喬治奧威爾 Why I Write課程

喬治奧威爾WhyIWrite課程第1頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)WhyIWriteFrameworkofthearticleWriterLiteratureworksComments第2頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)WriterParentageCareerMajorworksEvaluationsOrwell'spresscardportrait,takenin1933outline2023/3/31第3頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)borninWestBengal(西孟加拉邦）,Indiahisfather---workedintheOpiumDepartmentoftheIndianCivilService.（印度總督府鴉片局）hismother---Frenchparentage,daughterofatimbermerchantinBurma（緬甸）Parentage2023/3/31第4頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)ChildhoodIn1914,11-year-oldOrwellpublishedapoemWakeup,theboysinthelocal

newspaperforthefirsttimeHestudiedinthemostfamousschoolEtonCollege（1917）morose,unsociableanddisobedient2023/3/31第5頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)Ihadthelonelychild'shabitofmakingupstoriesandholdingconversationswithimaginarypersons,andIthinkfromtheverystartmyliteraryambitionsweremixedupwiththefeelingofbeingisolatedandundervalued.IknewthatIhadafacilitywithwordsandapoweroffacingunpleasantfacts,andIfeltthatthiscreatedasortofprivateworldinwhichIcouldgetmyownbackformyfailureineverydaylife.第6頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)CONTENTScareerFranceEnglandBurmaSpainBBC2023/3/31第7頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)Burma(1922~1927)OrwelljoinedtheIndianImperialPoliceforfiveyearsandeventuallyresignedthepostin1927.HisexperienceinBurma,whichmadehimrecognizetheevilsideofcolonialismandthusleftthecolonialpoliceforce.France(1928~1929)HebeganhiswanderinglifeandlivedinParis.Duringthistime,heusedtowashthedishesinaluxuryhotel.2023/3/31第8頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)England

In1930,hereturnedtoLondon.Hepickedupthecloth(aspice),workedasafamilyteacher,orbookstoreclerk,andcontinuedtochangehisjobs.In1933,hisfirstnovelDownandOutinParisandLondonwaspublishedunderthepennamesofGeorgeOrwell.Itdescribedhisexperiencesasastrugglingwriter.2023/3/31第9頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)SpainWhentheSpanishCivilWarbrokeout,hewenttoSpainandjoinedtheRepublicanmilitiainfightingagainsttheFascistforcesofFranco.TheexperienceinSpainwasdescribedbyhiminHomagetoCatalonia(1938)

BBCInAugust1941Orwellbegantowork

fortheEasternServiceoftheBBCat

thebeginningoftheWWII.2023/3/31第10頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)FrameworksParagraphMaincontents1——4Childhood,familybackground,personalityofthewriter.Thebeginningof5.ConclusionOnehavetoknowsomethingaboutthewirter'searlydevelopmentinordertoassesshismotivesofwriting.5——9Fourmotivesofwriting.Theopinionthatartshouldhavenothingtodowithpoliticsisitselfapoliticalattitude.Thebeginningof10.ConclusionThefourimpulseswaragainsteachotherandtheyfluctuateaccordingtodifferentwriters.10——15Thewirter'scareerexperiencewhichmadehimbeginwritingpoliticalliteraryworks.Hispurposewastobalancebetweenpoliticalgoalandaestheticexperience,whicharousesreaders'attentionofthecurrentsituation.第11頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)MajorWorks2023/3/31第12頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)AListofhisworks1931AHanging《行刑》1933DownandOutinParisandLondon

《巴黎倫敦落魄記》1934BurmeseDays《在緬甸的日子》1935AClergyman’sDaughter《牧師的女兒》1936KeeptheAspidistraFlying《讓葉蘭在風(fēng)中飛舞》

1938HomagetoCatalonia《向加泰羅尼亞致敬》1938Marrakech《馬拉喀什》1939ComingupforAir《上來(lái)透口氣》

1940InsidetheWhale

《鯨魚(yú)之中》2023/3/31第13頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)1941TheLionandtheUnicorn:SocialismandtheEnglishGenius《獅子與獨(dú)角獸》1945AnimalFarm《動(dòng)物莊園》1945NotesonNationalism《民族主義的基本特征》1946HowthePoorDie《窮人之死》1949ReflectionsonGandhi《甘地的思考》1950ShootinganElephant《獵象記》1950NineteenEighty-Four《一九八四》

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Evaluations

2023/3/31第15頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)“垂死的肺病患者，三十三年前自己的喘息都已不繼，就咳盡你一腔的熱血?！?--《致奧威爾》余光中“西方文學(xué)自伊索寓言以來(lái)，歷代都有以動(dòng)物為主的童話和寓言，但對(duì)20世紀(jì)后期的讀者來(lái)說(shuō)，此類(lèi)作品中沒(méi)有一種比《動(dòng)物莊園》更中肯地道出當(dāng)今人類(lèi)的處境了?！?--夏志清Orwellwas“thebestEnglishessayistsinceHazlitt.”----IrvingHowe“Asuccessfulimpersonationofaplainmanwhobumpsintoexperienceinanunmediatedwayandtellsthetruthaboutit.”----RushbrookWilliams2023/3/31第16頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)奧威爾以銳目觀察，批判以斯大林時(shí)代的蘇聯(lián)為首、掩蓋在社會(huì)主義名義下的極權(quán)主義，以辛辣的筆觸諷刺泯滅人性的極權(quán)主義社會(huì)和追逐權(quán)力者。小說(shuō)中對(duì)極權(quán)主義政權(quán)的預(yù)言在之后的五十年中也不斷地為歷史印證，所以兩部作品堪稱(chēng)世界文壇政治諷喻小說(shuō)的經(jīng)典之作，他因此被稱(chēng)為“一代人的冷峻良知”。第17頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)2023/3/31第18頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)但其影響絕不僅僅局限于文學(xué)界。他在小說(shuō)中創(chuàng)造的“老大哥”、“新話”、“雙重思想”等詞匯，皆已收入英語(yǔ)詞典；而由他的名字衍生出的“歐威爾主義”、“奧威爾式的”等新詞，甚至成為日常通用語(yǔ)匯，從而可見(jiàn)奧威爾和其作品在英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的巨大影響。BigBrotherBigBrotheriswatchingyou.Doublethink第19頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)WARISPEACEFREEDOMISSLAVERYIGNORANCEISSTRENGTH第20頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)2023/3/31第21頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)P(yáng)IGSHORCESOTHERSBenjamin(Donkey)dogshenssheepBoxerCloverMollie2023/3/31OldMajor>AnimalismSnowball>ReformerNapoleon>Reformer,leaderSquealer>Supporter第22頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)THESEVENCOMMANDMENTS1.Whatevergoesupontwolegsisanenemy.2.Whatevergoesuponfourlegs,orhaswings,isafriend.3.Noanimalshallwearclothes.4.Noanimalshallsleepinabed.5.Noanimalshalldrinkalcohol.6.Noanimalshallkillanyotheranimal.7.Allanimalsareequal.2023/3/31第23頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)Fourlegsgood,twolegsbad!4.Noanimalshallsleepinabedwithsheets.5.Noanimalshalldrinkalcoholtoexcess.6.Noanimalshallkillanyotheranimalwithoutcause.7.Allanimalsareequalbutsomeanimalsaremoreequalthanothers.Fourlegsgood,twolegsbetter!第24頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)P(yáng)IGSOldMajor>Animalism馬克思和列寧Snowball>Reformer托洛茨基Napoleon>Reformer,leader斯大林Squealer>Supporter莫洛托夫HORSESBoxer廣大基層人民Clover無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)Mollie中產(chǎn)階級(jí)和小資產(chǎn)階級(jí)中較為反動(dòng)的部分Benjamin(Donkey)知識(shí)分子dogs極權(quán)主義國(guó)家的各種暴力機(jī)構(gòu)hens在農(nóng)業(yè)集體化過(guò)程中大規(guī)模反抗的農(nóng)民sheep愚昧大眾2023/3/31第25頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)2023/3/31第26頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)P(yáng)oliticalpurpose.—Usingtheword“political”inthewidestpossiblesense.Desiretopushtheworldinacertaindirection,

toalterotherpeoples'ideaofthekindofsocietythattheyshouldstriveafter.Onceagain,nobookisgenuinelyfreefrompoliticalbias.Theopinionthatartshouldhavenothingtodowithpoliticsisitselfapoliticalattitude.第27頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)Comments2023/3/31第28頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)I

wanted

to

write

enormous

naturalistic

novels

with

unhappy

endings,

full

of

detailed

descriptions

and

arresting

similes.“眼睛紅腫的孩子隨處可見(jiàn)，多得像成群的蒼蠅”“……那塊面包就會(huì)如鏡中之花、水中之月?！薄耙粋€(gè)木匠兩腳交叉坐在一架老掉牙的車(chē)床旁，正以閃電般的速度旋制椅子腿”“一列長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的、滿身征塵的隊(duì)伍，正靴聲橐橐，車(chē)輪轔轔地蜿蜒地前行”“看著這支隊(duì)伍，就好像看著一群牛羊一樣”“而那掠過(guò)它們頭頂、朝著相反方向翱翔的大白鸛恰似片片碎紙?jiān)诳罩虚W著點(diǎn)點(diǎn)銀光……”第29頁(yè)/共35頁(yè)Andyetitisalsotruethatonecanwritenothingreadableunlessoneconstantlystrugglestoeffaceone'sownp