復(fù)習(xí)m1.5重點(diǎn)接前一天講的憲法固定性和靈活性、不同保護(hù)程度修訂

M1.5DAY重點(diǎn)是comparisonofjudiciary和punishment(接前一天講的的固定性和靈活性不同的保護(hù)程度修訂修法的程序、WhytheconstitutionorganizestheBecausethemanyscopesamongthedifferentpublicpowersintoprotectthedifferentrights.Theconstitutionrecognizestherighttothecitizens.Sotheorganizationofthepowersoneconstitutionconsidershasasthenametoprotectionoforganizationthedifferentrighttothepeopleintheframeoftheconstitution.Thatiswhydifferentpublicpowershavetobeorganizedintheconstitution.不同權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)在框架內(nèi)保護(hù)Principleoftheseparationofthe①Thatmeansthepublicpowercanbedividedintothreedifferentfunctions.Thelegislativepower,whichmakeslaw;theexecutivepower,whichenthelaw,andthejudicialpower,whichappliesthelawincaseof.Thisisthedecisionaroundthefunctionoflaw.權(quán)力分化②anothersideoftheprincipleisthedivisionofinstitutionseparatedpowers.ThatmeansthatwealreadyhavethreedifferentfunctionsintheoryButthesethreefunctionsshouldbeallocatedwithdifferentorgansAndbesides,itisalwaysimportantachievethedivisionofthedifferentpowersthatthesedifferentorgansarestaffedbydifferentpeople.Becausewehavedifferentfunctionsandtheyalsoallocatedbydifferentorgans.權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)分化Sowetalkabouttheseparationofthepower,wetalkaboutthedifferentfunctionspoweranddivisionof③在法國(guó)之前談?wù)摲謾?quán)毫無(wú)意義，因?yàn)閬?lái)自god（其實(shí)在君主手中“君權(quán)神授，所有權(quán)利的行使均通過(guò)theactofjurisdiction.之后，要控制④現(xiàn)在談分權(quán)又沒(méi)必要了，例如也有權(quán)制定條⑤theconceptofpowerhasNowadayspublicpowerislessdangerousthanprivatepower.Sotheconceptofpowerhaschanged.Alsoeconomicpowerisanother,isevenmoreimportantthanpoliticalpower.Therearemanyspheresofpower,beforeitwaseasierbecausewetalkoneconcentrationofpowerinthehandsofthestate.Butthereareactuallymanydifferentlevelsofpower,andmanylevelsoflegislation,oneexampleisEuropeUnion,thereisaninternationalorganizationabovedifferentstates,sothestateisnottheinstitutionthathasthepriorityintheexerciseofthispower.Therearealwaysdifferentlevels.WetalkindeedabouttransnationallaworevenMulti-normativity.Theyaredifferentlevelsoflegislationforinstance.Andallthedifferentlevelshaveonesenseinanotherareendindifferentstates.（例如議會(huì)政體Parliamentaryernment，議會(huì)任命，因此分權(quán)不再need）這一觀念對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)研究有用。BranchesofParliamentaryvs.ial①Dependingontherelationsernment-②adistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenparliamentarysystemsandialialsystem:theheadoftheexecutiveiselectedwithamandateofhisParliamentarysystem:theheadoftheexecutiveisnotdirectlyelected,hestaysinofficebecauseheenjoystheconfidenceoftheParliament,towhichisaccountable.③ParliamentarysystemisprevalentinEurope(e.g.UK,Germany,TheNetherlands,Spain).Thisdoesn′timplyaweak,asheisusuallysustainedbyaloyalparliamentarymajority.④Franceliessomewhereinbetween(semi-TheParliamentasanElection:MembersoftheParliamentaredemocraticallyelectedandremainaccountabletothecitizenstheyrepresent.Bicameralism:Aparliamentisnotasingleassemblybutcomprisestwoassembliesnexttoeachother.ThesecondChambermayreflectaState′sfederalcharacter(e.g.Bundesratinbeconceivedascounterweight(e.g.HouseofLordsinUK,notelected;SénatinFrance,electedindirectly).Perfecte.g.Italyandimperfectbicameralisme.gUKSpain).（個(gè)小是imperfect一樣大是TheParliament’slegislativeTheParliamentembodiesthelegislative edeloi”:Certainsubjects,beingmoresensitive,canonlyberegulatedbyalegislativeinstrument,thusinvolvingtheParliamentandpublicscrutiny.LawspassedbytheParliamentarethemainlegislativeinstrument. Insomecountries(e.g.France,Spain,Italy)therecanbeadistinctionbetween:OrdinaryOrganicorconstitutionallaws:dealingwithhumanrightsorregulatingimportantinstitutionalmatters;rein dmajorityvotingrequiredParliamentcandelegateitslegislativepowerintothe ernment:“delegatedReasonsforMechanismsofcontrolinParliament′sOthersituationsinwhichernmentcanenactpiecesoflegislation mattersbelongingto“edeloi”(e.g.Decree-lawsinItalyandSpain).TheParliament’sandthetreaty-makingEuropeannationalParliamentscanparticipateinthetreaty-makinginthreeways:authorisation,consultation,informationexpost.Eveninsituationsinwhichitsauthorisationisrequired,theParliamentcannotsuggestamendmentstothenegotiatedtreaty;atthemost,itcansuggestmakingsomereservations.（權(quán)力有限）ConsequencesfornationalParliamentsincountriesbelongingtotheEU（老師說(shuō)Pointofdeparture:lossofpowers;althoughParliamentshavegiventheirconsentfortheircountrytojointheEU.MeanstocompensatesuchlossofIndirectparticipationinEUdecision-making:participationinthedefinitionofnationalpositionthatwillbesustainedintheEUCouncil.DifferentexistingmodelsinEUMemberStates(Denmarkvs.Spain).DirectparticipationinEUdecision-making:the“earlyalert2.2.Executivearegulatorypower,andthispowerenabletheernmenttoadoptdifferentnormativemeasures,theylackalegislativecharacter,sotheernmentcandobothtolegislateandtotakenormmeasuresthathavesomecharactersoflawintheveryparticularcases.的組成TheernmentasanorganTheernmentconsistsofthePrimeMinister(PM)andtheIntheparliamentarysystems,thePMisbasicallyelectedbytheParliamentontheproposaloftheHeadofState,whotakesintoaccounttheresultofthelegislativeelections.ThePMdecideswhotheMinisterswillbe;theyarethenappointedbytheHeadofState.InsomecountriestheMinistersmustbemembersoftheParliament(e.g.UK),whileinotherscanbe(e.g.Germany)andinotherscannot(e.g.Netherlands).的規(guī)范性權(quán)力Theernment’snormative ernmentcanenactpiecesoflegislation(havingathestatusofIftherehasbeenapreviousdelegationbytheParliament議會(huì)Othersituationscontem ernmenthasaswella“regulatory”powerwhichenablesittoadoptnormativemeasures,lackingalegislativecharacter.制定行政ThisregulatorypowercanbeexercisedintwopresumptioninfavouroftheregulatorypowerfortheexecutionorimplementationofthelawspassedbytheParliament.為執(zhí) ernmentregulationsareofalowerrankthanlawsoranyotherlegislativeReminder:the ernmentcantriggerthelegislativeprocedurebysubmittingaproposaltotheParliament.可以向議會(huì)提案制定法律Theernmentandthetreaty-makingTheernmentconductstheexternalaction.Itthusdecidestostartthecelebrationofaninternationaltreaty(負(fù)責(zé)negotiation,signatureandTheconclusionmayrequiretheParliament′sapprovaloritsconsultive歐盟的特殊情況ConsequencesfornationalernmentsincountriesbelongingtotheEUTheconferralofpowerstotheEUentailsalossofpowerfornationalernments.However,theEUCouncil,aninstitutionwhich,jointlywiththeEuropeanParliament,hasthedecision-makingpowerwithintheEU,iscomposedofrepresentativesofmemberStatesatministeriallevel.Therefore,theernmentsomehowrecoversthepowerlostatnationallevel.2.3.TheThe“thirdbranch”ofpublicpoweristheInAncienRégime，主要是judicialpower，allpowersareexercisedthroughjustice,然后reducedto狹義的三權(quán)之一的judicialpower。這是法國(guó)的結(jié)果。當(dāng)時(shí)人們認(rèn)為過(guò)去的一切都不可取，都不明確，都未發(fā)下來(lái)練習(xí)的10statements：14589commonlaw其他（這一部分老師講了很久PPT上卻沒(méi)有，最后講考試時(shí)提comparisonofjudiciary）Professionaljudiciaryv.Bureaucratic△judgeiscreatinglawornot(becausethelawiscodifiedor△withexperienceor△professionaljudgeoracivil alresponsibility(appointedbyhiscapacities,qualities,experience,andsuitabilityforaspecificposition;appointedasaresultforapublicexam)△basedonthisladderforhierarchicaladministrationornot,thusindependentcolleagueornot△dismissedduetotheagev.duetoadministrative,disciplinary△basedonjudicialculturev.administrativeRoleofthejudiciary:Commonlaw≠Civillaw:Civilservant?,status,nomination,responsibility,dismissal...Instances+hierarchy:Commonlaw≠CivilIndependencefrompoliticsasanecessaryconditionforyingitsImparcialityDecidesonjustice/legality/constitutionalityofJudicial定義：“Judicialreview”isthepowertoexaminethevalidityofthesourcesoflawotherthantheConstitution)intheframeofthelegalsystem.Sothepowertoexaminethevalidityofsourcesoflawisthejudicialreview.兩種方式：Thejudgecandecideonformalvalidityandmaterialvalidity.Soitcandecideontheprocedureofthelawortheonthecontentofthelaw.Formalvalidity=respectoftheproceduresestablishedfortheenactmentofacertainmeasureMaterialvalidity=compatibilityofthecontentofacertainmeasurewiththeothersourcesoflawwhicharehierarchicallysuperiortoit.兩種體系Commonlawvcivildecentralisedv.centralised△allcourtscanreview，ifthelegislationinunconstitutional---alljudgescansetaside;△allthecourtscanexaminetheconstitutionalityoflegislation,buttheonlypowertoinvalidatethelawiscentralizedinaspecificcourt,soonlythatcourt（constitutionalcourt一戰(zhàn)與二戰(zhàn)之間時(shí)期，規(guī)范價(jià)值normativevalue的產(chǎn)物，theytrytorecovertheroleofconstitution,andmaketheconstitutionthemostimportantdisposition）candecidethislawhastobesetapartofthesourcesoflaw.·ConstitutionalreviewofConstitutionalreviewofinternationaltreaties：TreatiesaresubordinatetotheConstitution,becausethefoundation,theoriginthatlegitimatestheinternationaltreatiesistheCernationaltreatiescannotbeagainsttheConstitution.歐盟司法：由歐盟以確保法律的一致性，因?yàn)闅W盟也有三權(quán)MostEuropeancountrieshaveoptedforthecentralizedsystem,whichentailstheexistenceofaConstitutionalCourt.ThereviewoflegalityofEULawisconcentratedintheEuropeanCourtofJustice.ThisistheonlywaytoassuretheuniformityofEuropeanLaw.EuropeanUnionhascompetencesinallthosefunctionsinthelegislativepower,executivepowerandjudicialpowerSowehavetalkedabouttheEuropeanparliament,theCounciloftheEU--theorganoftheernmentoftheEU,andabouttheThereareEuropeanCourtofJusticethatistheonethatassuresuniformityofEuropeanLaw.ThiscourtisthehighestcourtintheEUinmatteroftheEuropeanLaw.AndthereforeitstaskswithinterpretingoftheEuropeanLawandithasthecourt,ithastoensuretheequalapplicationacrosstheEuropeanmemberstates.it’sanotherlevelofjudiciarythathastobetakenintoaccount,aswehaveownabovethedifferentstatesanotherinstitutionandinternationalorganizationwhichistheEuropeanUnio