加課蟲六級考前沖刺攻略錄課講義

CollegeEnglishTestBandPart Writing(30Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayonthetopic:JumptoConclusions,exiningwhyitisunwisetojumptoconclusionsuponseeingorhearingsomething.Youcangiveexamplestoillustrateyourpoint.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.WriteyouressayonAnswerSheetJumptoPartIIListeningComprehension(30SectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecenter.ConversationQuestions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)Peter’srecentfavorite C)GreatachievementsofaformerThingsgoingonwitha D)LifeexperienceofaheavyweightA)Whenhewas20years C)WhenhegotthetitlesofWhenhewas38years D)WhenhefirstdecidedtobeaA)John C)HasimEvander D)TonyA)TocomebackontothestagewhenTopracticehardertodefeathisTocontinuehiscareerasaheavyweightTomovehishomeandopenaboxingQuestions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)BestalternativesavailableforchoosingacetospendWhatincentivestravelagentscangetfrombusinessThefiercecompetitionamong s,restaurantsandBeststrategiesfortravel stobargainoverA)10percentofthecommissionsfromits15percentoftheAbout10percentofhistotalMorethan15percentofthetotalA)Itmakessense C)ItistoomuchtoputupItisunfairfor D)ItisasecretfortravelA) C)WaterGift D)FantasticSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageA)Nearlyhalfa C)2.8 D)A)DrugsmaycausehealthDrugsmaycauseviolentTakingprescriptiondrugsmaycausetrafficDrugsmaycauseA)DrugsareofaffordableDoctorsarewillingtoselldrugstocollegeDrugsarecausingtheriseofseriousDrugsareeasilygotinmedicalA)DruguseismoreseriousinhighschoolsthaninDrinkingalcoholisnotaspopularasTherearemorehighschoolstudentswhotakeHalfhighschoolstudentshaveaccesstoQuestions9to12arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustPassageQuestions13to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)65%ofthemillionairescomefrommiddle-classMostmillionaireshavebeenwealthyformorethan15Mostmillionairesareworkingforbighigh-techMostmillionairesarebroughtupinmiddle-classA)Buycheappaper C)UsecashinsteadofSpendinafrugal D)Spend84%of etobuyluxuryA)TheythoughtthefinancialcrisishasbeenTheystoppedgoingshopinexpensiveTheybecamemoreconsciousaboutspendingTheyworkedmuchhardertoaccumulatefamilySectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearrecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbysomequestions.Therecordingswillbeyedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughtheNowlistentothefollowingrecordingandanswerquestions16toA)Politicalvaluesofa C)CulturePeople’sreligious D)Politics,economicsandA)Asoldier’ssurvivalfromTheshootingatanumberofSoldiersshootingagroupofsimpleFranciscoGoya’sinterestingexperiencesinA)TheabsenceofhumanandanimalThedescriptionofpeopleandstoriesfromtheTheabsenceofflowersandgeometricThebuildingsdecoratedwithimagesofA) saremoreacceptablethan TraditionalartandmodernarthavetheirownTraditionalculturecanonlybe throughArtreflectssocialchangesthattakeceasdifferentculturesinfluenceoneNowlistentothefollowingrecordingandanswerquestions20toA)BecausetheyareunsatisfiedwiththeirBecausetheyneedtotakecareoftheirBecausetheyareincompanieswithlooseBecausetheydon’ttaketheirworkA)Malecolleaguesintheir C)YoungercolleaguesintheirManagersof D)OldercolleaguesintheirA)FairnessandequalitywerenotpaiddueattentionEmployeeswithoutchildrencouldhavetheirvoicebetterManagershadagoodknowledgeoftherelevantWomencouldbeinanunfavorablepositionincareerNowlistentothefollowingrecordingandanswerquestions23toA)Theexcessiveemissionof TheunrestrainedfieldburningduringthedryTheoveruseofcoalinindustryandcityThelargeamountsofflowingdustinvariousconstructionA)TheacuteshortageoftimberforfuelandTheurgentneedformoreconstructionforroadsandTheobjectiverequirementsofdevelopaper-makingTheconversion forcommercialA)DonothingbutwaitforthemonsoonseasontodrivethehazeAddman-makingrain firementoalleviatetheparticlesofAsktheirneighboringcountriestostop firesandmakeaboundaryfireHandouthealthpamphletsandteachpatientshowtowearthemaskPartIIIReadingComprehension(40SectionDirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondinglettereachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Canceristheworld’stop“economickiller”aswellasitslikelyleadingcauseofdeath.Cancercostsmorein(26) andlostlifethanAIDS,malaria,thefluandotherdiseasesthatspread .Chronicdiseasesincludingcancer,heartdiseaseand(27) formorethan60percentofdeathsworldwidebutlessthan3percentofpublicandprivate(28) forglobalhealth,saidRachelNugentoftheCenterforGlobalDevelopment,aWashington-basedresearchgroup.Moneyshouldn’tbetakenawayfromfightingdiseasesthat(29) ,buttheamount(30) canceriswayoutofwhack重擊withtheimpactithassaidOtisBrawleythecancersociety’schiefmedicalofficer.Cancer’seconomictoll(損耗)was$895billionin2008－equivalentto1.5percentof product,thereportsays.That’sintermsofdisabilityandyearsoflifelost－notthecostoftreatingthedisease,whichwasn’taddressedinthereport.Manygroupshavebeenpushingformoreattentiontonon-infectiouscausesofdeath,andtheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyhassetameetingonthisayearfromnow.Someexpertsare ittotheglobalinitiativethatledtobigincreasesinspendingonAIDSnearlyadecadeago.“ThisneedstobediscussedattheUN－h(huán)owwearegoingtodealwiththisrisingburden(33) disease”,saidDr.AndreasUllrich,themedicalofficerforcancercontrolatWHO.ResearchersusedtheWorldHealthOrganization’sdeathanddisabilityreports,economicdatafromtheWorldBank.Theyreflecttheimpactadiseasehasonhowlongandhow

disability-adjustedlifeyears,whichpeoplelive.A)B)C)D)E)F)G)H)I)J)K)L)M)N)O)SectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.Untiltheearly1990snobodymuchthoughtaboutwholepopulationsgettingolder.Thehadtheforesighttoconvenea“WorldAssemblyonAging”backin1982,butthatcameandwent.By1994theWorldBankhadnoticedthatsomethingbigwashappening.Inareportentitled“AvertingtheOldAgeCrisis”,itarguedthatpensionarrangementsinmostcountrieswereunsustainable.Forthenexttenyearsasuccessionofbooks,mainlybyAmericans,soundedthealarm.TheyhadtitleslikeYoungvs.Old,GrayDawnandTheComingGenerationalStorm,andtheirmessagewasblunt:health-caresystemswereheadingfortherocks,pensionersweretakingyoungpeopletothecleaners,andsoontherewouldbeinter-generationalwarfare.Sincethenthedebatehas elessemotional,notleastbecausealotmoreisknownaboutthesubject.Books,conferencesandresearchpapershavemultiplied.InternationalorganizationssuchastheOECDandtheEUissueregularreports.Populationagingisoneveryagenda,fromG8economicconferencestoNATOsummits.TheWorldEconomicForumnstoconsiderthefutureofpensionsandhealthcareatitsprestigiousDavosconferenceearlynextyear.Themedia,includingthisnewspaper,aregivingthesubjectextensivecoverage.Whetherallthatattentionhastranslatedintosufficientactionisanotherquestion.ernmentsinrichcountriesnowacceptthattheirpensionandhealth-carepromiseswill eunaffordable,andmanyofthemhaveembarkedonreforms,butsofaronlytimidly.Thatisnotsurprising:politicianswithaneyeonthenextelectionwillhardlyrushintroduceunpopularmeasuresthatmaynotbearfruitforyears,perhapsTheoutlineofthechangesneededisclearToavoidfiscal財政的meown,publicpensionsandhealth-careprovisionwillhavetobereinedbackseverelyandtaxesmayhavetogoup.Byfarthemosteffectivemethodtorestrainpensionspendingistogivepeopletheopportunitytoworklonger,becauseitincreasestaxrevenuesandreducesspendingonpensionsatthesametimeItmayevenkeepthemalivelongerJohnRothertheAARP’sheadofandstrategy,pointstostudiesshowingthatotherthingsbeingequal,peoplewhoremainatworkhavelowerdeathratesthantheirretiredpeers.Youngerpeopletodaymostlyacceptthattheywillhavetoworkforlongerandthattheirpensionswillbelessgenerous.Employersstillneedtobepersuadedthatolderworkersareworthholdingonto.Thatmaybebecausetheyhavehadplentyofyoungeronestochoosefrom,partlythankstothepost-warbaby-boomandpartlybecauseoverthepastfewdecadesmanymorewomenhaveenteredthelabor,increasingemployers’choice.Butthereservoirofwomenableandwillingtotakeuppaidworkisrunninglow,andthebaby-boomersaregoinggrey.Inmanycountriesimmigrantshavebeenfillingsuchgapsinthelaborashavealreadyemerged(andrememberthattherealshortageisstillaroundtenyearsoff).Immigrationinthedevelopedworldisthehighestithaseverbeen,anditismakingausefuldifference.Instill-fertileAmericaitcurrentlyaccountsforabout40%oftotalpopulationgrowth,andinfast-agingwesternEuropeforabout90%.Onthefaceofit,itseemstheperfectsolution.Manydevelocountrieshavelotsofyoungpeopleinneedofjobs;manyrichcountriesneedhelhandsthatwillboosttaxrevenuesandkeepupeconomicgrowth.Butoverthenextfewdecadeslaborsinrichcountriesaresettoshrinksomuchthatinflowsofimmigrantswouldhavetoincreaseenormouslytocompensate:toatleasttwicetheircurrentsizeinwesternEurope’smostyouthfulcountries,andthreetimesintheolderones.Japanwouldneedalargemultipleofthefewimmigrantsithasatpresent.Publicopinionpollsshowthatpeopleinmostrichcountriesalreadythinkthatimmigrationistoohigh.Furtherbigincreaseswouldbepoliticallyunfeasible.Totackletheproblemofagingpopulationsatitsrootold”countrieswouldhavetorejuvenate(使年輕themselvesbyhavingmoreoftheirownchildren.Anumberofthemhavetried,somemoresuccessfullythanothers.Butitisnotasimplematterofofferingfinancialincentivesorprovidingmorechildcare.ModernurbanlifeinrichcountriesisnotwelladaptedtolargefamiliesWomenfindithardtocombinefamilyandcareerTheyoftencompromisebyhavingjustonechild.Andiffertilityinagingcountriesdoesnotpickup?Itwillnotbetheendoftheworld,atleastnotforquiteawhileyet,buttheworldwillslowly eadifferentce.Oldersocietiesmaybelessinnovativeandmorestronglydisinclinedtotakerisksthanyoungerones.By2025atthelatest,abouthalfthevotersinAmericaandmostofthoseinwesternEuropeancountrieswillbeover50,andolderpeopleturnouttovoteinmuchgreaternumberthanyoungerones.Academicstudieshavefoundnoevidencesofarthatoldervotershaveusedtheirpowerattheballotboxtopushforpoliciesthatspecificallybenefitthem,thoughifinfuturetherearemanymoreofthemtheymightstartngso.Noristhereanysignoftheinter-generationalwarfarepredictedinthe1990s.Afterall,olderpeoplethemselvesmostlyhavefamilies.Inarecentstudyofparentsandgrown-upchildrenin11Europeancountries,KarstenHankofMarmheimUniversityfoundthat85%ofthemlivedwithin25kmofeachotherandthemajorityofthemwereintouchatleastonceaweek.Evenso,theshiftinthecenterofgravitytoolderagegroupsisboundtohaveaprofoundeffectonsocieties,notjusteconomicallyandpoliticallybutinallsortsofotherwaystoo.RichardJacksonandNeilHoweofAmerica’sCSIS,inathoughtfulbookcalledTheGrayingoftheGreatPowers,arguethat,amongotherthings,theagingofthedevelopedcountrieswillhaveanumberofserioussecurityimplications.Forexample,theshortageofyoungadultsislikelytomakecountriesmorereluctanttocommitthefewtheyhavetomilitaryserviceInthedecadesto2050,Americawillfinditselfyinganever-increasingroleinthedevelopedworld’sdefenseeffort.BecauseAmerica’spopulationwillstillbegrowingwhenthatofmostotherdevelopedcountriesisshrinking,Americawillbetheonlydevelopedcountrythatstillmattersgeopolitically(地緣政治上).Thereislittlethatcanbedonetostoppopulationaging,sotheworldwillhavetolivewithit.Butsomeoftheconsequencescanbealleviated.Manyexpertsnowbelievethatgiventherightpolicies,theeffects,thoughgrave,neednotbecatastrophic.MostcountrieshaverecognizedtheneedtodosomethingandarebeginningtoButeventhenthereisnoguaranteethattheireffortswillwork.Whatishappeningnowishistoricallyunprecedented.RonaldLee,directoroftheCenterontheEconomicsandDemographyofAgingattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,putsitbrieflyandclearly:“Wedon’treallyknowwhatpopulationagingwillbelike,becausenobodyhasdoneityet.”Employersshouldrealizeitisimportanttokeepolderworkersinthework.EmployersarereluctanttoemployoldworkersbecausetheyhaveotherArecentstudyfoundthatmostoldpeopleinsomeEuropeancountrieshadregularweeklycontactwiththeiradultchildren.Fewernmentsinrichcountrieshavelaunchedboldreformstotackletheproblemofpopulationaging.Inareportpublishedsome20yearsago,thesustainabilityofoldagepensionsystemsinmostcountrieswascalledintodoubt.CountriesthathaveashortageofyoungadultswillbelesswillingtosendthemtoOne-childfamiliesaremorecommoninagingsocietiesduetothestressofurbanlifeandthedifficultiesofbalancingfamilyandcareer.Aseriesofbooks,mostlyauthoredbyAmericans,warnedof sbetweentheolderandyoungergenerations.Comparedwithyoungerones,oldersocietiestendtobelessinnovativeandtakefewerThebestsolutiontothepensioncrisisistopostponetheretirementImmigrationasameanstoboosttheshrinkinglabor maymeetwith insomerichcountries.SectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingAssociation(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadyedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesyingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today’speople–especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations–apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller.“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAyers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingyersfromallovertheworld.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients–notably,protein–tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight–5′9″formen,5′4″forwomen–hasn’treallychangedsince1960.Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthc.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.“Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,”saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity. umscanchange,butdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutaltion.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,“youcouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.”WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleillustratethechangeofheightofNBAshowthepopularityofNBAyersinthecomparedifferentgenerationsofNBAassesstheachievementsoffamousNBAWhichofthefollowingysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtotheGeneticNaturalLivingDailyOnwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyNon-AmericansaddtotheaverageheightoftheHumanheightisconditionedbytheuprightAmericansarethetallestonaverageintheLargerbabiestend etallerinWelearnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearthegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformthedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremaingenetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingtheexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeThetextintends lusthechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclichumanheight ingevenmoreAmericanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowththegeneticpatternofAmericanshasPassageQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingInthe1960s,medicalresearchersThomasHolmesandRichardRahedevelopedachecklistofstressfulevents.Theyappreciatedthetrickypointthatanymajorchangecanbestressful.Negativeeventslike“seriousillnessofafamilymember”werehighonthelist,butsoweresomepositivelife-changingevents,likemarriage.WhenyoutaketheHolmes-Rahetestyoumustrememberthatthescoredoesnotreflecthowyoudealwithstress—itonlyshowshowmuchyouhavetodealwith.Andwenowknowthatthewayyouhandletheseeventsdramaticallyaffectsyourchances