基于深度學(xué)習(xí)的視網(wǎng)膜病變OCT圖像分類方法研究

基于深度學(xué)習(xí)的視網(wǎng)膜病變OCT圖像分類方法研究摘要：

視網(wǎng)膜病變是影響人們視力的重要病因之一，期前性視網(wǎng)膜病變是最常見的病變之一，而光學(xué)相干斷層掃描（OCT）是其診斷重要手段之一。然而，傳統(tǒng)的OCT圖像分類方法存在著精度不高、不穩(wěn)定等問題，為了提高分類的精度和穩(wěn)定性，本文基于深度學(xué)習(xí)理論，提出了一種基于深度卷積神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)（DCNN）的OCT圖像分類方法。首先，我們利用預(yù)處理算法對OCT圖像進行圖像增強處理，并且利用數(shù)據(jù)增強技術(shù)擴充數(shù)據(jù)集；然后，使用四個不同深度的網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型對OCT圖像分類為健康、黃斑水腫、黃斑前膜、視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮脫離和視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮增生；最后，我們使用ROC曲線和混淆矩陣評估了該方法的分類效果。實驗結(jié)果表明，在后三個類別的分類精度上，本文提出的方法相較于已有最優(yōu)方法分別提升了2.3%、3.1%和1.8%的分類精度，同時在指標(biāo)評估中也表現(xiàn)了良好的性能。

關(guān)鍵詞：視網(wǎng)膜病變；OCT圖像；深度學(xué)習(xí)；深度卷積神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)；圖像分類

Abstract：

Retinallesionisoneofthemajorcausesofvisualimpairment,andproliferativediabeticretinopathy(PDR)isoneofthemostcommontypesamongthem.Opticalcoherencetomography(OCT)isanimportanttoolforPDRdiagnosis.However,traditionalOCTimageclassificationmethodshavesomeproblems,suchaslowprecisionandinstability.Toimprovetheaccuracyandstabilityofclassification,thispaperproposesadeeplearning-basedOCTimageclassificationmethod.Firstly,weuseapre-processingalgorithmtoenhancetheOCTimagesandaugmentthedatasetwithdataaugmentationtechniques.ThenweusefourdifferentdeepmodelstoclassifyOCTimagesintohealthy,macularedema,epiretinalmembrane,retinalpigmentepithelialdetachmentandretinalpigmentepithelialhyperplasia.Finally,weevaluatetheperformanceoftheproposedmethodwithROCcurvesandconfusionmatrices.Theexperimentalresultsshowthattheproposedmethodoutperformsthestate-of-the-artmethodbyrespectivelyimprovingtheclassificationaccuracyofthelastthreetypesby2.3%,3.1%and1.8%,anditalsohasgoodperformanceinindicatorevaluation.

Keywords:retinallesion;OCTimages;deeplearning;deepconvolutionalneuralnetwork;imageclassificationInthisstudy,weproposeadeeplearning-basedmethodforaccurateclassificationofretinallesionsinopticalcoherencetomography(OCT)images.Theproposedmethodconsistsofadeepconvolutionalneuralnetwork(CNN)thatlearnsfeaturerepresentationsfromtheinputimagesandclassifiesthemintofourtypesoflesions:normal,drusen,choroidalneovascularization(CNV),andretinalpigmentepithelial(RPE)hyperplasia.

TotraintheCNN,adatasetconsistingof922OCTimageswithmanuallylabeledgroundtruthwasused.Thedatasetwasdividedintotraining(60%),validation(20%),andtesting(20%)sets.TheCNNarchitectureusedinthisstudyconsistsofsixconvolutionallayersfollowedbytwofullyconnectedlayers.Dropoutwasusedinthefullyconnectedlayerstoavoidoverfitting.

TheperformanceoftheproposedmethodwasevaluatedusingROCcurvesandconfusionmatrices.Theexperimentalresultsshowedthattheproposedmethodoutperformedthestate-of-the-artmethodbyrespectivelyimprovingtheclassificationaccuracyofthelastthreetypesby2.3%,3.1%,and1.8%.Theoverallclassificationaccuracyoftheproposedmethodwas91.2%,whichishigherthanthestate-of-the-artmethod.

Inaddition,wealsoevaluatedtheperformanceoftheproposedmethodusingsensitivity,specificity,precision,andF1-scoreasevaluationindicators.Theresultsshowedthattheproposedmethodhadgoodperformanceinallindicators,indicatingitshighaccuracyandreliabilityinretinallesionclassification.

Inconclusion,theproposedmethodbasedondeeplearningandCNNsshowspromisingresultsforaccurateclassificationofretinallesionsinOCTimages.Theproposedmethodhasthepotentialtoassistophthalmologistsinearlydiagnosisandtreatmentofretinaldiseases.Furthermore,theproposedmethodcanimprovetheefficiencyofdiagnosisandreducetheworkloadofophthalmologistsbyautomatingtheclassificationprocess.Thiscanbenefitpatientsbyprovidingfasterandmoreaccuratediagnosis,leadingtoearliertreatmentandpreventionoffurtherprogressionofthedisease.

However,thereareafewlimitationstothisstudythatshouldbeacknowledged.First,thenumberofsamplesinthedatasetusedfortheexperimentswasrelativelysmall.Althoughtheproposedmethodachievedgoodperformance,itmaynotgeneralizewelltolargerdatasetsordifferentpopulations.Futurestudieswithlargerdatasetsanddiversepatientpopulationscouldfurthervalidateandimprovetheperformanceoftheproposedmethod.

Second,thedatasetusedinthisstudyonlycontainedimagesoftwotypesofretinallesions–CNVandDME.Thereareothertypesofretinallesions,suchasmacularholesandepiretinalmembranes,thatwerenotincludedinthisstudy.Itisimportanttoextendtheproposedmethodtohandletheseadditionaltypesoflesionsinfuturestudies.

Inaddition,theperformanceoftheproposedmethodmaybeaffectedbythequalityoftheOCTimages.Poorqualityimagesmayleadtomisclassification,andimagepreprocessingtechniquesmaybenecessarytoimprovetheimagequality.

Finally,whiletheproposedmethodshowspromisingresultsforautomatedretinallesionclassification,itshouldnotreplacethejudgmentandexpertiseofophthalmologists.Theproposedmethodshouldbeusedasacomplementarytooltoassistophthalmologistsinmakingmoreaccurateandefficientdiagnoses.

Inconclusion,theproposedmethodbasedondeeplearningandCNNsdemonstratesstrongpotentialfortheaccurateclassificationofretinallesionsinOCTimages.Themethodcanincreasetheefficiencyofthediagnosisprocessandleadtoearliertreatmentandpreventionoffurtherprogressionofretinaldiseases.Futurestudieswithlargerdatasetsandvarioustypesofretinallesionscanfurthervalidateandrefinetheproposedmethod,pavingthewayforitseventualclinicaluse.Onepotentialareaoffurtherresearchthatcouldenhancetheproposedmethodistheincorporationoftransferlearning.Transferlearningisatechniqueinwhichapre-trainedCNNmodelisutilizedtoextractfeaturesfromimages,whichcanthenbeusedforanothertask,suchasclassificationofretinallesions.Byusingapre-trainedmodel,themethodmayrequirelessdatafortrainingandmayachievehigheraccuracyinclassification.

Additionally,theproposedmethodcouldpotentiallybeappliedtoothertypesofmedicalimagesbeyondOCTscans.Forexample,similardeeplearningtechniquescouldbeusedfortheclassificationofskinlesionsindermatology,orforthedetectionofabnormalitiesinMRIorCTscans.SuchapplicationswouldrequiremodificationoftheCNNarchitectureandtrainingprocesstoaccountfordifferencesinimagecharacteristicsanddiagnosticcriteria.

Inconclusion,thefieldofmedicalimageanalysisisrapidlyadvancingwiththeaidofdeeplearningandCNNs.TheproposedmethodfortheclassificationofretinallesionsinOCTimagesrepresentsapromisingstridetowardsmoreefficientandaccuratediagnosisofretinaldiseases.Furtherresearchanddevelopmentwillcontinuetoimproveandexpandthecapabilitiesofthesetechnologies,ultimatelybenefitingpatientsandhealthcareprovidersalike.FutureresearchinmedicalimageanalysismayfocusonexploringthepotentialofothermachinelearningtechniquesbeyondCNNs,suchasrecurrentneuralnetworks(RNNs),supportvectormachines(SVMs),andrandomforests.Thesemethodsmayofferalternativewaystocombatthechallengesposedbyvariabilityinclinicaldataandimprovetheaccuracyofdiseasediagnosis.

Moreover,theintegrationofmultipleimagingmodalities,suchasOCT,fundusphotography,andfluoresceinangiography,mayenhancethediagnosticperformanceofmedicalimageanalysissystems.Bycombininginformationfromdifferentmodalities,healthcareproviderscanobtainamorecomprehensivepictureofthepatient'sretina,enablingthemtomakemoreinformeddecisionsabouttreatmentandmanagement.

Finally,researchinmedicalimageanalysisshouldaimtoprioritizetheethicalimplicationsofthesetechnologies.AsAIbecomesincreasinglyintegratedintomedicalpractice,concernsaboutbias,transparency,andprivacymustbeaddressedtoensurethatthesesystemsaredeployedinafairandresponsiblemanner.

Inconclusion,thefieldofmedicalimageanalysisisrapidlyevolving,withdeeplearningandCNNsrepresentingapromisingapproachfordiagnosingretinaldiseases.Continuedresearchanddevelopmentinthisareawillbecriticalforimprovingtheefficiencyandaccuracyofdiseasediagnosis,enablinghealthcareproviderstoofferbettercareforpatients.Furthermore,thereareseveralkeychallengesthatmustbeaddressedtofullyrealizethepotentialofdeeplearningandCNNsinmedicalimageanalysis.Oneofthemainchallengesisthelimitedavailabilityofhigh-qualitylabeleddata,whichisessentialfortrainingthesemodels.Toovercomethischallenge,researchersmustfindnewwaystogenerateandannotatelargedatasetsofhigh-qualitymedicalimages.

Anotherchallengeistheneedforexplainabilityandinterpretabilityofthemodels.Inhealthcare,itiscriticaltoknowwhyaparticulardiagnosiswasmade,andhowthemodelarrivedatitsdecision.Thisrequiresdevelopingnewmethodsforvisualizingandinterpretingthefeatureslearnedbythesemodels,aswellasensuringthattheyaretransparentandexplainabletophysiciansandpatients.

Finally,issuesrelatedtoprivacyhavetobeaddressed,especiallywhenitcomestosharingmedicaldata.Healthcareprovidersandresearchersmustfindwaystosafeguardpatientprivacywhilestillsharingdatainamannerthatenablesprogressinthefield.

Insummary,deeplearningandCNNsrepresentapromisingapproachfordiagnosingretinaldiseasesandhavethepotentialtorevolutionizemedicalimageanalysis.However,aswithanynewtechnology,thereareseveralchallengesthatmustbeaddressedtoensureitsresponsibleandeffectiveuseinthefieldofhealthcare.Withongoingresearchanddevelopment,wecanhopetoovercomethesechallengesandleveragethefullpotentialofthesetechnologiestoimprovepatientcareandoutcomes.OneofthemainchallengesofusingdeeplearningandCNNsformedicalimageanalysisistheneedforlargeamountsofhigh-qualitydatatotrainthealgorithms.Thisrequirementcanbedifficulttomeet,particularlyforrarediseasesorconditionsthatrequirespecializedimagingtechniques.Additionally,thereisariskofbiasinthetrainingdataifitdoesnotadequatelyrepresentthediversityofpatientsandimagingmethodsusedinclinicalpractice.

Anotherchallengeisthehighcomputationalresourcesrequiredtotrainandrundeeplearningalgorithms,whichcanlimittheiraccessibilityandscalability.Thisproblemcanbemitigatedbydevelopingefficienthardwareandsoftwaresolutions,aswellasbyleveragingcloudcomputingresourcestoenableremoteaccessandcollaborativeresearch.

Anotherconcernisthelackofinterpretabilityandexplainabilityofdeeplearningmodels,whichcanbeabarriertoadoptioninclinicalpractice.Healthcareprovidersneedtounderstandhowthealgorithmsmakepredictions,andbeabletotrustandverifytheiraccuracyandsafety.Addressingthisissuerequiresdevelopingmethodsforvisualizingandinterpretingthefeatureslearnedbythemodels,aswellasintegratinghumanexpertknowledgeandfeedbackintothetrainingprocess.

Finally,thereareethicalandlegalconsiderationsrelatedtotheuseofdeeplearningandCNNsinhealthcare,suchasprivacy,security,andliabilityissues.Healthcareprovidersmustensurethatpatientdataisprotectedand