TOEFL托福閱讀理解真題匯總

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托福閱讀真題1

Theeconomicdepressioninthelate-nineteenth-centuryUnitedStatescontributedsignificantlytoagrowingmovementinliteraturetowardrealismandnaturalism.Afterthe1870s,anumberofimportantauthorsbegantorejecttheromanticismthathadprevailedimmediatelyfollowingtheCivilWarof1861-1865andturnedinsteadtorealism.Determinedtoportraylifeasitwas,withfidelitytoreallifeandaccuraterepresentationwithoutidealization,theystudiedlocaldialects,wrotestorieswhichfocusedonlifeinspecificregionsofthecountry,andemphasizedthetruerelationshipsbetweenpeople.Indoingso,theyreflectedbroadertrendsinthesociety,suchasindustrialization,evolutionarytheorywhichemphasizedtheeffectoftheenvironmentonhumans,andtheinfluenceofscience.

RealistssuchasJoelChandlerHarrisandEllenGlasgowdepictedlifeintheSouth,HamlinGarlanddescribedlifeontheGreatPlains,andSarahOrneJewettwroteabouteverydaylifeinruralNewEngland.Anotherrealist,BretHarte,achievedfamewithstoriesthatportrayedlocallifeintheCaliforniaminingcamps.SamuelClemens,whoadoptedthepennameMarkTwain,becamethecountrysmostoutstandingrealistauthor,observinglifearoundhimwithahumorousandskepticaleye.Inhisstoriesandnovels,Twaindrewonhisownexperiencesanduseddialectandcommonspeechinsteadofliterarylanguage,touchingoffamajorchangeinAmericanprosestyle.

Otherwritersbecameimpatientevenwithrealism.Pushingevolutionarytheorytoitslimits,theywroteofaworldinwhichacruelandmercilessenvironmentdeterminedhumanfate.Thesewriters,callednaturalists,oftenfocusedoneconomichardship,studyingpeoplestrugglingwithpoverty,andotheraspectsofurbanandindustriallife.Naturalistsbroughttotheirwritingapassionfordirectandhonestexperience.

TheodoreDreiser,theforemostnaturalistwriter,innovelssuchasSisterCarrie,grimlyportrayedadarkworldinwhichhumanbeingsweretossedaboutbyforcesbeyondtheirunderstandingorcontrol.Dreiserthoughtthatwritersshouldtellthetruthabouthumanaffairs,notfabricateromance,andSisterCarrie,hesaid,wasnotintendedasapieceofliterarycraftsmanship,butwasapictureofconditions.

1.Whichaspectoflate-nineteenth-centuryUnitedStatesliteraturedoesthepassagemainly

discuss?

(A)Theinfluenceofscienceonliterature

(B)Theimportanceofdialectsforrealistwriters

(C)Theemergenceofrealismandnaturalism

(D)Theeffectsofindustrializationonromanticism

2.Thewordprevailedinline4isclosestinmeaningto

(A)dominated

(B)transformed

(C)entered

(D)generalized

3.Thewordtheyinline8refersto

(A)authors

(B)dialects

(C)stories

(D)relationships

4.Accordingtothepassage,ahighlysignificantfactorinthedevelopmentofrealistand

naturalistliteraturewas

(A)theCivilWar

(B)arecognitionthatromanticismwasunpopular

(C)anincreasedinterestinthestudyofcommonspeech

(D)aneconomicdepression

5.RealistwriterstookaninterestinallofthefollowingEXCEPT

(A)humanrelationships

(B)characteristicsofdifferentregions

(C)theidealizationoflife

(D)socialandhistoricaltheories

6.Theworddepictedinline11isclosestinmeaningto

(A)emphasized

(B)described

(C)criticized

(D)classified

7.Whydoestheauthormentionminingcampsinline14?

(A)Tocontrastthethemesofrealistandnaturalistwriters

(B)ToillustratehowBretHartedifferedfromotherauthors

(C)Asanexampleofatopictakenupbyrealistwriters

(D)Asanexampleofhowsettingcaninfluenceliterarystyle

8.WhichofthefollowingwroteaboutlifeinruralNewEngland?

(A)EllenGlasgow

(B)SarahOrneJewett

(C)HamlinGarland

(D)MarkTwain

9.MarkTwainisconsideredanimportantliteraryfigurebecausehe

(A)wasthefirstrealistwriterintheUnitedStates

(B)rejectedromanticismasaliteraryapproach

(C)wrotehumorousstoriesandnovels

(D)influencedAmericanprosestylethroughhisuseofcommonspeech

10.Thewordforemostinline25isclosestinmeaningto

(A)mostdifficult

(B)interesting

(C)mostfocused

(D)leading

11.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutTheodoreDreiserissupportedbythepassage?

(A)HemainlywroteabouthistoricalsubjectssuchastheCivilWar.

(B)Hisnovelsoftencontainedelementsofhumor.

(C)Heviewedhimselfmoreasasocialcommentatorthanasaliteraryartist.

(D)Hebelievedwritersshouldemphasizethepositiveaspectsoflife.

PASSAGE83CAADCBCBDDC

托福閱讀真題2

ThelackofprintingregulationsandtheunenforceabilityofBritishcopyrightlawintheAmericancoloniesmadeitpossibleforcolonialprintersoccasionallytoactaspublishers.AlthoughtheyrarelyundertookmajorpublishingprojectbecauseitwasdifficulttosellbooksascheaplyastheycouldbeimportedfromEurope,printersinPhiladelphiadidpublishworkthatrequiredonlysmallamountsofcapital,paper,andtype.Broadsidescouldbepublishedwithminimalfinancialrisk.Consistingofonlyonesheetofpaperandrequiringsmallamountsoftype,broadsidesinvolvedlowerinvestmentsofcapitalthanlongerworks.Furthermore,thebroadsideformatlentitselftosubjectsofhigh,iftemporary,interest,enablingthemtomeetwithreadysale.Ifthebroadsideprintermiscalculated,however,andproducedasheetthatdidnotsell,itwasnotlikelytobeamajorloss,andtheprinterwouldknowthisimmediately,Therewouldbenoagonizingwaitwithlargeamountsofcapitaltiedup,booksgatheringdustontheshelves,andcreditorsimpatientforpayment.

Inadditiontobroadsides,booksandpamphlets,consistingmainlyofpoliticaltracts,catechisms,primers,andchapbookswererelativelyinexpensivetoprintandtobuy.Chapbookswerepamphlet-sizedbooks,usuallycontainingpopulartales,ballads,poems,shortplays,andjokes,small,bothinformalandnumberofpages,theyweregenerallyboundsimply,inboards(aformofcardboard)ormerelystitchedinpaperwrappers(asewnantecedentofmodern-daypaperbacks).Pamphletsandchapbooksdidnotrequirefinepaperoragreatdealoftypetoproducetheycouldthusbeprintedinlarge,cost-effectiveeditionsandsoldcheaply.

Byfar,themostappealingpublishinginvestmentsweretobefoundinsmallbooksthathadproventobesteadysellers,providingareasonablyreliablesourceofincomeforthepublisher.Theywouldnot,bynature,behighlytopicalorpolitical,assuchpublicationswouldproveoffleetinginterest.Almanacs,annualpublicationsthatcontainedinformationonastronomyandweatherpatternsarrangedaccordingtothedays,week,andmonthsofagivenyear,providedtheperfectsteadysellerbecausetheirinformationpertainedtothelocaleinwhichtheywouldbeused.

1.Whichaspectofcolonialprintingdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Lawsgoverningtheprintingindustry.

(B)Competitionamongprinters

(C)Typesofpublicationsproduced

(D)Advancesinprintingtechnology

2.Accordingtothepassage,whydidcolonialprintersavoidmajorpublishingprojects?

(A)Fewcolonialprintersownedprintingmachinerythatwaslargeenoughtohandlemajor

projects.

(B)Therewasinadequateshippingavailableinthecolonies.

(C)Colonialprinterscouldnotselltheirworkforacompetitiveprice.

(D)Colonialprintersdidnothavetheskillsnecessarytoundertakelargepublishingprojects.

3.Broadsidescouldbepublishedwithlittlerisktocolonialprintersbecausethey

(A)requiredasmallfinancialinvestmentandsoldquickly

(B)wereingreatdemandinEuropeanmarkets

(C)weremorepopularwithcoloniststhanchapbooksandpamphlets

(D)generallydealtwithtopicsoflong-terminteresttomanycolonists

4.Thewordtheyinline17refersto

(A)chapbooks

(B)tales

(C)jokes

(D)pages

5.Thewordantecedentinline19isclosestinmeaningto

(A)predecessor

(B)format

(C)imitation

(D)component

6.ChapbooksproducedincolonialAmericawerecharacterizedby

(A)finepaper

(B)cardboardcovers

(C)elaboratedecoration

(D)alargenumberofpages

7.Thewordappealinginline22isclosestinmeaningto

(A)dependable

(B)respectable

(C)enduring

(D)attractive

8.Whatweresteadysellers(line23)?

(A)Printerswhoseincomeswerequitelarge

(B)PeoplewhotraveledfromtowntotownsellingBooksandpamphlets

(C)InvestorswhoprovidedreliablefinancialSupportfornewprinters

(D)Publicationswhosesaleswereusuallyconsistentfromyeartoyear

9.Thewordlocaleinline28isclosestinmeaningto

(A)topic

(B)season

(C)interest

(D)place

10.AllofthefollowingaredefinedinthepassageEXCEPT

(A)Broadsides(line6)

(B)catechisms(line15)

(C)chapbooks(linel6)

(D)Almanacs(line25)

PASSAGE84CCAAABDDDB

托福閱讀真題3

TulipsareOldWorld,ratherthanNewWorld,plants,withtheoriginsofthespecieslyinginCentralAsia.TheybecameanintegralpartofthegardensoftheOttomanEmpirefromthesixteenthcenturyonward,and,soonafter,partofEuropeanlifeaswell.Holland,inparticular,becamefamousforitscultivationoftheflower.

AtenuouslinemarkedtheadvanceofthetuliptotheNewWorld,whereitwasunknowninthewild.ThefirstDutchcoloniesinNorthAmericahadbeenestablishedinNewNetherlandsbytheDutchWestIndiaCompanyin1624,andoneindividualwhosettledinNewAmsterdam(todaysManhattansectionofNewYorkCity)in1642describedtheflowersthatbravelycolonizedthesettlersgardens.TheywerethesameflowersseeninDutchstill-lifepaintingsofthetime:crownimperials,roses,carnations,andofcoursetulips.TheyflourishedinPennsylvaniatoo,wherein1698WilliamPennreceivedareportofJohnTatehamsGreatandStatelyPalace,itsgardenfulloftulips.By1760,Bostonnewspaperswereadvertising50differentkindsofmixedtuliproots.ButthelengthofthejourneybetweenEuropeandNorthAmericacreatedmanydifficulties.ThomasHancock,anEnglishsettler,wrotethankinghisplantsupplierforagiftofsometulipbulbsfromEngland,buthisletterthefollowingyeargrumbledthattheywerealldead.

TulipsarrivedinHolland,Michigan,withalaterwaveofearlynineteenth-centuryDutchimmigrantswhoquicklycolonizedtheplainsofMichigan.TogetherwithmanyotherDutchsettlements,suchastheoneatPella,Iowa,theyestablishedaregulardemandforEuropeanplants.Thedemandwasbravelymetbyanewkindoftulipentrepreneur,thetravelingsalesperson.OneDutchman,HendrickvanderSchoot,spentsixmonthsin1849travelingthroughtheUnitedStatestakingordersfortulipbulbs.WhiletulipbulbsweretravelingfromEuropetotheUnitedStatestosatisfythenostalgiclongingsofhomesickEnglishandDutchsettlers,NorthAmericanplantsweretravelingintheoppositedirection.InEngland,theenthusiasmforAmericanplantswasonereasonwhytulipsdroppedoutoffashioninthegardensoftherichandfamous.

1.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthepassagemainlyanswer?

(A)WhatisthedifferencebetweenanOldWorldandaNewWorldplant?

(B)Whyaretulipsgrowninmanydifferentpartsoftheworld?

(C)HowdidtulipsbecomepopularinNorthAmerica?

(D)WherewerethefirstDutchcoloniesinNorthAmericalocated?

2.Thewordintegralinline2isclosestinmeaningto

(A)interesting

(B)fundamental

(C)ornamental

(D)overlooked

3.Thepassagementionsthattulipswerefirstfoundinwhichofthefollowingregions?

(A)CentralAsia

(B)WesternEurope

(C)India

(D)NorthAmerica

4.Thewordflourishedinline11isclosestinmeaningto

(A)werediscovered

(B)weremarketed

(C)combined

(D)thrived

5.TheauthormentionstulipgrowinginNewNetherlands,Pennsylvania.andMichiganinorderto

illustratehow

(A)importedtulipswereconsideredmorevaluablethanlocallygrowntulips

(B)tulipswerecommonlypassedasgiftsfromonefamilytoanother

(C)tulipsgrewprogressivelymorepopula