項(xiàng)目管理合同法

ProjectManagement&ContractLaw項(xiàng)目管理和合同法Trainer:Herbbrook

Interpret:RichardguoOutline（大綱）LegalSystemLayers法定體系層SourcesofLaw法的來源Contracts合同LegalsystemlayersSanctionsSampleConductCodeofEthicsNoformalpenaltyFailuretoreportmoonlightingProfessionalMisconductDisciplinaryactionMoonlightingforcompetitorTortLawCompensationtoothersSlanderContractLawCompensationtoclientBreachofcontractCriminalLawPunishment(Jail)BreachofcriminalcodeAsconductworsenstheseverityofthesanctionsincrease法律體系層面隨著行為的進(jìn)一步惡化處罰的嚴(yán)肅性也增加。處罰辦法行為案例道德規(guī)范代碼無正式處罰不報告moonlighting職業(yè)人員的明知故犯訓(xùn)誡式的起訴為競爭對手提供暗地服務(wù)民事法對他人的補(bǔ)償誹謗合同法對客戶的補(bǔ)償違約合同刑法處罰(進(jìn)監(jiān)獄)違反犯罪codeSourcesofLawTheUSLegalSystemBasedonEnglishcommonlawexceptinStateofLouisianaConsistsoftwopartsLegislativeThecommonlaw法的來源美國的法律體系除美國的路易斯安那州外都基于英國的普通法。

由兩部分組成立法機(jī)構(gòu)普通法LegislativelawDeterminedbylegislatures(USCongressandStateLegislatures)ConsistsofStatutesProfessionalEngineeringLicensingLaws(States)OccupationalHealthandSafetyAct(US)RegulationsCreatedbyorganizationsliketheSocietyofProfessionalEngineers.立法機(jī)構(gòu)的立法由立法機(jī)構(gòu)決定(美國國會和州立法機(jī)構(gòu))組成部分有：條例

職業(yè)工程師執(zhí)照法(州)職業(yè)的健康和安全法案(國家)法規(guī)由諸如職業(yè)工程師協(xié)會組織創(chuàng)建.CommonLawJudge-MadeLawBasedonthetheoryofPrecedentContractDisputeLegalRulingPrecedentPrecedent-alegalprincipleestablishedinpreviouscourtdecisionswhichinvolvedsimilaroranalogousfactsituations.普通法衡平法基于先例的理論合同糾紛法律規(guī)則先例先例-一種建立在前一個類似案例的法庭宣判結(jié)果的法律原理。PrecedentExample-FundamentalBreachMaybeappliedtorenderexemptionclausesincontractsineffective.CaseHistoryHarbuttPlaasticinev.WayneTank&Pump(1970).Factoryburneddownduetofaultymaterial.$2,300limitiedliabilityincontractwaswaivedand$170,000paid.Precedent-intheeventoffundamentalbreach(abreachofsuchnatureastogototheveryrootofthecontract)anexmptionclauseinacontractwouldnotaffordprotectiontothepartythatcommittedthebreach先例案例-根根本性的違約約可能應(yīng)用于解釋釋無效合同中的的免除條款.案例歷史HarbuttPlaasticinev.WayneTank&Pump(1970).由于不合格材料料導(dǎo)致工廠被燒燒毀。合同中$2,300的有限責(zé)任被放放棄，賠償了$170,000。先例－-根本本上違反合同中中的免除條款（（該違反涉及到到合同中的根本本性問題）不能能對違反條款方方提供保護(hù)。TheTheoryofDeepPocketsThepurposeofContractLawistocompensatewrongedpartiesfortheirdamages(notforpunishment)Therefore,legalactionwilltendtobemadeagainstthosewiththegreatestcapacitytopay.深口袋理論合同法的目的在在于為受害方的的損失提供賠償償（不是為了懲懲罰）因此，法律行為為通常針對最有有支付能力的一一方。ContractLawDefinitionrelationshipbetween2ormorepeopledefiningrightsandobligations5EssentialElementsofEnforceabilityOfferandAcceptanceMutualIntentAconsiderationwaspaid(Ifnot,thenthecontractisan“agreement”.Capacity(18yrsofage,soundmind,capable)LawfulPurpose合同法定義在兩方或多方之之間定義權(quán)利和和義務(wù)的一種關(guān)關(guān)系具備法律效力的的五個關(guān)鍵因素素提供和接受雙方自愿已支付報酬(如果沒沒有支付，該合合同僅僅是一個個協(xié)議）。法律承擔(dān)擔(dān)能力(18歲以上，，精神正正常，有有能力)合法的目目的Bilateralvs.UnilateralContractsEverycontractinvolvesatleasttwoparties:anofferorandanofferee.Theofferorpromisestodoornottodosomething.Whetheracontractisunilateralorbilateraldependsonwhattheoffereemustdotoaccept.Abilateralcontractisapromiseforapromise;iftheoffereeneedonlypromisetoperform,thecontractisbilateral.Aunilateralcontractisapromiseforanact;iftheoffereecanacceptonlybycompleteperformance,thecontractisunilateral.Aunilateralcontract'sofferbecomesirrevocableoncesubstantialperformancehasbeencompleted.雙邊與單單邊合同同每一個合合同至少少涉及到到兩個合合同方:提供方和和接受方方。提提供方承承諾做或或者不做做某個（（些）事事情。采采用單邊邊合同還還是雙邊邊合同取取決于接接受方為為了接受受必須做做什么雙邊合同同是對一一個承諾諾的承諾諾；如果果接受方只需要承承諾履行行，合同同則為雙雙邊合同同。單邊合同同是對一一個行為為的承諾諾；如果果接受方方只有通通過完全全履行才才能接受受，合同同則為單單邊合同同。在單單邊合同同中，一一旦關(guān)鍵鍵部分已已經(jīng)履行行，提提供則不不能召回回。Expressedvs.ImpliedContractsAnexpresscontractisoneinwhichthetermsareexpressedinwords,oralorwritten,Acontractthatisimpliedfromtheconductofthepartiesisaniniplied-in-factcontract,orsimplyanimpliedcontract.Theparties'conductrevealsthattheyintendedtoformacontractandcreatesanddefinesitsterms.Toestablishanimplied-in-factcontract:(1)theplaintiffmusthavefurnishedsomeserviceorproperty;(2)theplaintiffmusthaveexpectedtobepaidandthedefendantkneworshouldhaveknownthatpaymentwasexpected;and(3)thedefendanthadachancetorejecttheserviceorpropertyanddidnot.明確的與與隱含的的合同一個明確確的合同同中，條條款以語語言的形形式（口口頭或書書面）明明確表述述，隱含于合合同方的的履行準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)則之外外的合同同是一種種隱含于于事實(shí)的的合同，，或簡簡稱為隱隱含合同同。合同同方履行行準(zhǔn)則不不但表明明合同各各方有意意達(dá)成合合同，而而且創(chuàng)建建并定義義合同條條款。建立一個個隱含于于事實(shí)的的合同：：(1)原告必須須已經(jīng)完完成一些些服務(wù)或或產(chǎn)品；；(2)原告告必須已已經(jīng)期望望得到支支付，被被告已經(jīng)經(jīng)知道或或應(yīng)該已已經(jīng)知道道原告期期望得到到支付；；(3)被告已經(jīng)經(jīng)有機(jī)會會拒絕服服務(wù)或產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品但是是沒有拒拒絕。Formalvs.InformalContractsFormalcontractsrequireaspecialformormethodofformationtobeenforceable.Formalcontractsincludecontractsunderseal,whicharewritingswithaspecialsea]attached.Allothercontractsareinformalcontracts,orsimplecontracts.Forthese,nospecialformisrequired(exceptforcertaintypes;ofcontractsthatmustbeinwriting).正式與非非正式合合同正式合同同需要一一種特殊殊的合同同形式或或形成合合同的方方法以使使合同生生效。正正式合同同包括有有印章的的合同，，即付有有特殊印印章的書書面文字字。所有其他他合同都都是非正正式合同同或簡單單合同。。對于這這些合同同，不需需要特殊殊的合同同形式(除了一些些必須以以書面形形式存在在的合同同）。Executedvs.ExecutoryContractsContractsarealsoclassifiedaccordingtotheirstageofperformance.Acontractthathasbeenperformedisanexecutedcontract.Acontractthathasriotbeenperformedisanexecutorycontract.Ifonepartyhasfullyperformedbuttheotherhasnot,thecontractissaidtobeexecutedontheonesideandexecutoryontheother,anditisclassifiedasexecutory.已執(zhí)行與與待執(zhí)執(zhí)行合合同合同也可以按照它它們履行的階段來來分類。已經(jīng)執(zhí)行行的合同稱為已執(zhí)執(zhí)行合同。還未執(zhí)執(zhí)行的合同稱為待待執(zhí)行合同。如果合同一方已經(jīng)經(jīng)履行而另一方還還未履行，可以說說該合同一方已經(jīng)經(jīng)執(zhí)行另一方還未未執(zhí)行，該合同歸歸類為待執(zhí)行.VALID,VOID,VOIDABLE,ANDUNENFORCEABLECONTRACTSAvalidcontractresultswhenalloftheelementsnecessarytocontractformationexist-whenthpartiesagree,throughanofferandanacceptance,toformacontract;thecontractissupportedbyconsideration;thecontractisforalegalpurpose;andthepartieshadlegalcapacitytocontract,Acontractthatisvoidisnocontract.Avoidcontractgivesrisetonolegalobligationonthepartdanyparty.Anillegalcontractis,forexample,avoidcontract,Avoidablecontractisavalidcontractinwhichoneorbothofthepartieshastheoptionofavoidinghisorherlegalobligation.Ifthecontractisavoided,bothpartiesarereleased.Ifitisratified,bothpartiesmustperformAnunenforceablecontractisavalidcontractthatcannotbeenforcedduetocertaindefenses.Forexample,avalidcontractbarredbyastatuteoflimitationsisanunenforceablecontract.有效的，無效的，，可轉(zhuǎn)為無效的和和不能生效的合同同當(dāng)所有形成合同的的必要因素已經(jīng)存存在時－－當(dāng)所有有合同方通過提供和接受達(dá)成一致同意簽定定合同；合同具有有報酬的支持；合同具有有合法的目的；合合同各方具有簽定定合同的法律能力力－－一個有效的的合同即可形成。。一個無效的合同不不能稱為合同。一一個無效的合同對對合同任何一方都都無法律義務(wù)的約約束。例如，一個個非法的合同即是是一個無效的合同同。一個可轉(zhuǎn)為無效的的合同是一個有效效的合同，在合同同中，合同一方或或雙方可以選擇避避免他或她的法律律義務(wù)。如果合同同轉(zhuǎn)為無效，合同同雙方均不再受合合同條款的約束。。如果合同獲得批批準(zhǔn)，合同雙方均均應(yīng)履行合同。一個不能生效的合合同是一個有效的的合同，由于某些些原因該合同不能能生效。例如，一一個受某些因素限限制的有效合同即即是一個不能生效效的合同。Excusesfornon-performanceofaContractMisrepresentation(falsestatementorassertionoffact)Innocent-didn’tknowtheywerelyingFraudulant-knowinglyDuress-inducedbymeansofintimidation(coercion)UndueInfluence-onepartytoacontractdominatesthefreewilloftheotherparty.不履行合同的原因因錯誤的描述（對事事實(shí)的不真實(shí)陳述述或聲稱）無錯－不知道對方方在欺騙有錯－知道對方在在欺騙強(qiáng)迫－由于受到威威脅、恐嚇等。不適當(dāng)?shù)挠绊懀虾贤环降囊庠甘苁艿搅硪环降目刂浦啤?MistakesOftenhappenswithsubmissionofbidsRectificationofa“commonmistake”(secretarialorrecordinginnature)UnilateralMistake-madeby1partyexample...錯誤經(jīng)常在投遞投標(biāo)書書時發(fā)生。批準(zhǔn)普通錯誤（打印或或記錄錯誤）單邊錯誤－－合同同一方所犯的錯誤誤示例...UnilateralMistakeSupposeyouarebiddingonaconstructioncontractandmakeanincorrecttransferfromasummarysheetsuchthatyourbid(submittedundersealfor60days)is$70,000lowerthanyouintended.After30days,youdiscoveryourmistakeandattempttowithdrawthebid.Theclientunderstandsthatyoumadeamistakebutafter50daysacceptsyourbid.Shouldyouberequiredtohonorthebid?單邊錯誤假設(shè)您在投標(biāo)一個個建筑合同，但是是您依據(jù)總結(jié)單做做了一個不正確的的轉(zhuǎn)述，以至于于您的投標(biāo)（已經(jīng)經(jīng)投遞并付有印章章60天有效）比您原先所期望的的低了$70,000。。30天后，您發(fā)現(xiàn)了自自己的錯誤并試圖圖撤回投標(biāo)?？蛻魬裘靼啄噶隋e誤誤但是50天后接受了您您的投標(biāo)。您是否必須履行您您的投標(biāo)?ContractInterpretationPrinciplesTHEPLAINMEANINGRULE(ALSOKNOWNASPAROLEVIDENCERULE)-Whenacontractisinwritingthatisnotsubjecttoconflictingmeanings,acourtwillenforcethewritingaccordingtoitsplainmeaning.Underthisplainmeaningrule,themeaningofthewordsmustbedeterminedfromthefaceoftheinstrument-acourtcannotconsiderevidenceextrinsictothedocument.合同解釋原原理字面意義原理(亦稱為PAROL證據(jù)原理理)-當(dāng)一個合同同是以書面面形式存在在而且不存存在意思矛矛盾時，法法庭將依據(jù)據(jù)合同的字字面意義使使合同生效效。依據(jù)此字面面意義原理理,合同中詞語語的意思必必須由其字字面意義來來決定－－－法庭不能能考慮此合合同之外的的證據(jù)。ContractInterpretationPrinciplesReasonableMeaningsandImpliedtermsItisimpossibletowriteeverythingdownContraProferentumInterpretationofunclearstatementswillgoagainstthepartyresponsibleforwritingthem.合同解釋原原理合理的意思思和隱含的的條款不可能把每每一項(xiàng)東西西都寫下來來。相反Proferentum對不清楚陳陳述的解釋釋將參照合合同的寫作作方對合同同條款的解解釋。AmbiguitiesWhenthewritingisambiguous,acourtwillinterpretthelanguagetogiveeffecttotheparties'intentasexpressedintheircontract.Acourtwillnotmakeorremakeacontractnorinterpretthelanguageaccordingtowhatthepartiesclaimtheirintentwaswhentheymadeit.Ininterpretingambiguities,thefollowingrulesaregenerallyapplied:模糊條款當(dāng)書面語言言意義模糊糊時，法庭庭將對合同同中的語言言進(jìn)行解釋釋以便是合合同方在合合同中的意意愿得以生生效。法庭庭將既不會會簽訂或重重新簽訂合合同也不會會按照合同同方在簽訂訂合同時所所聲稱的意意愿解釋合合同中的語語言。在解解釋模糊條條款時，通通常情況下下將采用以以下原則。。Ambiguities1.Areasonable,lawful,andeffectivemeaningwillbegiventoallofacontract'sterms.2.Acontractwillbeinterpretedasawhole;individualclauseswillbeconsideredsubordinatetothecontract'sgeneralintent.Aliwritingsthatarepartofthesametransactionwillbeinterpretedtogether,althoughtermsthatwerenegotiatedseparatelywillbegivengreaterconsiderationthanstandardizedtermsandtermsthatwerenotnegotiatedseparately.模糊條款1.合同同中所有的的條款都必必須具有合合理的、合合法的、有有效的意義義。2.一個個合同必須須作為一個個整體來解解釋；單個個條款必須須作為合同同整體意義義的一部分分來考慮。。同一條款款的所有書書面部分都都必須放在在一起來解解釋；但是是，與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)化的條款款和非分開開單獨(dú)談判判的條款相相比，分分開單獨(dú)談?wù)勁械臈l款款將作為重重點(diǎn)來考慮慮。Ambiguities3.Awordwillbegivenitsordinary,commonlyacceptedmeaning,andatechnicalwordortermwillbegivenitstechnicalmeaning,unlessthepartiesclearlyintendedsomethingelse.4.Specificandexactwordingwillbegivengreaterconsiderationthangenerallanguage.5.Writtenortypewrittentermsprevailoverprintedones.模糊條款3.合同同中的單詞詞將按照它它的普通意意義和通常常情況下被被接受的意意義來解釋釋，一個技技術(shù)性的單單詞或術(shù)語語將按照它它的技術(shù)意意義來解釋釋，除非合合同各方清清楚地表明明了其他意意義。4.與一一般性的語語言相比，，具體的和和精確的用用語將被重重點(diǎn)考慮。。5.當(dāng)存存在幾種書書面形式時時，將以手手寫和打字字機(jī)打出的的術(shù)語為準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)，而非打打印出的術(shù)術(shù)語。Ambiguities6.Whenthelanguageusedhasmorethanonemeaning,itwillbeinterpretedagainstthepartywhodraftedthecontract.7.Whenevidenceoftradeusage,priordealingsbetweentheparties,andpreviouscourseofperformanceunderthecontractisadmitted,whateachofthepartiesdoesinpursuanceofthecontractwillbeinterpretedasconsistentwithwhattheotherdoesandwithanyrelevantusageoftradeandcourseofdealingandperformance.模糊條款6.當(dāng)所所用的語言言具有多種種意義時，，將參照合合同起草方方對合同條條款的解釋釋。.7.當(dāng)在在合同方之之間存在貿(mào)貿(mào)易慣例或或先前交易易方面的證證據(jù)，以前前的履行方方針是可以以接受的，，對合同任任何一方為為了達(dá)成合合同所做的的努力的解解釋,將必必須與合同同另一方為為達(dá)成合同同所做的努努力以及任任何相關(guān)的的貿(mào)易慣例例和交易及及履行方針針保持一致致。AmbiguitiesIntheabovecircumstances,expresstermsaregiventhegreatestweight,followedbycourseofperformance,courseofdealing,andusageoftrade,inthatorder.Whenconsideringcustomandusage,acourtwilllookatthecustomsandusageoftradeoftheparticularbusinessandthelocalewherethecontractwasmadeoristobeperformed模糊條款在上述情況況下，明確確化的術(shù)語語將會被給給予最重的的分量，其其次是履履行方針，，交易方針針，和貿(mào)貿(mào)易慣例，，應(yīng)該按照照以上分量量順序。當(dāng)當(dāng)考慮到習(xí)習(xí)慣或慣例例時，法庭庭將考慮簽簽訂合同或或履行合同同所在的相相關(guān)特定商商業(yè)領(lǐng)域和和地區(qū)的貿(mào)貿(mào)易習(xí)慣和和慣例ContractInterpretationPrinciplesDutytoMitigateApartythatsuffersalossduetoabreachofcontractmusttakereasonablestepstoreducetheamountofdamagessufferedLiquidateddamages(PenaltyClauses)Mustbebasedongenuinepre-estimatesofdamages(Ruleistocompensate,notpunish)QuantumMeruitWhenpriceisnotanexpresstermofthecontractthenamountisdeterminedby-asmuchasisreasonablydeserved合同解釋原理減少損失的責(zé)任任由于合同違約而而遭受損失的合合同方必須采取取合理的行動來來減少所遭受損損失的數(shù)量。清算損失(懲罰條款)必須建立在真實(shí)實(shí)的對損