初中英語構(gòu)詞法大全

初中英語構(gòu)詞法大全英語構(gòu)詞方法主要有三種：即合成、派生和轉(zhuǎn)化。一.轉(zhuǎn)化英語單詞的詞性非常活躍，名詞用作動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，形容詞用作動(dòng)詞等現(xiàn)象非常普遍，這種把一種詞性用作另一種詞性的方式就叫做詞性的轉(zhuǎn)化。閱讀中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)化詞，只要抓住單詞的原始意思，結(jié)合句子成分，就容易弄清它們的引申義。1.動(dòng)詞和名詞之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)化。有時(shí)意思變化不大，有時(shí)有一定的變化。1)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞。如：Shall

we

go

out

for

a

drive

next

Sunday?下個(gè)星期天咱們出去驅(qū)車旅行，好嗎?句中的drive由動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞(詞意引申為“驅(qū)車旅行”)。I

often

go

there

for

a

walk.我經(jīng)常去那里散步。(句中walk由動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞)2)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。如：Have

you

booked

your

ticket?你的票訂好了嗎?(句中book由名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞,詞意引申為“訂購”)Hand

me

your

knife,

please.請把你的刀子遞給我。(句中hand由名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞,詞意引申為“傳遞”)2.少部分形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞。The

train

slowed

down

to

half

its

speed.火車速度減慢了一半。(句中slow由形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞，詞意引申為“減速”)Don't

dirty

your

clothes.別把你的衣服弄臟了。(句中dirty由形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞，詞意引申為“弄臟”)3.形容詞和名詞之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)化。The

poor

were

not

allowed

to

go

into

this

park

those

days.那個(gè)時(shí)候，窮人是不允許進(jìn)入這個(gè)公園的。(句中poor由形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，詞意引申為“窮人”)They

took

the

sick

to

hospital

yesterday.昨天他們把那個(gè)病人送進(jìn)了醫(yī)院。(句中sick由形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，詞意引申為“病人”)4.有些詞可以詞形不變，只因重音變化而發(fā)生詞類轉(zhuǎn)化，有時(shí)詞義也可能變化。如:record

[re?k??d]

v.記錄record

[r??k??d]

n.記錄5.有些詞詞形不變，只因詞尾的清濁音變化而發(fā)生詞類轉(zhuǎn)化，有時(shí)詞形也可以變化。如:excuse

[?ks?kju?z]

v.原諒excuse

[?ks?kju?s]

n.原諒use

[ju?z]

v.用use

[ju?s]

n.用二.派生派生詞是在一個(gè)單詞前面加前綴或后面加后綴構(gòu)成新詞。如：happy—unhappy(加前綴un-)happy—happily(加后綴-ly)1.通過加前綴構(gòu)成另一個(gè)詞。前綴一般不造成詞類的轉(zhuǎn)換，但能引起詞義的變化。前綴中有相當(dāng)一部分可構(gòu)成反義詞。常用的前綴有：前綴意義例詞dis-

不,相反的dislike,

disappear,

dishonestim-

不impossible,

impolitemis-

錯(cuò)誤的misuse,

misunderstand,

mistrustre-

重新,再次rewrite,

retellsuper-

超級,上層supermarket,

supermantele-

遠(yuǎn)telephone,

telegram,

televisionun-

不unfair,

unusual,

unable,

unlikeunder-下面的underground,

undergraduate個(gè)別前綴也可以引起詞類的變化，如：en-可以和名詞或形容詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞：enlarge（擴(kuò)大）,

enable（使能夠）,

encourage（鼓勵(lì)）；a-可以和名詞構(gòu)成形容詞：asleep（睡著的）；out-可以和一些動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成名詞：outcome（結(jié)果）,

outlet（出口）,

outlook（觀點(diǎn)）。2.通過加后綴構(gòu)成另一個(gè)詞。后綴不僅能改變詞義,也能改變詞類。1)常用的構(gòu)成名詞的后綴：后綴意義例詞-er

人,動(dòng)作者worker,

singer,

recorder,

teacher-or

人,動(dòng)作者actor,

visitor,

editor-ist

人,主義者chemist,

dentist,

scientist,-ess

女性actress,

waitress-hood身份,狀態(tài)childhood,

boyhood-ment

行為,動(dòng)作,結(jié)果government,

movement,

development-ness

狀態(tài),性質(zhì)illness,

happiness-ion

動(dòng)作,狀態(tài)discussion,

decision,

organization-th

狀態(tài)length,

wealth,

truth-ese

人Japanese,

Chinese-ian

人American,

musician,

historian-ship

狀態(tài)friendship,

membership2)常用的構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞的后綴：后綴意義例詞-en

動(dòng)詞詞尾widen,

strengthen,

darken,-fy動(dòng)詞詞尾beautify3)常用的構(gòu)成副詞的后綴：后綴意義例詞-ly

副詞詞尾slowly,

happily,

simply-ward(s)副詞詞尾eastward(s),

backward(s)4)常用的構(gòu)成形容詞的后綴：后綴意義例詞-able……的agreeable,

payable,

readable-an

……的European,

American,

Canadian-al

……的political,

musical-en

由……制成woolen,

golden-ed……的blue-eyed-ful

充滿的careful,

painful,

hopeful-ish

……的foolish,

Swedish-less

沒有的careless,

homeless,

endless-ly

充滿,性質(zhì)friendly,

lovely,

motherly-ous

有……的famous,

dangerous-y

充滿,性質(zhì)rainy,

dirty,

sunny,

cloudy,

sleepy5)數(shù)詞后綴后綴意義例詞-teen十幾thirteen;

fifteen;

eighteen-ty幾十forty;

fifty;

ninety-th第……fifth;

sixth;

eighth三.合成將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞合成在一起而構(gòu)成的新詞，叫做合成詞。合成詞在英語中比較活躍，廣泛運(yùn)用在涉及各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的語言文字中。常用的合成詞的構(gòu)成方法如下1.合成形容詞常見的構(gòu)成方法：構(gòu)成方法例詞形容詞+

名詞+

-edwhite-haired,

warm-hearted,

kind-hearted形容詞+

現(xiàn)在分詞good-looking,

easy-going形容詞+

過去分詞ready-made,

new-born副詞+

現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working,

well-meaning副詞+

過去分詞well-known,

newly-built名詞+

現(xiàn)在分詞English-speaking,

south-facing

名詞+

過去分詞man-made,

water-covered名詞+

形容詞snow-white,

homesick副詞/形容詞+

名詞right-hand,

full-time數(shù)詞+

名詞100-meter,

million-pound數(shù)詞+

名詞+

形容詞180-foot-high,

10-year-old

數(shù)詞+

名詞+

-edfour-legged,

one-eyed2.合成動(dòng)詞常見的構(gòu)成方法：構(gòu)成方法例詞副詞+

動(dòng)詞overcome,

understand形容詞+

動(dòng)詞dry-clean,

white-wash名詞+

動(dòng)詞typewrite,

sleepwalk3.合成名詞常見的構(gòu)成方法：構(gòu)成方法例詞名詞+

名詞classroom,

schoolgirl,

weekend,

bookshop形容詞+

名詞highway,

blackboard,

hotdog,

greenhouse動(dòng)詞+

副詞get-together,

break-down名詞+

動(dòng)名詞handwriting,

storytelling副詞+

名詞outbreak,

overcoat動(dòng)名詞