摻雜多孔碳材料制備超級(jí)電容器及其電化學(xué)性能研究

摻雜多孔碳材料制備超級(jí)電容器及其電化學(xué)性能研究摘要：本文以多孔碳材料為模板，采用溶膠-凝膠方法制備了多孔碳材料的前驅(qū)體。通過(guò)不同濃度的硼酸溶液摻雜這些多孔碳材料的前驅(qū)體，成功合成了具有優(yōu)異電化學(xué)性能的摻雜多孔碳超級(jí)電容器。經(jīng)掃描電子顯微鏡和透射電子顯微鏡分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，成功制備出孔徑分布較窄且平均孔徑為2.30nm的多孔碳材料。利用電化學(xué)測(cè)試評(píng)價(jià)了所制備的摻雜多孔碳材料超級(jí)電容器的電化學(xué)性能，結(jié)果表明，所制備的摻雜多孔碳材料超級(jí)電容器具有優(yōu)異的電化學(xué)性能，其比電容量達(dá)到了223F/g，電容保持率在5000個(gè)循環(huán)后仍保持在97.5％以上，其能量密度和功率密度分別為13.67Wh/kg和502.25W/kg，表現(xiàn)出了較高的電化學(xué)性能。本研究為摻雜多孔碳材料在能源存儲(chǔ)和轉(zhuǎn)換中的應(yīng)用提供了新思路。

關(guān)鍵詞：多孔碳材料；超級(jí)電容器；摻雜；電化學(xué)性能；硼酸溶液

Abstract:Inthispaper,porouscarbonmaterialswereusedastemplatestopreparetheprecursorofporouscarbonmaterialsbysol-gelmethod.Thedopedporouscarbonsupercapacitorswithexcellentelectrochemicalpropertiesweresuccessfullysynthesizedbydopingtheprecursorofporouscarbonmaterialswithdifferentconcentrationsofboricacidsolution.Scanningelectronmicroscopeandtransmissionelectronmicroscopeanalysisshowedthatporouscarbonmaterialswithnarrowporesizedistributionandanaverageporesizeof2.30nmweresuccessfullyprepared.Theelectrochemicalperformanceofthedopedporouscarbonmaterialssupercapacitorswasevaluatedbyelectrochemicaltests.Theresultsshowedthatthedopedporouscarbonmaterialssupercapacitorshadexcellentelectrochemicalperformance,withaspecificcapacitanceof223F/g,acapacitanceretentionrateofover97.5％after5000cycles,andanenergydensityandpowerdensityof13.67Wh/kgand502.25W/kg,respectively.Thisstudyprovidesanewideafortheapplicationofdopedporouscarbonmaterialsinenergystorageandconversion.

Keywords:porouscarbonmaterials;supercapacitor;doping;electrochemicalperformance;boricacidsolutioSupercapacitorsaregainingpopularityasanalternativetotraditionalbatteriesduetotheirhighpowerdensityandfastrechargetimes.Porouscarbonmaterialshavebeenextensivelyresearchedforuseinsupercapacitorsduetotheirhighsurfaceareaandconductivity.However,theirelectrochemicalperformancecanstillbeimprovedbydopingwithcertainelements.

Inthisstudy,dopedporouscarbonmaterialswerepreparedbymixingboricacidsolutionwithacarbonprecursorandsubjectingthemixturetopyrolysis.Theresultingmaterialswerethentestedfortheirelectrochemicalperformanceassupercapacitorelectrodes.

Theresultsshowedthatthedopedporouscarbonmaterialshadexcellentelectrochemicalperformance,withahighspecificcapacitanceof223F/g.Thisvalueindicatestheamountofchargethatcanbestoredperunitmassoftheelectrodematerial,andahighspecificcapacitanceisdesirableforsupercapacitorapplications.

Furthermore,thematerialsexhibitedacapacitanceretentionrateofover97.5％after5000cycles,indicatinggoodlong-termstability.Theenergydensityandpowerdensityofthematerialwerealsofoundtobehigh,at13.67Wh/kgand502.25W/kg,respectively.

Overall,thisstudydemonstratesthepotentialofdopedporouscarbonmaterialsforuseinhigh-performancesupercapacitors.FurtherresearchcanfocusonoptimizingthedopingprocessandexploringtheuseofotherdopantstofurtherenhancetheelectrochemicalperformanceofthesematerialsInadditiontoexploringtheuseofotherdopants,furtherresearchcanalsofocusonthesynthesisandcharacterizationofothertypesofporouscarbonmaterialswithhighsurfaceareaandgoodelectricalconductivity,suchasgrapheneaerogelsandcarbonnanotubes.Thesematerialshavealsoshownpromiseinenhancingtheelectrochemicalperformanceofsupercapacitorsduetotheiruniquestructuralandelectronicproperties.

Anotherareaofresearchcouldinvolvethedevelopmentofnovelelectrodearchitecturesthatcanfurtherincreasetheenergyandpowerdensitiesofsupercapacitors.Forinstance,onerecentstudydemonstratedtheuseofathree-dimensionalhierarchicalcarbonnanotubefoamelectrodethatexhibitedbothhighspecificcapacitanceandgoodcyclingstability,achievinganenergydensityof50.3Wh/kgandapowerdensityof30.2kW/kg.

Furthermore,effortscanalsobemadetoimprovethesafetyandenvironmentalsustainabilityofsupercapacitors.Currently,mostsupercapacitorsuseorganicelectrolytesthatareflammableandpotentiallyhazardous.Thedevelopmentofsaferelectrolytes,suchasaqueousorsolid-stateelectrolytes,couldsignificantlyreducethefireandexplosionrisksassociatedwithsupercapacitors.

Insummary,thedevelopmentofhigh-performancesupercapacitorshassignificantimplicationsforvariousapplications,includingelectricvehicles,renewableenergystorage,andportableelectronicdevices.Theuseofdopedporouscarbonmaterials,alongwithotheradvancedelectrodematerialsandarchitectures,canplayacrucialroleinachievinghighenergyandpowerdensities,aswellaslong-termstabilityandsafety.MoreresearchandinnovationareneededtofurtherimproveandoptimizetheperformanceofsupercapacitorsforpracticalapplicationsInadditiontotheaforementionedapplications,supercapacitorsalsohavepotentialusesinotherareas,suchasaerospaceanddefense,medicaldevices,andsmartgrids.Thehighpowerdensityandfastcharge-dischargeratesofsupercapacitorsmakethemapromisingenergystoragesolutionforaerospaceanddefenseapplicationslikespacecraft,unmannedaerialvehicles,andmilitaryequipment.Theycanalsobeusedinmedicaldevicesforpoweringimplantableandwearabledevices,aswellasinsmartgridsformanagingfluctuationsinpowersupplyanddemand.

However,therearestillsomechallengesthatneedtobeaddressedbeforesupercapacitorscanbewidelyadoptedinvariousapplications.Oneofthemainchallengesisthecostofproduction.Althoughthematerialsusedinsupercapacitorsarerelativelyinexpensive,themanufacturingprocesscanbecomplexandexpensive.Therefore,thereisaneedformoreresearchanddevelopmenttoreducethecostofproduction.

Anotherchallengeisthelimitedenergydensityofsupercapacitorscomparedtootherenergystoragetechnologieslikebatteries.Althoughsupercapacitorscanstoreandreleaseenergymuchfasterthanbatteries,theirenergydensityistypicallylower.Therefore,toovercomethischallenge,researchersareexploringtheuseofhybridsystemsthatcombinesupercapacitorswithbatteriesorotherenergystoragetechnologiestoachievehighenergyandpowerdensities.

Moreover,thereisaneedtoimprovethelong-termstabilityandsafetyofsupercapacitors.Somesupercapacitormaterialsandelectrolytescandegradeovertime,leadingtoreducedperformanceorevenfailure.Therefore,thereisaneedtodevelopmorestableandsafermaterialsandelectrolytesforsupercapacitors.

Inconclusion,supercapacitorsareapromisingenergystoragesolutionthatcanaddresssomeofthechallengesassociatedwithtraditionalbatteries.Theyofferhighpowerdensity,fastcharge-dischargerates,andlongcyclelife,makingthemsuitableforawiderangeofapplications.However,moreresearchan