自考英美文學(xué)選讀課件(超級完整版)

自考英美文學(xué)選讀課件(超級完整版)第一頁，共346頁。AnthologyofEnglishandAmericanLiterature英美文學(xué)選讀第二頁，共346頁。Whatisliterature?Isitnecessaryorimportantinmodernsociety?什么是文學(xué)？今天我們還需要文學(xué)嗎？第三頁，共346頁。主講內(nèi)容一、考試主要題型、特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)考策略；二、以講解關(guān)鍵詞的方法作全書梳理，包括各個(gè)時(shí)期重要的文學(xué)理念，核心觀點(diǎn)；三、結(jié)合真題對重點(diǎn)作家做總結(jié)和預(yù)測第四頁，共346頁。第一講考試題型分析及應(yīng)考策略第五頁，共346頁。一、考試題型分析1.選擇題（40/25）40，22（英國），18（美國），主要考查：基本知識(shí)點(diǎn)、理解（10）趨勢：選擇題難度上升，主觀題難度下降。第六頁，共346頁。2.閱讀（4×4)要求指出：A）作者和作品出處（1分）B）作品中具體某個(gè)詞或詞組的確切意義（1分）C）表述該選段的思想內(nèi)容（2分）。第七頁，共346頁。09年真題41.WhereforefeedandclotheandsaveFromthecradletothegraveThoseungratefuldroneswhowouldDrainyoursweat-nay,drinkyourblood?Questions:A.Identifythepoetandthetitleofthepoemfromwhichthestanzaistaken.B.WhatfigureofspeechisusedinLine2?C.Whomdoes“drones”referto?第八頁，共346頁。3.簡答（6×4)內(nèi)容的跨越比較大，既有閱讀理解部分的延伸，也有某一時(shí)期的文學(xué)思潮，還有對某一斷代史的簡論，答對率非常低。4.討論（2×10)考查：文學(xué)流派與作家解析，作品主題、人物、情節(jié)、敘事方法等分析第九頁，共346頁。二、應(yīng)試技巧（主觀題）基本方法：核心觀點(diǎn)+實(shí)際問題答題時(shí)最好用A,B,C或123等符號將答案分割成幾點(diǎn)；英文的書寫與拼寫語法第十頁，共346頁。做簡答題或論述題的答題要點(diǎn)A.關(guān)于歷史時(shí)期的介紹

1>時(shí)間+來源(0.5分---1分)

2>歷史背景(不需要擴(kuò)充)(1---2分)

3>該時(shí)期中最重要的創(chuàng)作思想以及影響該時(shí)期的大背景．(2---3分)

4>代表作家以及代表作品簡介．(1分)

5>影響(0.5—1分)

第十一頁，共346頁。B.論述題中人物性格分析的答題要點(diǎn)：

1>利用題目發(fā)揮(0.5--1分)

2>該任務(wù)的代表時(shí)期，屬于哪個(gè)階層(1—2分)

3>作品中人物經(jīng)歷的有關(guān)情節(jié)(2—3分)

4>該人物的直接性格分析(1—2分)

5>該人物的文學(xué)性格分析(3—4分)

6>作用／影響／語言風(fēng)格等(0.5—1分)

第十二頁，共346頁。C.論述題中關(guān)于作家的分析

1>利用題目發(fā)揮(0.5—1分)

2>該作家所處的歷史背景(1—2分)

3>該作家的語言風(fēng)格(1—2分)

4>該作家說寫的典型作品及創(chuàng)作主題(2—3分)

5>關(guān)于典型作品的有關(guān)情節(jié)(1—2分)

6>影響(0.5—1分)第十三頁，共346頁。英美文學(xué)選讀答題套語Sb.launchespossiblythesharpestandthefiercestattackupontheveryfoundationsofthecorruptfeudalism/capitalistworld.Thepenetratinghitattheveryheartofcapitalismisdrivenhome.nootherthan=nothingmorethan…isdiscernible.Lengthyaccountsaregivento…第十四頁，共346頁。Sb.perceptivelystatesthat…Sth.bearssomeresemblancewith……drawsinfluencefrom…inessenceprolificplayapivotalrolein…Thesignificanceof…liesratherintheportrayalof…第十五頁，共346頁。Itaffordsthereadersawholegalleryofvividportraitsofthepeopleofallstratum.…givesanencyclopediccreationof……showsagenuinesympathyfor…everycharacterone’screativefingertouchedcamealive…leavesunforgettableimpressionsonthereaders’mind.Thegreathumoristsoftheworldarefewinnumber,andMarkTwainisofthatchoicecompany.第十六頁，共346頁。評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：1）答出參考答案多數(shù)要點(diǎn)且某些要點(diǎn)有較好發(fā)揮，可給滿分；2)考生答非所問不給分；3）內(nèi)容和語言綜合考慮，語言表達(dá)不好的要適當(dāng)扣分，原則如下：a)語言通順，表達(dá)清楚，語法錯(cuò)誤和拼寫錯(cuò)誤很少，基本根據(jù)內(nèi)容評分；b)語言基本通順，有少數(shù)語法錯(cuò)誤和拼寫錯(cuò)誤，扣該題分值的20%；c)語言不通順，表達(dá)不連貫，有較多語法錯(cuò)誤和拼寫錯(cuò)誤，扣該題分值的40%；d)語言很不通順，無法表達(dá)連貫的意思，扣該題分值的60%。第十七頁，共346頁。常考不衰的重點(diǎn)：文藝復(fù)興的文學(xué)特色及其核心作家；英國浪漫主義與美國浪漫主義；自然主義；意象主義；現(xiàn)實(shí)主義；現(xiàn)代主義（英國）必考的作家：Shakespeare;Milton;Defoe;Fielding;Shelley;Austen;Dickens;Hardy;T.S.Eliot;Hawthorne;Whitman；MarkTwain;Dreiser;Pound;Hemingway;Faulkner第十八頁，共346頁。考過的是否會(huì)重考？1.任何考題都有可能在其他題型中重考；2.選擇題有可能重考；3.考過的問答題不會(huì)重考，但同一作家可重考；第十九頁，共346頁。復(fù)習(xí)建議：把握英國重點(diǎn)部分，死記美國所有部分1）思考，理解；2)比較記憶和聯(lián)想記憶；關(guān)鍵詞個(gè)章節(jié)時(shí)代介紹；重要引語；作家作品名稱的拼寫；參考資料：原教材輔導(dǎo)書，近5年真題第二十頁，共346頁。最新考綱要求調(diào)整后的《英美文學(xué)選讀自學(xué)考試大綱》將于2009年4月考試試行。一、關(guān)于考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)的調(diào)整

考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)中的各章概述內(nèi)容仍為考核內(nèi)容；對知識(shí)點(diǎn)中的作家只保留對如下主要作家的考核。二、關(guān)于考核要求的調(diào)整

考核要求中每章概述內(nèi)容不作調(diào)整；“該時(shí)期的重要作家”只包

含對考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)中保留的重要作家的相關(guān)內(nèi)容的考核。第二十一頁，共346頁。5分鐘巧記所有作家

英國

小沙彌在看非州的Swift吹笛子,布來克/澳雪(在旁邊)華華叫,(吵得)狄更斯和哈代不得安寧,(氣得)蕭伯納踢死(T.S)了勞倫斯

美國

揮霍的梅姑娘.(看見)James騎馬D答D答響,(后面跟著)肥仔老羅和發(fā)福的海明威

第二十二頁，共346頁。大綱調(diào)整后的特點(diǎn)二、大綱調(diào)整后的特點(diǎn)（一）新大綱更加突出了英美各個(gè)文學(xué)時(shí)期的時(shí)代特點(diǎn)。如：文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的戲劇和詩史，浪漫主義時(shí)期的詩歌等。從這個(gè)意義上講，命題的重點(diǎn)突出了。（二）新大綱中考核的作家，都是每一個(gè)文學(xué)時(shí)期文學(xué)潮流的最具代表性的作家，都是對該時(shí)期文學(xué)的發(fā)展起到?jīng)Q定作用的作家。從這個(gè)意義上講，命題的焦點(diǎn)集中了。（三）新大綱中所保留的作家的作品大多是廣大考生耳熟能詳?shù)淖髌罚瑥倪@個(gè)意義上講，考試的難度降低了。三、大綱調(diào)整后的復(fù)習(xí)方法（一）概述：考試大綱調(diào)整以后，可命題的作家的數(shù)量減少了，但命題的深度會(huì)增加；同時(shí)，由于作家數(shù)量的減少，這也意味著在每一章的概述部分和作品選讀部分的命題點(diǎn)會(huì)增多。（二）每章概述部分的復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)在對這部分的復(fù)習(xí)中，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注每一個(gè)文學(xué)時(shí)期的界定以及其標(biāo)志性事件；另外每一個(gè)文學(xué)時(shí)期的時(shí)代特點(diǎn)和突出文學(xué)成就也是考查的重點(diǎn)，還有本時(shí)期同時(shí)存在的文學(xué)流派的特點(diǎn)也是重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。（三）每章重點(diǎn)作家的復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)作家的文學(xué)史上的地位和貢獻(xiàn)；作家的代表作以及代表作的中心大意和所反映的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)；作家的寫作風(fēng)格和寫作特點(diǎn)也是命題的重點(diǎn)。（四）每章作品選讀的復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)作品選讀前面的斜體字部分的簡介和概括；作品中的名句；作品選讀中的注釋部分，小說作品中的人物關(guān)系。第二十三頁，共346頁。第二講英美文學(xué)的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)第二十四頁，共346頁。TheRenaissancePeriod1)Itmarksatransitionfrom_____tothe____world.2)Itreferstotheperiodbetween____and_____.3)a)revivalorrediscoveryofancientGreekandRomanculture;b)introductionofHumansim;c)newideasprosandconsintheinterestoftherisingbourgeoisie;d)thedevelopmentofearlyscience;e)thereligiousReformationorreligiousstruggleinthefolklife;f）theshapingofnationalism.第二十五頁，共346頁。Humanisma)Emphasisofmanandindividual,manisthemeasureofallthings;b)HumaniststrytoexalthumannatureandregardhumanbeingsasgloriouscreaturescapableofIndividualdevelopmenttowardperfectionwithlifetoquestion,exploreandenjoy;c)Emphasisofhumanvalues,dignity,ambitionsandthepresentliferatherthantheafterlife.第二十六頁，共346頁。TheAchievementoftheElizabethanDrama1)ItistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.ItisnotuntiltheElizabethanage,undertheinfluenceoftheRenaissance,thatdramawasdevelopedintoamatureartform.Andgreatdramatistslike____,_____,_____appearedonthestage;2)Byimitatingtheromances,embracingthemysteriesofGermanlegend,andcombingthepoeticfancywiththefactsofdailylife,theymadeavividdepictionofthesharpconflictsbetweenfeudalismandtherisingbourgeoisie;3)Thedrama,with_____asthemaster,standsoutasamonumentoftheRenaissance,whichisunrivaledforpurecreativepowerbyanyotherproductofthatepoch.第二十七頁，共346頁。Representatives:Chaucer:_______Spenser:____________Marlowe：____________Shakespeare:__________Bacon:_______JohnDonne:________JohnMilton:_______第二十八頁，共346頁。TheNeoclassicalPeriodStartsfrom_____to_____.The18thcenturyEnglandisalsoknownastheageof______ortheageof_____.Howtodefine1．TheEnlightenmentMovement2.Neoclassicism3.theRealisticNovelWhatistheliterarycharacteristicsofNeoclassicism?第二十九頁，共346頁。Neoclassicism1)Arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.AllformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreek&Romanwriters&thoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.Theartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotion&accuracy,&thatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.Seekproportion,unity,harmony&graceinliteraryexpressions,inanefforttodelight,instruct&correcthumanbeings,primarilyassocialanimals.Thus,apolite,urbane,witty,&intellectualartdeveloped.第三十頁，共346頁。TheEnlightenmentMovement

1)The18th-centuryEnglandisknownastheAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReason.2)AprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichflourishedinFrance&sweptthroughthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.3)ThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15th&16thcenturies.4)Toenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodemphilosophical&artisticideas.5)celebratingreasonorrationality,equality&science.6)FamousamongthegreatenlightenersinEnglandwerethosegreatwriterslikeJohnDryden,Alexanderpope&soon.第三十一頁，共346頁。theRealisticNovelAnewlyrisingliteraryformcontrarytothetraditionalromanceofaristocrats,GivesarealisticpresentationoflifeofthecommonEnglishpeople.IsanaturalproductoftheIndustrialRevolutionAmongthepioneerswereDanielDefoe,SamuelRichardson,HenryFielding,LaurenceSterne,TobiasCreorgeSmollott,&OliverGoldsmith.第三十二頁，共346頁。WhatistheliterarycharacteristicsofNeoclassicism?

1)AllformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreek&RomanwritersandthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.2)Neoclassicistshadsomefixedlaws&rulesforalmosteverygenreofliterature,proseshouldbeprecise,direct,smooth&flexible.Poetryshouldbelyrical,epical,didactic,satiricordramatic,&eachclassshouldbeguidedbyitsownprinciples.3)DramashouldbewrittenintheHeroicCouplets(iambicpentameterrhymedintwolines);thethreeunitiesoftime,space&actionshouldbestrictlyobserved;regularityinconstructionshouldbeadheredto&typecharactersratherthanindividualsshouldberepresented.第三十三頁，共346頁。Representatives:JohnBunyan:________Pope:_________Defoe:_______Swift:______Fielding:______Johnson:______Sheridan:______Gray:_____第三十四頁，共346頁。TheRomanticPeriod1.EnglishRomanticismisgenerallysaidtohavebegunin____withthepublicationofof____andtohaveendedin____.2.Culturalbackground：TheideasofRousseau;B.Theliterarysources:TheRomanticMovementexpressedamoreorlessnegativeattitudetowardtheexistingsocialandpoliticalconditionsthatcamewithindustrializationandthegrowingimportanceofthebourgeoisie.

第三十五頁，共346頁。C.Theliteraryviews:(1)arebellionagainstneo-classicism(2)expressonimagination(3)prioritiesbeengiventopassion,emotionandfeeling(4)beingclosetonatureforitspuritywhilethesocietyiscorrupting(5)tremendousinterestinsomethingremoteintermofspaceandtime(6)supremacyoffreedom

第三十六頁，共346頁。3.Literaryforms:A.Poetry

A).TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.Blake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,ShelleyandKeatsarethemajorRomanticpoets.Theystartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature,whichwaslaterregardedasthepoeticrevolution.

第三十七頁，共346頁。B).Theoryofpoetrya.Theyexplorednewtheoriesandinnovatednewtechniquesinpoetrywriting.b.Theysawpoetryasahealingenergy,thebelievedthatpoetrycouldpurifybothindividualsoulsandthesociety.

第三十八頁，共346頁。c.Thenaturalworldcomestotheforefrontofthepoeticimagination.Natureisnotonlythemajorsourceofpoeticimagery,butalsoprovidesthedominantsubjectmatter.d.Romanticsalsotendtobenationalistic.

第三十九頁，共346頁。B.Prose

TheRomanticperiodisalsoagreatageofprose.Coleridge,Hazlitt,Lamb,andDeQuinceyweretheleadingfigures.

第四十頁，共346頁。C.Novel

A).Austenisofthe18th-centuryinhermoraloutlook.Herviewoflifeisatotallyrealisticone.Themajorthemeofhernovelsisloveandmarriage.

B).WalterScottisthemostpopularnovelistofhisday.Waverley,OldMartality,TheHeartofMidlothian,RobRoy,andIvanhoeareamongthemostpopularonesofhisnovels.Heisthefirstmajorhistoricalnovelist.

第四十一頁，共346頁。C).Gothicnovel:

a.Nature:

Gothicnovel,atypeofromanticfictionthatpredominatedinthelateeighteenthcentury,wasonephaseoftheRomanticmovement.

b.Subjectmatters:

Itsprincipalelementsareviolence,horror,andthesupernatural.

c.Works:

WorkslikeTheMysteriesofUdolphobyAnnRadcliffeandFrankensteinbyMaryShelleyaretypicalGothicromance.

第四十二頁，共346頁。D.Drama

Shelley’sPrometheusUnboundandTheCenci,Byron’sManfredandColeridge’sRemorsearegenerallyregardedasthebestverseplaysduringthisperiod.

第四十三頁，共346頁。HowisRomanticismdifferentfromNeoclassicism?a.Neoclassicistsupheldthatartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andthatliterature,shouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity,andthus,literaryexpressionsshouldbeofproportion,unity,harmonyandgrace.b.Romanticismtendedtoseetheindividualastheverycenterofallexperience,includingart,andthus,literaryworkshouldbe“spontaneousoverflowofstrongoffeeling”thevalueoftheworklinkliedintheaccuracyofpresentingthoseuniquefeelingsandparticularaltitude.c.Inaword,NeoclassicismemphasizedrationalityandformbutRomanticismattachedgreatimportancetotheindividual’smind(emotion,imagination,temporaryexperience……….)第四十四頁，共346頁。Representatives:WilliamBlake:________WilliamWordsworth:_________Coleridge:_______Byron:______Shelley:______Keats:______Austen:______第四十五頁，共346頁。TheVictorianPeriod1.TheVictorianPeriodroughlycoincideswiththereignofQueenVictorianfrom1836to1901,themostgloriousintheEnglishhistory.2.Towardsthemid-19thcentury,Englandhadreacheditshighlypointofdevelopmentasaworldpower.3.Darwin’sTheoriginofspeciesandTheDescentofManshooktheoreticalbasicoftraditionalfaith.4.FamousnovelistslikeCharlesDickens,WilliamMakepeaceThackery,CharlotteBronte,EmilyBronte,Mrs.GaskellandAnthonyTrollope.第四十六頁，共346頁。WhatarethecharacteristicsofVictorianliterature?Asaproductofitsage,itnaturallytookonitsqualityofmagnitudeanddiversity.Itwasmany-sidedandcomplex,andreflectedromanticallyandrealisticallythegreatchangesthatweregoingoninpeople’slifeandthought.Victorianliteraturehasthehigh-spirtedvitality,thedown-to-earthearnestness,thegood-naturedhumorandunboundedimaginationareallunprecedented.第四十七頁，共346頁。WhatwerethecommonthingssharedbythenovelistsofVictorianPeriod?Althoughwritingfromdifferentpointsofviewandwithdifferenttechniques,thenovelistsofthisagesharedonethingincommon,thatis,theywereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople.Theywereangrywiththeinhumansocialinstitutiions,thedecayingsocialmorality.第四十八頁，共346頁。

WhatweretheliterarycharacteristicsofEnglishcriticalrealism?Englishcriticalrealismofthe19thcentury,flourishedinthefortiesandintheearlyfifties;ThecriticalrealistsdescribedwithmuchvividnessandartisticskillthechieftraitoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistsystemfromademocraticviewpoint;Therealistsnotonlygaveasatiricalportrayalofthebourgeoisieandalltheruiningclasses,butalsoshowedprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople.HumorandsatireaboundintheEnglishrealisticnovelsofthe19thcentury.Thecriticalrealistsdidnot,duetotheirworldoutlook,andcouldnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.第四十九頁，共346頁。Representatives:Dickens:_______TheBronteSisters:_________Tennyson:_______RobertBrowning:______GeorgeEliot:______ThomasHardy:______

第五十頁，共346頁。TheModernPeriodThesocial,ideologicalbackgroundoftheModernEnglishLiterature:TheinfluencesofthetwoWorldWarsonEnglishliterature;Ideologically,theriseoftheirrationalphilosophyandnewsciencegreatlyincitedmodernwriterstomakenewexplorationsonhumannaturesandhumanrelationships.So,aftertheFirstWorldWar,allkindsofliterarytrendsofmodernismappeared.AftertheSecondWorldWar,avarietyofmodernism,orpost-modernism,likeexistentialistliterature,theateroftheabsurd,newnovelsandblackhumor,rosewiththespuroftheexistentialistideathat"theworldwasabsurd,andthehumanlifewasanagony."

第五十一頁，共346頁。2.WhatisModernism?A)Modernismwasacomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallcreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury;B)Modernismroseoutofskepticismanddisillusionofcapitalism;C)Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase;D)Modernismis,inmanyaspects,areactionagainstrealism.

第五十二頁，共346頁。WhatarethebasiccharacteristicsofModernisminliterature?

Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.OnecharacteristicofEnglishModernismis"thedehumanizationofart".Themajorthemesofthemodernistliteraturearethedistorted,alienatedandillrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandsociety,manandman,andmanandhimself.Themodernistwritersconcentratemoreontheprivatethanonthepublic,moreonthesubjectivethanontheobjective.Theyaremainlyconcernedwiththeinnerbeingofanindividual.Intheirwritings,thepast,thepresentandthefuturearemingledtogetherandexistatthesametimeintheconsciousnessofanindividual.

第五十三頁，共346頁。WhydowesayModernismisareactionagainstRealism?Modernismis,inmanyaspects,areactionagainstrealism.Itrejectsrationalism,whichisthetheoreticalbaseofrealism.A)Itexcludesfromitsmajorconcerntheexternal,objective,materialworld,whichistheonlycreativesourceofrealism;B)Byadvocatingafreeexperimentationonnewformsandnewtechniquesinliterarycreation,itcastsawayalmostallthetraditionalelementsinliteraturesuchasstory,plot,character,chronologicalnarration,etc.,whichareessentialtorealism.Asaresult,theworkscreatedbythemodernistwritersareoftenlabeledasanti-novel,anti-poetryandanti-drama.

第五十四頁，共346頁。HowdoyoudefineModernEnglishPoetry?The20thcenturyhaswitnessedagreatachievementinEnglishpoetry.A.Intheearlyyears,thepoemsofPoundandEliotandYeatsmarkedtheriseof“ModernPoetry”,whichwasarevolutionagainsttheconventionalideasandformsoftheVictorianpoetry;B.Withthecomingofthe1950s,therewasareturnofrealisticpoetryagain,advocatingreason,moraldisciplineandtraditionalforms.第五十五頁，共346頁。HowdoyoudefineModernEnglishnovels?Thefirstthreedecadesof20thcenturyweregoldenyearsofthemodernistnovel.Instimulatingthetechnicalinnovationsofnovelcreation,thetheoryoftheFreudianandJungianpsycho-analysisplayedaparticularlyimportantrole.Oneoftheremarkablefeaturesoftheirwritingswastheircontinuousexperimentationonnewandsophisticatedtechniquesinnovelwriting,whichmadetremendousimpactsonthecreationofbothrealisticandmodernistnovelsinthiscentury.Modernistnovelscametoadeclineinthe1930s,AftertheSecondWorldWar,modernismhadanotherupsurgewiththeriseofexistentialismwhichwasreflectedmainlyindrama.

第五十六頁，共346頁。Thedevelopmentof20thcenturyEnglishdrama.A.Themostcelebrateddramatistsinthelastdecadeofthe19thcenturywereOscarWildeandGeorgeBernardShaw,who,inasense,pioneeredthemoderndrama,thoughtheydidnotmakesomanyinnovationsintechniquesandformsasmodernistpoetsornovelists.B.The1930switnessedarevivalofpoeticdramainEngland.OneoftheearlyexperimenterswasT.S.Eliotwhoregardeddramaasthebestmediumofpoetry.C.TheEnglishdramaticrevolution,whichcameinthe1950sundervariousEuropeanandAmericaninfluences,developedintwodirections:theworking-classdramaandtheTheaterofAbsurd.

第五十七頁，共346頁。Representatives:BernardShaw:_______Galsworthy:_________Yeats:_______T.S.Eliot:______Lawrence:______JamesJoyce:______

第五十八頁，共346頁。AmericanLiterature第五十九頁，共346頁。TheRomanticPeriodTheRomanticPeriod,oneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature,stretchesfromthetheendofthe____totheoutbreakof_____.Itstartedwiththepublicationof________andendedwith_______.Itisalsocalled_________.第六十頁，共346頁。A.TheRomanticmovementwhichhadflourishedearlierinthecenturybothinEnglandandEuropeprovedtobeadecisiveinfluencewithoutwhichtheupsurgeofAmericanRomanticismwouldhardlyhavebeenpossible.第六十一頁，共346頁。B.Althoughforeigninfluenceswerestrong,Americanromanticism,exhibitedfromtheveryoutsetdistinctfeaturesofitsown.Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperience”andcontained“analienquality”.C.PuritaninfluenceoverAmericanromanticismwasconspicuouslynoticeable.D.ThemostclearlydefinedRomanticliterarymovementintheperiodisNewEnglandTranscendentalism.第六十二頁，共346頁。美國文學(xué)特點(diǎn):pluralistic多元化，manifestations表現(xiàn)形式:Varied多樣,Individualistic個(gè)人主義,Conflicting矛盾Romanticism的特點(diǎn)：frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics;moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.浪漫主義之間大部分是相通的，都注重道德，強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人主義價(jià)值觀和直覺感受，并且認(rèn)為自然是美的源頭，人類社會(huì)是腐敗之源。

第六十三頁，共346頁。WhatisTranscendentalism?a)asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.不講邏輯，不講系統(tǒng)，只強(qiáng)調(diào)超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束縛的個(gè)人表達(dá)。b)theyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.呼吁文化復(fù)興，反對美國社會(huì)的拜金主義。C）theybelievedinthetranscendenceof“Oversoul,”anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.相信精神上的超越，相信無所不能的善的力量，強(qiáng)調(diào)善為萬物之源。d)itcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind.“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyou’llbecomespirituallywholeagain.”Thenaturalimplicationofallthiswas,ofcourse,thatthingsinnaturetendedtobecomesymbolic,andthephysicalworldwasasymbolofthespiritual.ThisinturnaddedtothetraditionofliterarysymbolisminAmericanliterature.f)representatives：Emerson愛默生，believedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood。人性本善Thoreau梭羅，behelddivinityinthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature.自然才是神圣的“潔白無瑕”第六十四頁，共346頁。Representatives:Irving:_______Emerson:_________Hawthorne:_______Whitman:______Melville:______

第六十五頁，共346頁。TheRealisticPeriodTheAgeofRealism(HowtodefinetheRealisticPeriodinAmericanliteraryhistory?)

Theperiodrangingfrom1865tol914hasbeenreferredtoastheAgeofRealisminthe1iteraryhistoryoftheUnitedStates,whichisactuallyamovementortendencythatdominatedthespiritofAmericanliterature,especiallyAmericanfiction,fromthe1850sonwards.RealismwasareactionagainstRomanticismoramoveawayfromthebiastowardsromanceandself-creatingfictions,anditpavedthewaytoModernism.Insteadofthinkingabouttheirrational,theimaginative,realiststoucheduponsocialandpoliticalrealitiesandpressuresinthepost-Civilwarsociety.ThreedominantfiguresareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.

第六十六頁，共346頁。WhatisRealism?

A)RealismemergedasaliterarymovementinEuropeinthe1850s.B)Inartandliterature,Realismreferstoanattempttodescribehumanbehaviorandsurroundingsortorepresentfiguresexactlyastheyactorappearinlife.C)InreactiontoRomanticism,realisticwritersshouldsetdowntheirobservationsimpartiallyandobjectively.Theyinsistedonaccuratedocumentation,sociologicalinsight,andavoidanceofpoeticdictionandidealization.Thesubjectsweretobetakenfromeverydaylife,preferablyfromlower-classlife.D)RealismenteredAmericanliteratureaftertheCivilWar.WilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJameswerethepioneersofrealismintheU.S.

第六十七頁，共346頁。TheliterarycharacteristicsoftheRealisticPeriodinAmericanliterature.

Guidedbytheprincipleofadheringtothetruthfultreatmentoflife,therealiststoucheduponvariouscontemporarysocialandpoliticalissues.Intheirworks,theyintroducedindustrialworkersandfarmers,ambitiousbusinessmenandvagrants,prostitutesandunheroicsoldiersasmajorcharactersinfiction.Theyapproachedtheharshrealitiesandpressuresinthepost-CivilWarsocietyeitherbyacomprehensivepictureofmodernlifeinitsvariousoccupations,c1assstratificationsandmanners,orbyapsychologicalexplorationofman'ssub-consciousness.ThethreedominantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.Togethertheybroughttofulfillmentnativetrendsintherealisticportrayalofthelandscapeandsocialsurfaces,broughttoperfectionthevernacularstyle,andexploredandexploitedtheliterarypossibilitiesoftheinteriorlife.

第六十八頁，共346頁。WhatisLocalColorism?“Localcolorism”isauniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.Generally,theworksbylocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmall,well--definedregionorprovince.Thiskindoffictiondepictsthecharactersfromaspecificsettingorofanera,whicharemarkedbyitscustoms,dialects,costumes,landscape,orotherpeculiaritiesthathaveescapedstandardizingculturalinfluence.Yetforalltheirsentimentality,theydedicatedthemselvestominutelyaccuratedescriptionsofthelifeoftheirregions.Theyworkedfrompersonalexperience;theyrecordedthefactsofauniqueenvironmentandsuggestedthatthenativelifewasshapedbythecuriousconditionsofthelocale.Theirmaterialswerenecessarilylimitedandtopicsdisparate,yettheyhadcertaincommonartisticconcerns.WriterswhoseworksarecharacterizedwithlocalcolorsareMarkTwain,SarahOrneJewett,JosephKirklandandHamlinGarland.

第六十九頁，共346頁。WhatisNaturalism?A).Inliterature,thetermreferstothetheorythatliterarycompositionshouldaimatadetached,scientificobjectivityinthetreatmentofnaturalman.Themovementisanoutgrowthof19th–centuryscientificthought,followingingeneralthebiologicaldeterminismofDarwin’stheory,ortheeconomicdeterminismofKarlMarx.

第七十頁，共346頁。B)AmericanNaturalismisamoreadvancedstageofrealism.ThenaturalistsacceptedthemorenegativeimplicationsofDarwin’stheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworks.C)TheAmericannaturalistsalsofollowedtheFrenchnovelistandtheoristEmileZola'scall.D)Theychosetheirsubjectsfromthelowerranksofsocietyandportrayedthepeoplewhoweredemonstrablyvictimsofsocietyandnature.E)OneofthemostfamiliarthemesinNaturalismisthethemeofhuman“bestiality”,especiallyasanexplanationofsexualdesire.

第七十一頁，共346頁。F)Naturalisticwritingsareunpolishedinlanguage,lackinginacademicskillsandunwieldyinstructure.Philosophically,thenaturalistsbelievethattherealandtrueisalwayspartiallyhiddenfromtheeyesoftheindividual,orbeyondhiscontrol.Inaword,naturalismisevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor'stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoredetached,ironicandmorepessimistic.Itisnomorethanadifferentphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.NotablewritersofnaturalisticfictionwereFrankNorris,SherwoodAnderson,andTheodoreDreiser.

第七十二頁，共346頁。ThedistinctionbetweenRealismandNaturalism

Thedistinctionlies,firstofall,inthefactthatRealismisconcerneddirectlywithwhatisabsorbedbythesenses;Naturalismattemptstoapplyscientifictheoriestoart.Second,NaturalismdiffersfromRealisminaddinganamoralattitudetotheobjectivepresentationoflife.Naturalisticwritersregardhumanbehaviorascontrolledbyinstinct,emotion,orsocialande