人力資源管理專業(yè)詞匯(英文)

Appendix A

Glossary of HumanResourceManagementTerms

absenteesAbsenteesareemployeeswhoarescheduledtobeatworkbutarenotpresent.

AccidentandsicknesspoliciesAccidentandsicknesspoliciesusuallyprovideaminimum-carestipendforseveralweeksuptosixmonthstohelpemployeesdefraythelossofincomewhiletheyaresickorrecovering

fromanaccident.

accreditation Accreditationisaprocessofcertifyingthecompetenceofa

person in an area of capability. TheSociety for HumanResource

Management operates an accreditation program for personnel

professionals.

active listening Activelisteningrequiresthelistenertostoptalking,

toremovedistractions, tobepatient, andtoempathizewith thetalker.

adverseselection Adverseselectionoccurswhenaninsurancecompanyhasa

disproportionatelyhighpercentageofinsuredswhowillmakeclaimsinthefuture.Adverseselectionoftenresultswhenpeoplearegiven

achancetobuyinsurancewithoutprescreening,whichoftenmeansthatahigherthannormalproportionhaveaconditionthatislikelytocausethemtobefrequentclaimants.

affirmative action programs Affirmative action programs are detailed

plansdevelopedbyemployerstoundotheresultsofpastemploymentdiscrimination,ortoensureequalopportunityinthefuture.

AgeDiscrimination inEmploymentActof1967(asamended)Thisactprohibits

discrimination onemploymentbecauseofageagainst thosewhoare40and

older.

American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial

Organization(AFL-CIO)TheAFL-CIOisafederationofmostnationalunions.Itexiststoprovideaunifiedfocalpointforthelabormovement,

toassistnationalunions,andtoinfluencegovernmentpoliciesthataffectmembersandworkingpeople.

applied researchAppliedresearchisastudyofpracticalproblems,the

solutionsofwhichwillleadtoimprovedperformance.

arbitration

Arbitration

is

the

submission

of

a

dispute

to

a

neutral

thirdparty.

assessment

centers

Assessment

centers

are

a

standardized

form

of

employee

appraisal

that

relies

on

multiple

types

ofevaluation

and

multipleraters.

associate

membership

Associate

membership

in

a

labor

organization

allowspeoplewhoarenotemployedunderaunioncontracttoaffiliate

withaunionbypayingfeesandduesinreturnforunion-supported

benefits.

attitude

surveys

Attitude

surveys

are

systematic

methods

of

determiningwhatemployeesthinkabouttheirorganization.Thesurveys

are

usually

done

through

questionnaires.

Attitude

survey

feedback

results

when

the

information

collected

is

reported

back

to

the

participants.Thisprocessthenisusuallyfollowedbyactionplanning

toidentifyandresolvespecificareasofemployeeconcern.

attrition

Attrition

is

the

loss

of

employees

who

leave

the

organization'semployment.

audit

report

Theaudit

report

is

a

comprehensive

description

of

personnel

activities.

It

includes

both

commendation

for

effective

practices

and

recommendations

for

improving

practices

that

are

ineffective.

audit

teamAnauditteamconsistsofthosepeoplewhoareresponsible

forevaluatingtheperformanceofthepersonneldepartment.

authorization

cards

Authorization

cards

are

forms

that

prospective

unionmemberssign.Thecardsindicatetheirwishtohaveanelection

to

determine

whether

alabor

organizationwill

represent

the

workers

in

theirdealingswithmanagement.

autonomousworkgroups

Autonomousworkgroupsareteamsofworkers,

without

aformalcompany-appointedleader,whodecideamongthemselvesmost

decisionstraditionallyhandledbysupervisors.

autonomyAutonomyishavingcontroloverone'swork.

bargaining

bookAbargaining

bookis

acompilation

ofthe

negotiation

team's

plans

for

collective

bargaining

with

labor

ormanagement.Increasingly,

thebargaining

bookis

beingreplaced

byinformation

stored

in

accompany

orunioncomputer.

bargaining

committee

Theunionbargainingcommitteeconsistsofunion

officialsandstewardswhonegotiatewithmanagement'srepresentatives

todeterminewages,hours,andworkingconditionstobeembodiedin

thelaboragreement.

behaviorally

anchoredrating

scales

(BARS)BARSrate

employeesscale

that

hasspecificbehavioralexamplesonittoguidetherater.

Behavioral

modeling

Behavioral

modeling

relies

on

the

initiation

or

emulation

of

adesired

behavior.

Arepetition

ofbehavior

modeling

helps

todevelopappropriateresponsesinspecifiedsituations.

behaviormodification

Behaviormodification

states

that

behavior

dependson

itsconsequences.

blindads

Blindadsarewantadsthatdonotidentifytheemployer.

bonafide

occupational

qualifications

(BFOQ)ABFOQoccurswhenanemployer

hasajustifiedbusinessreasonfordiscriminatingagainstamemberof

aprotectedclass.TheburdenofprovingaBFOQgenerallyfallsonthe

employer.

bottom-line

test

The

bottom-line

test

is

applied

by

the

Equal

EmploymentOpportunity

Commissionto

determine

if

a

firm's

overall

selection

process

is

having

anadverse

impact

onprotected

groups.

Even

thoughindividual

stepsintheselection

processmightexhibit

anadverse

impactonaprotectedgroup,thefirmwillbeconsideredincompliance

iftheoverallprocessdoesnothaveanadverseeffect.

Boulwarism

Boulwarism

is

a

negotiation

strategy

developed

by

General

Electric.

Usingthis

approachthe

companymadeits

"best"

offer

totheunionatthebeginningofnegotiations.Thenitremainedfirm

unless

the

union

could

find

where

managementhad

erred

in

the

calculationsusedtoarriveattheoffer.Thisstrategyhasbeenruled

asanunfairlaborpracticebytheNationalLaborRelationsBoardand

bythefederalcourts.

brainstormingBrainstormingisaprocessbywhichparticipantsprovidetheirideasonastatedproblemduringafreewheelinggroup

session.

buddysystemThe"buddysystem"oforientationexistswhenanexperiencedemployeeisaskedtoshowanewworkeraroundthejobsite,conductintroduction,andanswerthenewcomer'squestions.

burnoutBurnoutisaconditionofmental,emotional,exhaustionthatresultsfromsubstantialprolongedstress.

andsometimesphysical

businessagentAbusinessagentisafull-timeemployeeofalocal(usuallycraft)union.Thebusinessagenthelpsemployeesresolvetheirproblemswithmanagement.

business unionism Business unionism describes unions that

seek

to

improvethewages,hours,andworkingconditionsoftheirmembersinabusinesslikemanner.(Seesocialunionism.)

buy-backBuy-backsoccurwhenanemployeewhoattemptstoresignisconvincedtostayintheemploymentoftheorganization.Normallythepersonis"boughtback"withanofferofincreasedwagesorsalary.

CafeteriabenefitprogramsCafeteriabenefittoselectthefringebenefitsandservices

programsallowthatanswertheir

employeesindividual

needs.

careerAcareerisallthejobsthatareheldduringone'sworkinglife.

career counseling Career counseling assists employees in finding

appropriate career goals and paths. career development Career

developmentconsists ofthoseexperiences andpersonal improvementsthat

oneundertakestoachieveacareerplan.

careergoalsCareergoalsarethefuturepositionsthatonestrivestoreach.Thesegoalsserveasbenchmarksalongone'scareerpath.

careerpathAcareerpathisthesequentialpatternofjobsthatformone'scareer.

career planning Career planning is

the

process

by

which

one selects

careergoalsandpathstothosegoals.

career plateau A career plateau occurs whenan employee

is

in

a

positionthatheorshedoeswellenoughnottobedemotedorfiredbutnotwellenoughtobepromoted.

change agents Change agents

are

people

who

have

the

role

of

stimulatingchangewithinagroup.

checkoffAcheckoffprovisioninaunion-managementlaboragreementrequirestheemployertodeductunionduesfromemployeepaychecksandtoremitthosemoneystotheunion.

Civil

RightsActof1964Thisactwaspassedtomakevariousformsofdiscriminationillegal.

closedshopAclosedshopisaworkplacewhereallemployeesarerequiredbemembersoftheunionbeforetheyarehired.ThesearrangementsareillegalundertheNationalLaborRelationsAct.

to

codeterminationCodeterminationisaformofindustrialfirstpopularizedinWestGermany.Itgivesworkerstherighttohaverepresentativesvoteonmanagementdecisions.

democracy

coinsuranceclauseAcoinsuranceclauseisaprovisioninaninsurancepolicythatrequirestheemployeetopayapercentageoftheinsured'sexpenses

communication Communication is the

transfer

of

information

and

understandingfromonepersontoanother.

comparableworthComparableworthistheideathatajobshouldbeevaluatedastoitsvaluetotheorganizationandthenpaidaccordingly.Thusjobsofcomparableworthwouldbepaidequally.Forexample,twopeoplewithwidelydifferentjobswouldbothreceivethesamepayifthetwojobswereofequalvaluetotheemployer.

comparativeevaluationapproachesComparativeevaluationapproachesareacollectionofdifferentmethodsthatcompareoneperson'sperformancewiththatofco-workers.

compensation

Compensation

is

what

employees

receive

in

exchange for

theirwork.

Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of 1973 (CETA) CETAwas

abroad-rangingactdesignedtoprovidejobtraining,employment,and

jobhuntingassistancetolessadvantagedpersons.Ithassincebeen

replacedbythe JobPartnershipTrainingAct.

concentration inemploymentConcentration exists whenanemployer(or some

subdivisionsuchasadepartment)hasahigherproportionofemployees

fromaprotected class thanisfoundintheemployer's labor market.(See

underutilization.)

concessionary bargaining Concessionary bargaining occurs when

labormanagementnegotiationsresultinfeweremployer-paidfringebenefitsorwageconcessions,suchasafreezeorwagecut.

conciliation agreement a conciliation agreement is a negotiated

settlementagreeabletotheEEOCandtoallpartiesinvolved.Itsacceptancesclosesthecase.

Consolidated OmnibusBudgetReconciliation Actof1985(COBRA)Thisactwas

signedintolawin1986.COBRArequiresemployersthatprovidegroup

benefits toemployeesthroughagroupplantoalsoprovide groupbenefits

to qualified beneficiaries with the right to elect to continue

theircoverageforacertainperiodoftimeaftertheircoveragewouldotherwiseterminate,withafewexceptions.

constructs Constructs aresubstitutes foractual performance. Forexample,a

scoreonatestisaconstructforactuallearning.

contract labor Contract labor consists of people whoare hired (and

oftentrained)byanindependentagencythatsuppliescompanieswith

neededhumanresourcesforafee.

contributory benefit plans Contributory benefit plansarefringe benefits

that require boththeemployerandtheemployeetocontribute tothecost

oftheinsurance,retirement,orotheremployerbenefit.

coordinatedorganizingCoordinatedorganizingpooltheirresourcestoorganizeaofemployees.

occurswhentwoormoreunionstargetedemployerorgroup

corrective discipline Correctivedisciplineisanactionthatfollowsa

ruleinfractionandseekstodiscouragefurtherinfractionssothatfutureactsareincompliancewithstandards.

counseling Counseling is the discussion of an employee problem with

thegeneralobjectiveofhelpingtheworkercopewithit.

counseling functions Counseling functions are the activities performed

bycounselors.Theyincludeadvice,reassurance,communication,releaseofemotionaltension,clarifiedthinking,andreorientation.

craft unions Craft unionsarelabor organizations that seektoinclude all

workerswhohaveacommonskill,suchascarpentersorplumbers.

critical incident methodThecriticalincidentmethodrequirestherater

to report statements that describe extremely goodor extremely bad

employeebehavior.Thesestatementsarecalled criticalincidents, and

theyareusedasexamplesofgoodorbadperformanceinratingtheemployee.

Decision-making authority Seelineauthority.

deductible clause Adeductible clause is aprovision in aninsurance

policythatrequirestheinsuredtopayaspecifiedamountofaclaim

beforetheinsurerisobligatedtopay.

deferral jurisdictions DeferraljurisdictionsareareasintheUnited

StateswheretheEEOCwillreferacasetoanother(usuallyastateorlocal)agency;forexample,FloridaHumanRelationsCommission.

deferred stock incentive systems These incentives award stock that

becomesownedbytheexecutivegraduallyoverseveralyears.

delegation Delegation is the process of getting others to share a

manager'swork.Itrequiresthemanagertoassignduties,grantauthority,andcreateasenseofresponsibility.

Delphi technique TheDelphitechniquesolicitspredictionsfromapanel

ofexpertsaboutsomespecifiedfuturedevelopment(s).Thecollective

estimatesarethenreportedbacktothepanelsothatthemembersmay

adjust their opinions. Thisprocessisrepeateduntil ageneralagreement

onfuturetrendsemerges.

demographicsDemographicsisthestudyofpopulationcharacteristics.

demotionsDemotionsoccurwhenanemployeeismovedfromonejobtoanotherthatislowerinpay,responsibility,andorganizationallevel.

development Development represents

those

activities

that

prepare

an

employeeforfutureresponsibilities.

Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) The Dictionary

Occupational Titles isafederalgovernmentpublicationthatprovides

detailed job descriptions and job codes for most occupations

governmentandindustry.

of

in

differentialvalidityDifferentialvalidityisusedtodemonstratethattestsorotherselectioncriteriaarevalidfordifferentsubgroupsorprotectedclasses.

directive counseling Directivecounselingistheprocessoflisteningto

anemployee's emotional problems, deciding with the employeewhat

shouldbedone,andthentellingandmotivatingtheemployeetodoit.

(Seenondirectivecounseling.)

discipline Discipline ismanagementaction

organization'sstandards.

toencouragecompliancewith the

dismissal Dismissal is the ultimate disciplinary

action

because it

separatestheemployeefromtheemployerforacause.

disparate impact Disparate impact occurs whenthe results

of

an

employer'sactionshaveadifferenteffectononeormoreprotectedclasses.

disparate treatment Disparate treatment

classreceiveunequaltreatment.

occurswhenmembersofaprotected

Drug-FreeWorkplaceActof1988Thislegislationrequiresthatorganizationsapplyingforfederalgrantscertifythattheywillmakegood-faitheffortstoprovideadrug-freeworkplace.dualresponsibilityforpersonnelmanagementSincebothlineandstaffmanagersareresponsibleforemployees,production,andqualityofworklife,adualresponsibilityforpersonnelmanagementexists.

due process Dueprocess meansthat established rules andprocedures

for disciplinary action are followed and that employees have an

opportunitytorespondtothechargesmadeagainstthem.

earlyretirementEarlyretirementoccurswhenaworkerretiresfromanemployerbeforethe"normal"retirementage.

EmployeeAssistancePrograms(EAPs)EAPsarecompany-sponsoredprogramstohelpemployeesovercometheirpersonalproblemsthroughdirectcompanyassistance,counseling,oroutsidereferral.

employeehandbookTheemployeehandbookexplains

keybenefits,

policies,

and

generalinformationabouttheemployer.

TheEmployeePolygraph Protection Act Theact prohibits the use of

polygraphsinprivateindustrybyforbiddinganyemployerengagedin

commerceor in the production of goodsfor commercefrom directly

or indirectly requiring, requesting, or causing any employee or

prospective employee to take or submit to a lie detector test.

Restrictionsalsocoveruseofinformationregardingresultsofsucha

testandthetakingofadverseemploymentactionagainstanyemployee

whorefuses,declines,orfailstotakealiedetectortest.

EmployeeRetirementIncomeSecurityActbyCongresstoensurethatemployer

(ERISA)pension

ERISAwaspassed

plans meet minimum

participation,vesting,andfundingrequirements.

employmentfreezeAnemploymentfreezeoccurswhentheorganizationfuturehiring.

curtails

employmentfunctionTheemploymentfunctionisthatpersonnelresponsibleforrecruiting,selecting,andhiringThisfunctionisusuallyhandledbytheemploymentsectionmanagerofalargepersonneldepartment.

aspect of

newworkers.

oremployment

employment references Employment references are evaluations

of

an

employee'sworkperformance.Theyareprovidedbypastemployers.

employmenttestsEmploymenttestsaredevicesthatassesstheprobablematchbetweentheapplicantsandthejobrequirements.

Equal

Employment

Act

of1972

Thisactstrengthened

therole

ofthe

EqualEmploymentOpportunity

CommissionbyamendingtheCivilRights

Act

of1964.

The

1972law

empoweredtheEEOCto

initiate

court

actionagainstnoncomplyingorganizations.

equalemploymentopportunityEqualemploymentopportunitygivingpeopleafairchancetosucceedwithoutdiscriminationbasedonfactorsunrelatedtojobperformance--suchasage,race,ornationalorigin.

means

EqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission(EEOC)TheEEOCisthefederalagencyresponsibleforenforcingTitleVIIoftheCivilRightsAct,asamendedandotherlawssuchastheAgeDiscriminationinEmploy

equalemploymentopportunitylawsEqualemploymentopportunitylawsareafamilyoffederalandstateactsthatseektoensureequalemploymentopportunitiesformembersofprotectedgroups.

EqualPayArtof1963Thisactprohibitsdiscriminationinpaybecauseofaperson'ssex.

ergonomicsErgonomicsisthestudyofbiotechnicalrelationshipsbetweenthephysicalattributesofworkersandthephysicaldemandsofthejobs.Theobjectistoreducephysicalandmentalstraininordertoincreaseproductivityandqualityofworklife.

errorofcentraltendencyTheerrorofcentraltendencyoccurswhenaraterevaluatesemployeeperformanceasneithergoodnorpoor,evenwhensomeemployeesperformexceptionallywellorpoorly.Instead,theraterrateseveryoneasaverage.

evaluationinterviewsEvaluationinterviewsthatgiveemployeesfeedbackabouttheirfuturepotential.

areperformancereviewsessionspastPerformanceorabouttheir

executiveorderExecutiveordersarepresidentialdecreesthatnormallyapplytogovernmentcontractorsormanagersintheexecutivebranchesofthefederalgovernment.

exit interviews Exit interviews are conversations with

employeestolearntheirviewsoftheorganization.

expedited arbitration Expedited arbitration is anattempt to

the arbitration process. It mayinclude an arrangement

departingspeedupwiththe

arbitratorforhimorhertobeavailableonshortnoticetoneortwodays)andtorenderaquickdecisionattheconclusionofthehearings

(sometimesanoraldecisionisusedinthesecases).

experience rating Experience rating is a practice whereby state

unemploymentoffices determineanemployer's unemploymentcompensation

taxratebasedon theemployer'spreviousexperiencein providing

stableemployment.

experiential learning Experiential learning meansthat participants learn

byexperiencinginthetrainingenvironmentthekindsofproblemstheyfaceonthejob.

exposureExposuremeansbecomingknownbythosewhodecideonpromotions,transfers,andothercareeropportunities.

extrapolationpon Extrapolationinvolvesextendingpastratesofchange

intothe

facilitator Afacilitatorissomeonewhoassistsqualitycirclesandthe

qualitycircleleaderinidentifyingandsolvingworkplaceproblems.

factor comparison methodThe factor comparison methodis a form of

jobevaluationthatallocatesapartofeachjob'swagetokeyfactors

ofthejob.Theresultisarelativeevaluationoftheorganization'sjob.

fair employment practices Fair employment practices are state and

locallawsthatprohibitemployerdiscriminationinemploymentagainstmembersofprotectedclasses.

Fair LaborStandardsActof1938(FLSA)FLSAisacomprehensivefederal law

affectingcompensationmanagement.Itsetsminimumwage,overtimepay,

equalpay,childlabor,andrecord-keepingrequirements.

Federal Mediation andConciliation Service (FMCS)TheFMCSwascreatedby

theLaborManagementRelations Actof1947tohelplaborandmanagement

resolve negotiation impasses peacefully through mediation

andconciliationwithoutresorttoastrike.TheFMCSalsoisacourseofqualifiedlaborarbitrators.

feedback Feedbackis information that helps evaluate the success or

failureofanactionorsystem.

field experiment A field experiment is research that allows the

researcherstostudyemployeesunderrealisticconditionstolearnhowexperimentalandcontrolsubjectsreacttonewprogramsandtootherchanges.

field review method The field review method requires skilled

representativesofthepersonneldepartmenttogointothe"field"and

assist supervisors with their ratings. Often it is the personnel

department's representative that actually fills outtheevaluation form

afterinterviewingthesupervisoraboutemployeeperformance.

AextimeFlextimeisaschedulinginnovationthatabolishesrigidstarting

andendingtimes foreachday's work.Instead,employeesare allowedto

beginandendtheworkdayattheirdiscretion,usuallywithinarange

ofhours.

AexyearAexyearisanemployeescheduling conceptthat allows workerstobe

off thejobfor part oftheyear. Employeesusually workthenormalwork

yearinlessthan12months.

forcedchoicemethodTheforcedchoicemethodofemployeeperformanceevaluationrequirestheratertochoosethemostdescriptivestatementineachpairofstatementsabouttheemployeebeingrated.

forecasts Forecastspredicttheorganization'sfutureneeds.

four-fifths rule Thefour-fifthsruleisatestusedbytheEEOC.When

theelection ratio ofprotected-class applicants islessthan80percent

(orfour-fifths) oftheselection ratio for majority applicants, adverse

impactisassumed.

fully insured workers Fully insured workers are employees whohave

contributed40quarters(10years)tosocialsecurity.

Functionalauthority Functionalauthorityallowsstaffexpertstomake

decisionsinspecifiedcircumstancesthatareusuallyreservedforlinemanagers.

funded plan Fundedplans require anemployer to accumulate moneysin

advancesothat the organization's contribution plans plus interest

willcover its obligation.

fundedretirementplans Afunded retirement plan is onein which the

employer

sets

asidesufficient

money

to

meet

the

future

pay

out

requirements.

gainsharing

Gainsharing

matches

an

improvement

(gain)

in

company

performance

to

some

distribution

(sharing)

of

the

benefits

with

employees.

golden

parachutes

Golden

parachutes

are

agreements

by

the

company

tocompensate

executives

with

bonusesandbenefits

if

theyshouldbe

displaced

by

amerger

or

acquisition.

grapevinecommunication

Grapevine

communication

is

aninformal

systemthat

arises

spontaneously

from

the

social

interaction

of

people

in

the

organization.

grievanceprocedure

Agrievance

procedure

is

amultistep

process

that

theemployer

andunion

jointly

useto

resolve

disputes

that

arise

under

theterms

of

thelabor

agreement.

Griggs

v.DukePowerCompany(1971)TheU.S.SupremeCourtcaseheldthat

whenanemploymentcriterion

disproportionately

discriminatesagainst

aprotected

class,

the

employeris

required

to

showhowthe

criterion

is

job

related.

guaranteed

annualwageAguaranteed

annualwageassuresworkersof

receiving

aminimumamountof

work

or

payduring

the

course

of

ayear.

haloeffect

Thehalo

effect

is

abias

that

occurs

whenarater

allows

someinformation

to

disproportionately

prejudice

the

final

evaluation.

harassment

Harassment

occurs

whena

memberof

an

organization

treats

anemployeein

adisparate

mannerbecauseofthe

worker's

sex,

race,

religion,

age,

orother

protected

classification.

health

maintenanceorganizations

(HMOs)

HMOsareaformofhealth

insurance

whereby

the

insurer

provides

the

professional

staff

and

facilities

needed

to

treat

their

insured

policyholders

for

a

predetermined

monthlyfee.

hot-stove rule Thehot-stove rule

havethe samecharacteristics

touchingahot stove. Thatis,

states that disciplinary actions should

asthe penalty aperson receives from

thediscipline should bewith warning,

immediate,consistent,

andimpersonal.

houseorgansAhouseorganis

any

regularly

published

organizational

magazine,

newspaper,

or

bulletin

directed

to

employees.

human

resource

forecasts

Human

resource

forecasts

predict

the

organization's

future

demandfor

employees.

humanresource

planningHumanresource

planning

systematically

forecasts

an

organization's

future

supply,

anddemandfor,

employees.

humanresources

Humanresources

are

the

people

whoare

ready,

willing,and

able

to

contribute

toorganizational

goals.

Immigration

ReformandControl

Actof

1986Employersare

required

to

screen

out

unauthorized

aliens.

Theact

requires

anemployment

verification

systems,

agoodfaith

effort,

andspecified

record-keepingprocedures.

imminentdanger

Animminent

danger

is

asituation

that

is

likely

to

lead

todeath

or

serious

injury

if

allowedto

continue.

incentivesystems

Incentive

systems

link

compensation

and

performance

bypaying

employees

for

actual

results,

notfor

seniority

or

hours

worked.

indexationIndexation

is

amethodof

estimating

future

employmentneedsby

matching

employmentgrowth

with

someindex,

such

as

sales

growth.

industrial

democracy

Industrial

democracy

refers

to

giving

employees

alarger

voice

in

makingthe

work-related

decisions

that

affect

them.

industrialunions

Industrial

unions

are

labor

organizations

that

seek