三價(jià)鐵-鋁離子及聚合氯化鋁交聯(lián)的氧化石墨烯膜對(duì)水中天然有機(jī)物的去除

三價(jià)鐵-鋁離子及聚合氯化鋁交聯(lián)的氧化石墨烯膜對(duì)水中天然有機(jī)物的去除摘要：

本文通過(guò)交聯(lián)氧化石墨烯(GO)與三價(jià)鐵/鋁離子及聚合氯化鋁(PAC)形成的復(fù)合膜，研究其在水中去除天然有機(jī)物(黃腐酸和富里酸)的效果。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，GO/PAC復(fù)合膜在不同的鐵/鋁離子濃度下對(duì)黃腐酸和富里酸均有較好的去除效果，且隨著鐵/鋁離子濃度的增加，去除效果逐漸提高；而GO/Fe-Al-PAC復(fù)合膜在較低的鐵/鋁離子濃度下對(duì)黃腐酸和富里酸去除效果均較差。綜合比較，GO/Al-PAC復(fù)合膜在鋁離子10mg/L的條件下對(duì)黃腐酸和富里酸去除率均達(dá)到了90%以上，表現(xiàn)出較好的去除效果。

關(guān)鍵詞：

氧化石墨烯；三價(jià)鐵/鋁離子；聚合氯化鋁；天然有機(jī)物；去除效果

Introduction：

隨著人口的增加和工業(yè)的發(fā)展，水污染問(wèn)題越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。其中天然有機(jī)物是一種重要的水污染源，包括黃腐酸、富里酸等化合物，它們?cè)谒w中能夠?qū)λ|(zhì)和生態(tài)環(huán)境造成影響。因此，對(duì)于天然有機(jī)物的去除工作具有極其重要的意義。近年來(lái)，石墨烯材料由于其獨(dú)特的結(jié)構(gòu)和性質(zhì)，被廣泛應(yīng)用于環(huán)境污染治理領(lǐng)域。

Materialsandmethods：

本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用酸化氧化法制備GO材料，并使用三價(jià)鐵/鋁離子和PAC進(jìn)行交聯(lián)，制備GO/Fe-Al-PAC和GO/Al-PAC復(fù)合膜。通過(guò)溶液吸附實(shí)驗(yàn)，研究復(fù)合膜對(duì)黃腐酸和富里酸的去除效果。

Resultsanddiscussion：

實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明，GO/PAC復(fù)合膜在不同的鐵/鋁離子濃度下對(duì)黃腐酸和富里酸均有較好的去除效果，且隨著鐵/鋁離子濃度的增加，去除效果逐漸提高。而GO/Fe-Al-PAC復(fù)合膜在較低的鐵/鋁離子濃度下對(duì)黃腐酸和富里酸去除效果均較差。

Conclusion：

綜合比較，GO/Al-PAC復(fù)合膜在鋁離子10mg/L的條件下對(duì)黃腐酸和富里酸去除率均達(dá)到了90%以上，表現(xiàn)出較好的去除效果。這表明，GO/PAC復(fù)合膜具有潛在的應(yīng)用前景，對(duì)水中天然有機(jī)物的去除具有一定的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。

Acknowledgements：

本文工作得到了國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金的資助(No.XXXXXXX)。感謝實(shí)驗(yàn)室的支持和幫助Introduction:

Waterpollutionisamajorenvironmentalissuethatposesathreattohumanhealthandecologicalbalance.Naturalorganicmatter(NOM)isoneofthemainpollutantsthatcanbefoundinwaterbodies.NOMcausesunpleasanttasteandodor,promotesbacterialgrowthandalsoposeschallengesinwatertreatmentprocesses.

Grapheneoxide(GO)isapromisingmaterialforwaterpurificationduetoitsuniquestructureandproperties.GOcanadsorbNOMandotherpollutantsfromwaterbodies.Inrecentyears,GOhasbeenwidelyusedinthefieldofenvironmentalpollutioncontrol.

Inthisstudy,GO-polyaluminumchloride(PAC)andGO-Fe-Al-PACcompositemembraneswerepreparedusingacidoxidationandcross-linkingmethods.Theadsorptionperformanceofthecompositemembranesforhumicacid(HA)andfulvicacid(FA)wasinvestigated.

Materialsandmethods:

GOwaspreparedusingamodifiedHummersmethod.TheGO-PACandGO-Fe-Al-PACcompositemembraneswerepreparedusingacross-linkingmethod.Themembraneswerecharacterizedusingscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)andFourier-transforminfraredspectroscopy(FTIR).

TheadsorptionperformanceofthemembranesforHAandFAwasstudiedusingbatchexperiments.TheeffectoftheconcentrationofFe/AlionsontheremovalofHAandFAwasalsoinvestigated.

Resultsanddiscussion:

SEMandFTIRanalysisconfirmedthesuccessfulpreparationofthecompositemembranes.TheadsorptioncapacityofthemembranesforHAandFAincreasedwiththeincreaseoftheFe/Alionconcentration.TheGO-Al-PACcompositemembraneshowedthehighestremovalefficiencyforHAandFA,witharemovalrateofover90%atanaluminumionconcentrationof10mg/L.TheGO-Fe-Al-PACcompositemembraneshowedpoorremovalefficiencyforHAandFAatlowFe/Alionconcentrations.

Conclusion:

Inconclusion,GO-PACandGO-Fe-Al-PACcompositemembranesweresuccessfullypreparedusingacross-linkingmethod.TheadsorptioncapacityofthemembranesforHAandFAwasevaluated,andtheresultsshowedthattheGO-Al-PACcompositemembranehadthebestperformance.TheresultsofthisstudysuggestthatGO-PACcompositemembraneshavepotentialinthefieldofwaterpurificationandcanbeusedfortheremovalofNOMfromwaterbodies.ThisworkwassupportedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(No.XXXXXXX).WeacknowledgethesupportandhelpofthelaboratoryInadditiontothedevelopmentofGO-PACcompositemembranesforwaterpurification,thereareotheremergingtechnologiesandapproachesbeingexploredfortheremovalofNOMfromwaterbodies.Oneoftheseistheuseofadvancedoxidationprocesses(AOPs),whichinvolvethegenerationofreactiveradicalssuchashydroxylradicalsthatcanbreakdownorganiccompoundsinwater.AOPscanbeappliedtovariouswatertreatmentprocessessuchasozonation,photolysis,andelectrochemicalprocesses.

Anotherapproachistheuseofmembraneswithenhancedfoulingresistance,whichcanimprovetheefficiencyandlifespanofwatertreatmentsystems.Forexample,thedevelopmentofself-cleaningmembranesandmembraneswithmodifiedsurfacesthatrepelfoulantscouldreducetheneedformaintenanceandcleaningofwatertreatmentsystems,therebyincreasingtheirsustainabilityandreducingcosts.

Moreover,theapplicationofnanotechnologyinwatertreatmentisalsogainingattention,asitoffersnovelsolutionstoeffectivelyremoveNOMandothercontaminantsfromwater.Forinstance,theuseofnanofiltrationmembranesandnanoadsorbentssuchasactivatedcarbonandmetaloxidescanenhancetheremovalefficiencywhilereducingtheenergyconsumptionandfootprintofwatertreatmentsystems.

Lastly,thereisagrowinginterestintheuseofnaturalandeco-friendlymaterialsforwatertreatment,whichcanreducetheenvironmentalimpactofwatertreatmentprocesses.Examplesincludetheuseofbiosorbentssuchaschitosanandzeolites,andtheuseofnaturalcoagulantssuchasMoringaoleiferaseedextractandtannins.

Insummary,thedevelopmentofGO-PACcompositemembranesfortheremovalofNOMfromwaterbodiesisapromisingapproach,buttherearealsootheremergingtechnologiesandapproachesthatcouldcomplementorimproveuponexistingwatertreatmentsystems.ContinuedresearchandinnovationinthefieldofwaterpurificationwillbecrucialinaddressingtheglobalchallengeofensuringaccesstocleanandsafedrinkingwaterOneemergingtechnologyforwaterpurificationisforwardosmosis(FO),whichutilizesasemi-permeablemembranetoseparatewaterfromsolutes.FOhasseveraladvantagesovertraditionalreverseosmosis(RO)processes,includinglowerenergyrequirementsandlessfoulingofthemembranes.FOcanalsobeusedwithdifferentdrawsolutions,includingrenewablesourcessuchasseawater,whichreducestheoverallenvironmentalimpactoftheprocess.

Anotherapproachtowaterpurificationistheuseofnanoparticlesasadsorbentsforpollutants.Nanoparticlessuchastitaniumdioxide(TiO2)andironoxide(Fe2O3)havebeenshowntoeffectivelyremoveheavymetals,organiccompounds,andmicroorganismsfromwater.However,moreresearchisneededtoensurethesafetyandlong-termeffectsofusingnanoparticlesinwatertreatment.

Biologicalapproaches,suchastheuseofmicroorganismstoremovecontaminantsfromwater,arealsobeingexplored.Forexample,bioreactorscanbeusedtotreatwatercontaminatedwithorganiccompoundsandnutrients,convertingthemintoharmlessbyproducts.Plants,suchaswaterhyacinthsandduckweed,havealsoshownpotentialinremovingpollutantsfromwaterbodies.

Finally,thereisincreasinginterestindecentralizedwatertreatmentsystems,whichcanprovidecleanandsafedrinkingwatertoruralcommunitiesanddevelopingcountries.Thesesystems,whichcanrangefromsimplefiltrationdevicestosmall-scaletreatmentplants,areoftenlow-costandeasytomaintain,makingthemaccessibletocommunitieswithlimitedresources.

Inconclusion,whileGO-PACcompositemembranesshowpromiseinremovingNOMfromwaterbodies,therearealsootheremergingtechnologiesand