ormymother’sfavoriteremarkwhenIwasface-to-facewithconsequencesofsomeaction:“Nowthatyou’vemadeyourbed,lieonit!”Totalindependenceisadominantthemeinourculture,Iimaginethat .Buttheteachingwasshapedbyourculturalimages,andinsteadIgrewupbelievingthatIwassupposedtobetotally“independent”andconsequentlybecameveryreluctanttoaskforhelp. PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)SectionAWiththeworld’spopulationestimatedtogrowfromsixtoninebillionby2050,researchers,businessesandernmentsarealreadydealingwiththeimpactthisincreasewillhaveoneverythingfromfoodandwatertoinfrastructureanjobs.Underlyingallthis47 willbethedemandforenergy,whichisexpectedtodoubleoverthenext40years.Findingtheresourcestomeetthisdemandina48 ,sustainablewayisthecornerstoneofournation’senergysecurity,andwillbeoneofthemajor49 ofthe21stcentury.Alternativeformsofenergy---bio-fuels,windandsolar,tonameafew---are fundedanddeveloped,andwillyagrowing51 intheworld’senergysupply.Butexpertssaythat,evenwhen52 ,alternativeenergysourceswilllikelymeetonlyabout30%oftheworld’senergyneedsby2050.Forexample,evenwith investments,suchasthe$93millionforwindenergydevelopment54 intheAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct,importantalternativeenergysourcessuchaswindandbio-fuels55 onlyabout1%ofthemarkettoday.Energyandsustainabilityexpertssaytheanswertoourfutureenergyneedswilllikelycomefromalotof56 bothtraditionalandalternative.ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPassageBoys'schoolsaretheperfectcetoteachyoungmentoexpresstheiremotionsandaremorelikelytogetinvolvedinactivitiessuchasart,danceandmusic,accordingtoresearchreleasedFarfromthetraditionalimageofacultureofaggressivemasculinityinwhichstudentseithersinkorswim,theabsenceofgirlsgivesboysthechancetodevelopwithoutpressuretoconformtoastereotype,theUSstudysays.Boysatsingleschoolsweresaidtobemorelikelytogetinvolvedinculturalandicactivitiesthathelpeddeveloptheiremotionalexpressiveness,ratherthanfeelingtheyhadtoconformtothe"boycode"ofhidingtheiremotionstobea"realman".ThefindingsofthestudygoagainstreceivedwisdomthatboysdobetterwhentaughtalongsideTonyLittle,headmasterofEton,warnedthatboyswerebeingfailedbytheBritisheducationsystembecauseithad etoofocusedongirls.Hecriticizedteachersforfailingtorecognizethatboysareactuallymoreemotionalthangirls.Theresearcharguedthatboysoftenperformbadlyinmixedschoolsbecausethey discouragedwhentheirfemalepeersdobetterearlierinspeakingandreadingskills.Butinsingle-schoolsteacherscantailorlessonstoboys'learningstyle,lettingthemmovearoundtheclassroomandgettingthemtocompeteinteamstopreventboredom,wrotethestudy'sauthor,AbigailJames,oftheUniversityofVirginia.Teacherscouldencourageboystoenjoyreadingandwritingwithspecifically"boy-focused"approachessuchasthemesandcharactersthatappealtothem.Becauseboysgenerallyhavemoreacutevision,learnbestthroughtouch,andarephysicallymoreactive,theyneedtobegiven"hands-on"lessonswheretheyareallowedtowalkaround."Boysinmixedschoolsviewclassicalmusicasfeminineandpreferthemoderngenreinwhichand ismaremajorthemes,"Jameswrote. educationalsomadeitlesslikelythatboyswouldfeeltheyhadtoconformtoastereotypethatmenshouldbe"masterfulandincharge"inrelationships."Inmixedschools,boysfeelcompelledtoactlikemenbeforetheyunderstandthemselveswellenoughtoknowwhatmeans,"thestudyTheauthorbelievesthata schoolwould boystohidetheiremotionstobe“realBhelptocultivatemasculineaggressivenessinCencourageboystoexpresstheiremotions Dnaturally inboysthattraditionalimageofaItiscommonlybelievedthatinamixedschoolsboys Aperformrelativelybetter BgrowupmorehealthilyCbehavemore DreceiveabetterWhatdoesTonyLittlesayabouttheBritisheducationAItfailsmoreboysthangirls BItfocusesmoreonmixedschoolCItfailstogiveboystheattentiontheyDItcesmorepressureonboysthanonAccordingtoAbigailJames,oneoftheadvantagesof schoolsis AteachingcanbetailoredtosuitthecharacteristicsofBboyscanfocusontheirlessonswithoutbeingCboyscanchoosetolearnwhatevertheyareinterestedDteachingcanbedesignedtopromoteboys’teamWhichofthefollowingischaracteristicofboysaccordingtoAbigailJames’report?ATheyenjoybeingincharge BTheyconformtostereotypesCTheyhavesharpervision DTheyareviolentand PassageTwoIt'sanannualargument.Doweordowenotgoonholiday?Mypartnersaysnobecausetheboilercouldgo,ortherooffalloff,andwehavenosavingstosaveus.Isaythatyouonlyliveonceandweworkhardandwhat'sthepointifyoucan'tgoonholiday.Thejoyofarecessionmeansnoargumentnextyear–wejustwon'tgo.Sincemoneyisknowntobeoneofthethingsmostlikelytobringarelationshiptoitsknees,weshouldbegrateful.Formanyfamiliestherecessionmeansmorethannotbookingaholiday.AYoupollof2,000peoplefound22%saidtheywerearguingmorewiththeirpartnersbecauseofconcernsaboutmoney.What'slesscleariswhetherdivorceandseparationratesriseinarecession–financialpressuresmeancouplesarguemorebutmakesplittinguplessaffordable.Arecentresearchshowsargumentsaboutmoneywereespeciallydamagingtocouples.Disputeswerecharacterizedbyintenseverbalaggression,tendedtoberepeatedandnotresolved,andmademen,morethanwomen,extremelyangry.KimStephenson,anoccupationalpsychologist,believesmoneyissuchabigdealbecauseofwhatitsymbolizes,whichmaybedifferentthingstomenandwomen."Peoplecansaythesamethingsaboutmoneybuthavedifferentconceptionsofwhatitisfor,"heexins."Theywillsayit'stosave,tospend,forsecurity,fordom,toshowsomeoneyoulovethem"Hesaysmenaremorelikelytoseemoneyasawayofbuyingstatusandofshowingtheirparentsthatthey'veachieved"Thebiggestproblemisthatcouplesassumeeachotherknowswhatisgoingonwiththeirfinances,buttheydon't.Thereseemstobemoreofatabooabouttalkingaboutmoneythantalkingaboutdeath.Butyoubothneedtoknowwhatyouareng,whoispayingwhatintothejointaccountandhowmuchyoukeepseparay.Inahealthyrelationshipyoudon'thavetoagreeaboutmoney,butyouhavetotalkaboutit."WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutAPeopleenjoyitallthemoreduringaBFewpeoplecanafforditwithoutworkingCItmakesallthehardworkDItisthechiefcauseoffamilyWhatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“moneyisknown…tobringarelationshiptoitsknees”(Line1Para.2)？AMoneyisconsideredtobetherootofallBSomepeoplesacrificetheirdignityforCFewpeoplecanresistthetemptationofDDisputesovermoneymayruinaThe pollof2000peopleindicatesthatinarecession sbetweencouplestendtoBitismoreexpensiveforcouplestosplitCcouplesshowmoreconcernforeachDdivorceandseparationratesWhatdoesKimStephensonAMoneyisoftenasymbolof ’sBMoneymeansagreatdealtobothmenandCMenandwomenspendmoneyondifferentDMenandwomenviewmoneyindifferentTheauthorsuggestsattheendofthepassagethatcouplesshould AputtheirmoneytogetherinsteadofkeeitseparaBmakeeffortstoreachagreementontheirfamilyCdiscussmoneymatterstomaintainahealthyDavoidarguingaboutmoneymatterstoremainPartVEmployersfeartheywillbeunablerecruitstudentswiththeskillstheyneedastheeconomicrecoverykicksin,anewsurvey67 Nearlyhalfoforganizationstoldresearcherstheywerealreadystrugglingtofind68 withskillsinscience,technology,engineeringandmaths(STEM),69 evenmorecompaniesexpecttoexperience70 ofemployeeswithSTEMskillsinthenextthreeyears.TheConfederationofBritishIndustry71 694businessesandorganizationsacrossthepublicand72 sectors,whichtogetheremploy2.4millionpeople.Halfare73 theywillnotbeabletofillgraduatepostsinthecomingyears,whileathirdsaidtheywouldnotbeableto74 enoughemployeeswiththerightA-levelskills. wemovefurtherintorecoveryandbusinessesn76 growth,thedemandforpeoplewithhigh-qualityskillsandqualificationswill77 ,"saidRichardLambert,directorgeneral,CBI.“Firmssayitisalreadyhardtofindpeoplewiththeright78 orengineeringskills.Thenewernmentmustmakeitatop79 toencouragemoreyoungpeopletostudyscience-related80 theybusinessstudies,maths,EnglishandphysicsorchemistryatA-level.TheA-levelsthatemployers leastarepsychologyandsociology.Andwhilemanyemployersdon'tinsistona degreesubject,athirdprefertohirethosewithaSTEM-relatedsubject.Theresearch84 worriesaboutthelackofprogressinimprovingbasicskillsintheUK .Halfofemployersexpressedworriesaboutemployees'basiclicyandnumeracy(計(jì)算)skills,whilethebiggestproblemiswithITskills,86 two-thirdsreportedconcerns.67.ABCD68.ABCD69.ABCD70.ABCD71.ABCD72.AB D73.ABCD74.ABCD75.ABCD76.ABCD77.ABCD78.ABCD79.ABCD80.ABCD81.ABCD82.ABCD83.ABCD84.ABCD85.ABCD86.APartVIBCDCharitygroupsorganizedvariousactivitiesto (為幸存者籌款Linda 不可能收到我的電子郵件);otherwise,shewouldhaveIt’smymother (一直在鼓勵(lì)我不要灰心)whenIhavedifficultiesinmystudies.Thepublishinghousehasto Itisabsoluywrongto (僅僅以金錢來定義

A)stickstothemintheirdailyC)ItisthebasisofmutualtrustAToensurewemakeresponsiblechoicesB)itisclaimedtobeAAvoidmakingexcusesC)valueimmediatebenefitsA)paymoreCheatersatexamdon’tcareabouttheireducation;alltheycareaboutishowtostealaIntegritymattersinthatallsocialactivitiesrelyonpeople’shonestyandgoodfaithManyAmericanslostfaithintheintegrityoftheirpoliticalleadersasaresultoftheWatergatescandal。A：B)GoandaskthestaffAHefellasleepinthemiddleoftheTVprogramB)SheisworriedaboutmissingherflightAAtarestaurantAHeisbeinginterviewedforajobB)ThemanisunlikelytomoveoutofthedormitoryDThewomanisgoingtomakeB)Theydidn’tquiteenjoytheirlast SectionB：C)HeisanEnglishmanlivinginSwedenC)ThecoldhousesC)DepressingB)TheyworkhardandyhardC)FrenchC)CareersguidanceDItspleasantenvironmentC)TheartofJapanesebrushpaintingB)ToenhanceconcentrationAHowlistenersindifferentculturesshowrespectB)BuyingandmaintainingequipmentDTwoofhisemployeescommittedtheftB)AdvancementtoahigherpositionDSheiscompetingwithChrisforthenewjobATheyhelpusseetheimportantvaluesofacultureB)Thevaluestheyreflectmaychange缺SectionC： 深入閱讀：SectionAN)A)E)O)D)M)C)G)K)B)深入閱讀：SectionC)encourageboystoexpresstheiremotions A)performrelativelyC)ItfailstogiveboystheattentiontheyneedA)teachingcanbetailoredtosuitthecharacteristicsofC)TheyhavesharpervisionC)ItmakesallthehardworkworthwhileDDisputesovermoneymayruinarelationship sbetweencouplestendtoDMenandwomenviewmoneyindifferentwaysC)discussmoneymatterstomaintainahealthyB)D)A)B)A)B)C)D)B)D)B)A)D)D)A)B)A)B)C)raisemoneyforthesurvivorsinthecouldn’thavereceivedmye-whokeepsonencouragingmetokeepmychinupwhokeepsencouragingmenotto