電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況課件

電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況Benjamin.1電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況EV系統(tǒng)概述EV101EV充電系統(tǒng)EV動力電池系統(tǒng)FunctionalSafety在EV系統(tǒng)扮演的角色結(jié)論議程大綱2電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況電動車系統(tǒng)=電動車+基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施EV系統(tǒng)概述3電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況Theinventionoftheelectricvehicleisattributedtovariouspeople.In1828,Anyos

Jedlik,aHungarianwhoinventedanearlytypeofelectricmotor,createdatinymodelcarpoweredbyhisnewmotor.[1]In1834,Vermontblacksmith

ThomasDavenport,theinventorofthefirstAmericanDCelectricalmotor,installedhismotorinasmallmodelcar,whichheoperatedonashortcircularelectrifiedtrack.[2]In1835,ProfessorSibrabdus

StratinghofGroningen,theNetherlandsandhisassistant

ChristoperBeckercreatedasmall-scaleelectricalcar,poweredbynon-rechargeableprimarycells.[3]電動車發(fā)展史–最早的電動車5電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況電動火車(1838)充電式電動車(1865)100km/h的記錄(1899)其他里程碑their-really-any-new-ideas-1900-porsche-e/6電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況靜音低速扭力減少碳以及其他污染物排放動力機構(gòu)簡化低化石燃料依賴性電動車的其他優(yōu)勢7電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況USJapanEUChinaTaiwan全球試運行項目9電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況TheEVProjectProjectGetReadySolarCityUShttp://www./partners.phphttp:///category/partnershttp://www./default.aspx10電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況SmallNetworkProjectChaDeMoJapan./pr/2010/001490.htmlhttp:///11電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況ChinaTaiwanHKGreaterChina十城千輛花卉博覽會政府軍隊坪林、澎湖···環(huán)保署電動機車交換電池計劃中電13電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況MitsubishiINissanLEAFFordTRANSITconnectelectricTeslaRoadsterSport2.5TH!NKCity2010年電動車款14電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況CodaAutomotiveSedanTeslaMotorsmodelSFordFocuselectricBMWActiveE2011年的電動車款A(yù)AAACik/WnPvWhKNLc/s400Renault+EV+2009_Renualt_Zoe.jpg15電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況MercedesSLSE-CellAMGVWGolfBlue-e-motionBMWi32013年的電動車款17電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況國際間已經(jīng)逐漸開始投入電動車系統(tǒng)目前投入電動車系統(tǒng)的陣營主要為汽車制造商、大型鋰電池制造商電動車目前系統(tǒng)尚未統(tǒng)一，動力來源不同、補充動力方式也尚未統(tǒng)一Summary18電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況電動車101-電動車系統(tǒng)一重要數(shù)據(jù)19電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況依據(jù)目前較為成熟的電動車技術(shù)，可以先從一般的房車要求下手，為了計算上的方便，我們利用下面的假設(shè)與簡化、進行各項電動車特性與要求的概略推算，并且不考慮轉(zhuǎn)換效率、摩擦力、熱損等因素功能要求設(shè)計條件石油車與電動車的模擬關(guān)系與條件設(shè)定加速：0~108km/h,10second(跑車大多為6秒，賽車則是3秒)

續(xù)航力：100kmperrecharge(住家離公司10公里，每周充電一次)車重：1,500kg(電池是具備重量的)功率輸出(影響加速)

電池容量(影響續(xù)航力)

充電條件(影響使用便利性)動轉(zhuǎn)成本(影響市場驅(qū)動力)21電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況由加速要求推測加速度要求V=V0+a*t

□a=108km/hx1,000m/km÷10second=3m/s2由加速度與車重，推算推力要求假設(shè)以全力輸出10秒鐘，推算大約行走距離在行走距離間所做的功由總功與總時間，推算平均功率功率要求推算F=m*a=1,500kg*3m/s2=4,500ntD=V0*t+1/2*a*t2=0.5*3*102=105mW=F*D=4,500*150=675KJP=W÷T=675÷10s=67.5KW(~90Hp)22電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況假設(shè)續(xù)航力是100km，在達到108km/h后等速前進的時間如果只需要用馬達全功率的1/2就可維持108km/h的定速，全程需要的總能量為以市售高性能鋰電池為例前例電動車需要的電池總量為電池容量要求推算t=(100,000m–150m)÷30m/s=3,328secondsW=67.5KW*10second+67.5kw*?*3,328second=112,995KJ~113MJ()輸出電壓為6.8V

容量為3900mAh重量為195g

113*1,000,000J÷(6.8V*3900mA*0.001*3600sec)*195g=230Kg!!(續(xù)航力或是馬力要提高，電池會更重!)23電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況以行走100KM進行計算鋰電池式電動車運轉(zhuǎn)電力成本粗估一般汽油車市區(qū)行駛電價：1度（1KWh）:USD10cnet$=113MJ÷1KW÷3600sec*10cent–USD3!!效率：10km/liter油價：USD1/liter$=100/10*1=USD10前例電動車行駛模式

實際情況必須視電力轉(zhuǎn)換效率而變化25電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況一般的所謂安全電流、電壓、功率范圍（Nou-hazardous,ClassII)的定義是所以上述的任何一種充電條件都不可能是安全無虞的?。〕潆娤到y(tǒng)的絕緣安全性問題30VDCmaximum，8Amaximumand100Wmaximum!!26電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況充電器車外充電器電力輸出插座充電連接線組充電系統(tǒng)漏電斷路器充電連接線材電表電動車基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施-充電系統(tǒng)29電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況接地系統(tǒng)電阻與允許電流危險區(qū)域內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的接觸或是非接觸性的電弧突波、雷擊室外、污染環(huán)境電磁兼容震動溫差變化大控制系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性其他可見的電動車安全性問題30電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況UL與IEC在電動車系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)行標準對照表31電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況2011新標準制定活動32電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況電動車的電池重量與續(xù)航力的設(shè)定有關(guān)電動車的充電速率會影響到充電系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計電動車在能源價格上確實有優(yōu)勢電動車也存在本質(zhì)上的安全問題結(jié)論33電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況電動車基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施34電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況充電式

更換式（S）添加式電動車基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施依據(jù)動力補充模式分類傳導(dǎo)式（Conductive）感應(yīng)式（Inductive）BetterPlace燃料電池油電混合動力35電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況電力源電動車充電電力來源分類鉛蓄電池鎳氫電池鋰電池燃料電池超級電容化石燃料太陽能風(fēng)力solar-powered-electric-car-would-it-work36電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況充電模式傳導(dǎo)式充電模式分級傳導(dǎo)式

Level1Level2DCLevel3充電等級標準輸出電壓（Volts）最大連續(xù)輸出電流（Amps）斷路器額定電流（Amps）AClevel1120vac,單相12A15A(minimum)AClevel2208to240vac,單相32A40ADCCharging600vdcmax400AmaxAsrequired37電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況http:///wiki/Magne_Charge_ChargeInductivechargingsystemusedtochargebatteryelectricvehicles(BEV)formerlymadebyGeneralMotors,forvehiclessuchastheEV1,ChevyS10EV,andotherelectricvehicles.Themostcommonwasthe6.6kWversionalthoughahigherpowerfastchargeversionswasdemonstrated.MagneChargesupportwaswithdrawnbyGeneralMotorsin2002,aftertheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoardsettledonaconductivecharginginterfaceforelectricvehiclesinCalifornia.感應(yīng)式充電MagneCharge[DelcoElectronics]38電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況IngenieurgesellschaftAutoundVerkehr(IAV)KAIST,OnlineElectricVehicle(OLEV)行進感應(yīng)充電39電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況In1972,MercedesbuiltanelectricallypoweredpeoplecarriercalledtheLE306.Its31kW(42hp)motorcouldzipitalongat70km/h(44mph),witharangeof65km(40miles).電池交換概念的濫觴-Mercedes40電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況現(xiàn)在的電池交換概念–BetterPlace41電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況加凡尼(Galvanic)電池VS燃料電池鋰電池VS鎳電池高功率VS高能量密度交換式VS充電式？傳導(dǎo)充電式VS感應(yīng)充電式？不同充電模式的優(yōu)缺點比較？42電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況UL在EV基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的安規(guī)標準與測試方法摘錄43電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況再生能源并網(wǎng)AC充電模式標準分布圖EnergyGeneratorUL1703FlatPVUL8703cpvUL6141LargeWTUL6142S&mWTInverter/ConverterUL1741forPVUL6171forWTGridConnectionNECControlsUL508ICEUL991PLCUL1998SoftwareUL60730ModulePersonnelProtectionSystemsUL2231I.T.AccessoriesUL60950MeterUL61010-1MeasurementUL2735MeterACChargingStationUL2594Plugs,Receptacles,&CouplerUL2251EV44電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況再生能源直接充電模式標準分布圖EnergyGeneratorUL1703FlatPVUL6141largeWTUL6142S&MWTConverterUL1741forPVUL6171forWTEnergyStorageFuelCellStackLargeBatteriesPackControlPanelUL508ICEUL991PLCUL1998SoftwareUL60730ModulePersonnelProtectionSystemsUL2231I.T.AccessoriesUL60950MeterUL61010-1MeasurementUL2735MeterDCChargingStationUL2594/UL2202Plugs,Receptacles,&CouplerUL2251EVConverterUL174145電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況標準發(fā)展時間表46電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況UL2202標準-電動車DC充電設(shè)備Thiscategorycoversconductiveandinductivechargingsystemequipment,intendedforusewithelectricvehicle.Off-boardequipmentisintendedforindoororindooruse,raded600Vorlessandisintendedtobeconnectedtothevehiclebymeansofaflexiblecordandanelectricvehicleconnector.47電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況□48LeakageCurrentTest□49LeakageCurrentTest□50PowerInputTst□51TemperatureTest□52DielectricVoltage-WithstandTest

□53Volt-AmpereCapacityMeasurement□54AbnormalTests□55FlangedBobbinTransformerAbnormalTest□56StrainReliefandFlexingTests□57GroundingImpedanceTest□58OvercurrentProtectioncalibrationTest□59StrengthofTerminalInsulatingBaseandsupportTest□60BondingConductorTest□61ImpactonGlassCoveredOpenings□62EvaluationofReducedSpacingsonPrinted-WiringBoards□63HeatSinkTemperatureCyclingTest□34TestsforPermanenceofCordTag□65TestsonTransformerInsulatingMaterials□66BusBarTests□67HarmonicDistortionTestUL2202測試項目

52.2Maximum-Voltage-WithstandTest52.3ACandDCpowercircuits52.4Secondarycircuits52.5Inducedpotential

54.2Transformerburnouttest54.3Transformeroverloadtest54.4Shortcircuittest54.5Overchargetest54.6Capacitorfaulttest54.7Forcedventilationtest54.8Componentshort-andopen-circuittest54.9Electrilyticcapacitorfualttest54.10Vibrationtest

56.1Strainrelief56.2flexing

64.2Shortedtracetest

64.2Testconditions64.3Testmethod48電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況UL2594標準-電動車AC充電設(shè)備1.1Thisoutlinecoverselectricvehicle(EV)supplyequipment.Ratedamaximumof250Vac,withafrequencyof60Hz,andintendedtoprovidepowertoanelectricvehiclewithanon-boardchargingunit.Thisoutlinecoverselectricvehiclesupplyequipmentintendedforusewhereventilationisnotrequired.1.2Withreferenceto1.1,theproductscoveredbythisoutlineincludeEVcordsetsandEVchargingstations.EVcordsetsmaybedesignatedasportablecordsetsorstationarycordsetsandbydesignatedforindoororotdooruse.EVchargingstationsmaybedesignatedaseithermovableorpermanentchargingstationsandmaybydesignatedforindoororoudooruse.1.3TheproductscoveredbythisoutlineareintendedforuseinaccordancewiththeNationalElectricalCode(NEC),ANSI/NFPA70.1.5Withreferenceto1.2,thisoutlinedoesnotcoverelectricvehiclechargingunits.49電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況□44LeakageCurrentTest□45LeakageCurrentTestFollowingHumidityConditioning□46InputTest□47TemperatureTest□48CapacitorDischargeTest□49DielectricVoltageWithstandTest

□50AbnormalTests□51FlangedBobbinTransformerAbnormalTest□52StrainReliefTestsUL2594安規(guī)測試項目49.2Maximumvoltagemeasurements49.3ACandDCpowercircuits(primary)49.4Secondarycircuits49.5Inducedpotential

50.2Transformerburnouttest50.3Transformeroverloadtest50.4Shortcircuittest50.5Capacitorfaulttest50.6ForcedVentilationtest50.7Componentfaulttests50.8Electrolyticcapacitorfaulttest50.9Vibrationtest52.2Pullstrainrelieftest52.3Pushbackstrainrelieftest50電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況□53EVCableSecurenessTest□54.1GroundingTests□55impactTest□56VehicleDriveOverTest□57DropTest□58StrengthofterminalInsulatingBaseandSupport□59ImpactonGlassCovers□60BondingConductorTests□61EvaluationofReducedSpacingsonPrintedWiringBoards

□62MountingMeansTest□63StrengthofHandles□64MoldStressTest□65EnvironmentalTestsCont’d

60.2Currenttest60.3Limitedshortcircuittest65.2Driptest65.3Dusttest65.4Indoorsettingdusttest65.5Indoorcirculatingdusttest65.6Extemalicingtest65.7Hosedowntest65.8Indoorcorrosionprotection54.1Groundimpedancetests54.2Groundcontinuitytest51電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況□66TestsforPermanenceofCordTags□67testsonTransformerInsulatingMaterials□68HarmonicDistortion□69MetallicCoatingThicknessTest□70ComparativeTrackingIndexTest□71GlowWiretest□72HighCurrentAtcresistancetoIgnitionTest□73OvercurrentProtectionCalibrationTestCont’d

65.9Outdoorcorrosionprotection65.10Additionalcorrosionprotection65.11Submersiontest65.12Pressuretest65.13Gaskettest65.14Waterexposuretest65.15UVexposure65.46Chemicalexposure52電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況UL2231-1,2.標準-電動車充電系統(tǒng)個人防護設(shè)備Thiscategorycoversground-faultprotectivedevices,suchaschargingcircuitinterruptingdevicesandisolationmonitor/interrupters,intendedforusewithelectricvehiclechargingsystems.Achargingcircuitinterruptingdeviceisonewhosefunctionistodetectgroundfaultcurrentorotherconditionsthatmaybehazardousandcauseinterruptionoftheelectriccircuittothechargingsystemorthevehiclewhenafaultoccurs.Itmayalsofunctionunderotherhazardousconditions,suchaswhenanopen-groundisdetected.53電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況UL62標準-電動車用電線電纜

ThiscategorycoverselectricvehiclecableListedforuseinaccordancewithArticle400oftheNEC.TheinsulationandjacketareofthermosetmaterialforTypesEVJandEV,thermoplasticelastomer

(TPE)forTypesEVJTandEVT.Thecableisusedtosupplypower,signal,andcontroltoelectricvehiclesduringthechargingprocess.Electricvehiclecableemploysstrandedcopperconductorsinasizerangeof18AWGto500kcmil.54電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況UL2251UL2580UL2271UL2231-1and-2已知標準內(nèi)對聚合物認證的安規(guī)要求

InsulatingMaterials(Sec8)NonmetallicEnclosures(Par10.3)

PerfomanceTests(secs24-29)ElectricalFlammabilityThermalPropertiesOutdoorUseGasketsandSealsThermalPropertiesOutdoorUseGasketsandSeals

目前尚未有特殊相關(guān)要求55電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況AEROVIRONMENTINCEBUSINCELECTRICTRANSPORTATIONNEGINEERINGTOYOTAINDUSTRIESCORP目前全球取得UL認可制造商(~2011/Feb.)-UL2202(電池充電器)FFTG.E189046FFTG.E249593FFTG.E175032FFTG.E17604156電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況PANASONICCORPORATIONDIPL-INGWBENDERGMBH&COKGTECHNOLOGYRESEARCHCORP目前全球取得UL認可制造商(~2011/Feb.)FFUQ2/FFQU2.E333831FFUQ2.E193871FFUQ2.E174400-UL2231(人員電擊保護設(shè)備)57電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況AVCONCORPBMWOFNORTHAMERICALLCDELPHICORPITTCORPBIWCONNECTORSYSTEMSITTVEAMLLCREMAUSALLCYAZAKIPARTSCOLTD目前全球取得UL認可制造商(~2011/Feb.)FFV12.E176673

-UL2251(充電接口連接)FFV12.E324315FFV12.E337206FFV12.E231479FFV12.E330790FFV12.E338388FFV12.E17648858電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況AEROVIRONMENTINCAVCONCORPCLIPPERCREEKINCCLIPPERCREEKINCCOULOMBTECHNOLOGIESINCELECTRICTRANSPORTATIONENGINEERINGCORPGENERALELECTRICCOLEVITONMFGCOINCPANASONICCORPORATIONPANASONICELECTRICWORKSCOLTDSCHNEIDERELECTRICUSAINCSIEMENSENERGYINC目前全球取得UL認可制造商(~2011/Apr.)

-UL2594(AC充電設(shè)備)

FFWA.E336193

FFWA.E194089

FFWA.E325742

FFWA.E162210

FFWA.E341977

FFWA.E328478

FFWA.E338793

FFWA.E336847

FFWA.E336867

FFWA.E319488

FFWA.E338176

FFWA.E34145659電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況BELDENWIRE&CABLECOCOLEMANCABLEINCDONGGUANNISTARTRANSMITTINGDRAKACABLETEQUSAINCDYDENCORPSAGAPLANTFUJIELECTRICWIRECOLTDGENERALCABLEINDUSRIESLLCLAKECABLELLCNICHGOHCOMMUNICATIONELECTRICWIRENORTHWIREINCPHILATRONINTERNATIONALPRESTRLITEWIRECORPSOUTHWIRECOTYCOELECTRONICS/MADISONCABLEWELLSHINTECHNOLOGYCOLTDYAZAKIELECTRICWIRECOLTD目前全球取得UL認可制造商(~2011/Feb.)

-UL62內(nèi)EVCables

FFSO.E324273

FFSO.E312819

FFSO.E341742

FFSO.E338008

FFSO.E338734

FFSO.E333751

FFSO.E333326

FFSO.E344857

FFSO.E324180

FFSO.E334551

FFSO.E325807

FFSO.E313310

FFSO.E339497

FFSO.E345037

FFSO.E337756

FFSO.E31261460電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況其他EV基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的全球標準化現(xiàn)況61電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況ISO8713ElectricroadvehicleVocabulary-2ndEditionISO8714ElectricroadvehicleReferenceenergyconsumptionandrangeTestproceduresforpassengercarsandlightcommercialvehiclesISO8715ElectricRoadOperatingCharacteristics-1stEditionISO6469.1Electricallypropelledroadvehicles–Safetyspecifications–Part1:On-boardrechargeableenergystoragesystem(RESS)–2ndEditionISO6469.2Electricallypropelledroadvehicles–Safetyspecifications–Part2:Vehicleoperationalsafetymeansandprotectionagainstfailures–2ndEditionISO6469.3ElectricroadvehicleSafetyspecificationsPart3:Protectionofpersonsagainstelectrichazards–1stEditionISO的電動車相關(guān)標準62電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況美國電工法規(guī)NFPA70(NEC)2009–ARTICLE625ARTICLE625ElectricvehicleChargingSystem1.General625.1Scope.Theprovisionsofthisarticlecovertheelectricalconductorsandequipmentexternaltoanelectricvehiclethatconnectanelectricvehicletoasupplyofelectricitybyconductiveorinductivemeans,andtheinstallationofequipmentanddevicesrelatedtoelectricvehiclecharging.63電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況NFPA70充電站設(shè)置地點(車庫)WhereClassIliquidsorgaseousfuelsarestored,handled.Ortransferred,electricalwiringandelectricalutilizationequipmentshallbedesignedinaccordancewiththerequirementsforClassI,Division1or2hazardous(classified)locationsasclassifiedinaccordancewith500.5and500.6,andthisarticle.AClassIlocationshallnotextendbeyondanunpiercedwall.Orothersolidpartitionthathasnoopenings.(A)ParkingGarages.(B)RepairGarages,WithDispensing.

ARTICLE511CommercialGarages,RepairandStorage511.3AreaClassification,General.

Parkinggaragesusedforparkingorstorageshallbepermittedtobeunclassified.

Majorandminorrepairgaragesthatdispensemotorfuelsintothefueltanksofvehicles,includingflammableliquidshavingaflashpointbelow38℃(100℉)suchasgasoline,orgaseousfuelssuchasnaturalgas,hydrogen,orLPG,shallhavethedispensingfunctionsclassificationrequiredbythissection.WhereClassIliquids,otherthanfuels,aredispensed,theareawithin900mm(3ft)ofanyfillordispensingpoint,extendinginalldirections,shallbeaClassI,Divisionlocation.

Whereflammableliquidshavingaflashpointbelow38℃(100℉)suchasgasoline,orgaseousfuelssuchasnaturalgas,hydrogen,orLPG,willnotbedispensed,butrepairactivitiesthatinvolvethetransferofsuchlluidsorgasesareperformed,theclassificationrulesin(1),(2),(3)shallapply.(C)MajorRepairGarages.64電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況511.10SpecialEquipment

(A)BatteryChargingEquipment.Batterychargersandtheircontrolequipment,andbatteriesbeingcharged,shallnotbelocatedwithinlocationsclassifiedin511.3.

(B)ElectricVehicleChargingEquipment.(1)General.

□AllelectricalequipmentandwiringshallbeinstalledinaccordancewithArticle625,exceptasnotedin511.10(B)(2)and(B)(3).Flexiblecordsshallbeofatypeidentifiedforextra-hardusage.(2)ConnectorLocation.

□NoconnectorshallbelocatedwithinaClassIlocationasdefinedin511.3(3)PlugConnectionstoVehicles.

□Wherethecordissuspendedfromoverhead,itshallbearrangedsotatthelowestpointofsagisatleast150mm(6in.)abovethefloor.Whereanautomaticarrangementisprovidedtopullbothcordandplugbeyondtherangeofphysicaldamage,noadditionalconnectorshallberequiredinthecableorattheoutlet.65電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況漏電斷路器

511.12Ground-FaultCircuit-InterrupterProtectionforPersonnel.All125-volt,single-phase,15-and20-amperereceptaclesinstalledinareaswhereelectricaldiagnosticequipment,electricalhandtools,orportablelightingequipmentaretobeusedshallhaveground-faultcircuitinterrupterprotectionpersonnel.66電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況NFPA70充電站設(shè)置地點(油庫)

ARTICLE514MotorFuelDispensingFacilities(A)UnclassifiedLocations.

□Wheretheauthorityhavingjurisdictioncansatisfactorilydeterminethatflammableliquidshavingaflashpointbelow38℃(100℉),suchasgasoline,willnotbehandled,suchlocationshallnotberequiredtobeclassified.(B)ClassifiedLocations.

□(1)ClassILocations.

□CompressedNaturalGas,LiquefiedNaturalGas,andLiquefiedPetroleumGasAreas.

Table514.3(B)(1)shallbeappliedwhereClassIliquidsarestored,handled,ordispensedandshallbeusedtodelineateandclassifymotorfueldispensingusedforthepurposeofdelineatingandclassifyingabovegroundtanks.AClassIlocationshallnotextendbeyondanunpiercedwall,roof,orothersolidpartition.[30A:8.1,8.3]67電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況Cont’d514.4wiringandEquipmentInstalledinClassILocations.

□AllelectricalequipmentandwiringinstalledinClassIlocationsasclassifiedin514.3shallcomplywiththeapplicableprovisionsofArticle501.

-Exception:Aspermittedin514.8.514.7WiringandEquipmentAbovetheClassILocations.

□WiringandequipmentabovetheClasslocationsasclassifiedin514.3shallcomplywith511.7.514.16GroundingandBonding.

□Allmetalraceways,themetalarmorormetallicsheathoncables,andallnon-current-carryingmetalpartsoffixedportableelectricalequipment,regardlessofvoltage,shallbegroundedandbonded.GroundingandbondinginClassIlocationsshallcomplywith501.30.68電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況電動車基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施牽涉標準繁多電動車基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投入廠商日漸增多快速充電不僅對電池是挑戰(zhàn)，對充電設(shè)施更是挑戰(zhàn)電動車基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的設(shè)立也受到電工法規(guī)的要求結(jié)論69電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況電動車動力電池70電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況UL1642LithiumBatteriesUL1989StandbyBatteriesUL2054HouseholdandCommercialBatteriesUL2591OutlineforBatterySeparatorsUL2575Subject2575Lithium1onBatterySystemsforPowerToolsandOtherAppliancesUL電池標準發(fā)展史71電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況鋰電池鋰離子電池鋰離子聚合物電池鋰離子電池種類72電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況典型的充放電特性曲線./newpage2.htm73電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況因為電池本身有內(nèi)電阻，所以電池充電時會發(fā)熱，放電時也會發(fā)熱電池的充放電就像人吃飯一樣電池本身的充放電安全性剩余電量少的時候，充得快，快滿的時候充的速度就慢了。充電過度時會有爆炸的危險，放電過度，電池會有報廢的危險。工作電流大時，放電速度快，工作電流小時，放電速度慢。工作環(huán)境溫度也會影響充放電的特性。充放電殘余次數(shù)也與過去的充放電歷史有關(guān)。良好的充放電，有賴于對電池充放電模式的掌握，以及對剩余電量的精確評估（精準的量測電壓與電流與工作環(huán)境溫度）。74電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況一般鋰離子電池芯結(jié)構(gòu)75電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況鋰是化學(xué)周期表上直徑最小也最活潑的金屬。體積小所以容量密度高，廣受消費者與工程師歡迎。鋰化學(xué)特性太活潑，則帶來了極高的危險性。鋰金屬暴露在空氣中時，會與氧氣產(chǎn)生激烈的氧化反應(yīng)而爆炸。為了提升安全性及電壓，科學(xué)家們發(fā)明了用石墨及鈷酸鋰等材料一儲存鋰原子。這些材料的分子結(jié)構(gòu)，形成了奈米等級的細小單元格子，可用來儲存鋰幫子。這樣一來，即使是電池外殼破裂，氧氣地入，也會因氧分子太大，進不了這些細小的單元格，使得鋰原子不會與氧氣接觸而避免爆炸。鋰離子電池的這種原理，使得人們在獲得它高容量密度的同時，也達到安全的目的。鋰金屬電池VS鋰離子電池76電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況鋰鎳鈷電池鋰錳電池(CR123A伏特鋰錳電池)鋰鎳電池磷酸鋰鐵電池鋰金屬電池正極材料分類與安全關(guān)聯(lián)性鋰鎳鈷電池是鋰鎳電池和鋰鈷電池的固溶體（綜合體），兼具鋰鎳和鋰鈷的優(yōu)點，一度被產(chǎn)業(yè)界認為是最有取代鋰鈷電池的新正極材料，但鈷正極電池在放電的過程中往往會形成金屬鋰。因為金屬具有易烯的特性，如果安全措施失效時，金屬鋰往往引發(fā)燃燒，所以安全性還是無法有更大突破。鋰錳電池「Li-MnO2(Li-Mn,“CR”)」的成本低而且安全性比鋰鈷好很多，但循環(huán)壽命欠佳，且高溫環(huán)境的循環(huán)壽命更差，高溫時甚至?xí)霈F(xiàn)錳離子溶出的現(xiàn)象，高溫造成自放電嚴重，以致儲能特性差。鋰鎳電池的成本較低且電容量較高，不過，制作過程困難且材料性能的一致生和再現(xiàn)性差，最嚴重的是依然有安全性問題。則同時擁有鋰鈷、鋰鎳和鋰錳的主要優(yōu)點，但不含鈷等貴重元素，原料價格低且磷、鋰、鐵存在于地球的資源含量豐富，不會有供料問題，而且，工作電壓適中(3.2V)、電容量大(170mAh/g)、高放電功率、可快速充電且循環(huán)壽命長，在高溫與高熱環(huán)境下的穩(wěn)定性高，是目前產(chǎn)業(yè)界認為較符合環(huán)保、安全和高性能要求的鋰離子電池。77電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況FAA的鋰離子電池與鋰聚合物電池的易燃性試驗DOT/FAA/AR-09/55January2010FinalReportBatteryCell1BatteryCell2BatteryCell3BatterytypeCylindricalLi-ionCylindricalLi-ionLi-ionPolymerBatterysize186502665031/2〞x4〞x1/4〞ChemistryLithiumIronPhosphateLithiumIronPhosphateLithiumCobaltDioxideCapacity(mAh)11502300800NominalvoltageChargevoltage3.853.64.2Figure1.BatteryCellsUsedintheTests(a)18650,(b)26650,and(c)Li-PoCell78電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況四電池芯測試結(jié)果Table3.FireExposureTestResult-FourCellsBatteryCellTypeApproximateTimetoFirstEvent(min)PeakTemperature(℉)ApproximateTimetoReachPeakTemperature(min)FireDuration(min)10.755601.54.522.007002.004.530.759001.001.7579電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況八電池芯測試結(jié)果Table4.FireExposureTestResult-EightCellsBatteryCellTypeApproximateTimetoFirstEvent(min)PeakTemperature(℉)ApproximateTimetoReachPeakTemperature(min)FireDuration(min)11.005452.005.2522.505802.503.2530.757501.002.2580電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況內(nèi)短路的失效分析DendriteUnsafeDesignSevereEnvironmentProcessIssuesMechanicalAbuseInternalShort-CircuitOverchargeDropCrushImpactShock/VibrationContaminationBurrsTab/electrodemisalignmentOther(e.g,badwelding,loosemetalpart)AbnormalTemperatureAbnormalPressureOver-designImproperSeparatorMaterialPropertiesImbalance81電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況電池芯的爆炸82電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況UL1642電池芯測試10Short-CircuitTest11AbnormalChargingTest12Forced-DischargeTest13CrushTest14ImpactTest15ShockTest16VibrationTest17HeatingTest18TemperatureCyclingTest19LowPressure(AltitudeSimulation)20ProjectileTests

ELECTRICALTESTS

MECHANICALTESTS

ENVIRONMENTALTESTS

FIREEXPOSURETEST83電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況小型串聯(lián)電池組的爆炸84電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況UL2054小型電池模型塊測試9Short-CircuitTest10AbnormalChargingTest11AbusiveOverchargeTest12Forced-DischargeTest13LimitedPowerSourceTest13ABatteryPackComponentTemperatureTest13BBatteryPackSurfaceTemperatureTest14CrushTest15ImpactTest16ShockTest17VibrationTest19250NSteadyForceTest20MoldStressReliefTest21DropImpactTest22ProjectileTest23HeatingTest24TemperatureCyclingTest

ELECTRICALTESTS

MECHANICALTESTS

BATTERYENCLOSURETESTS

FIREEXPOSURETEST

ENVIRONMENTALTESTS85電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況車用電池組的爆炸86電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況車用電池組在完全沒通電與碰撞下可能的自燃性原因？特性不匹配電池串并聯(lián)，造成內(nèi)部回路的形成對內(nèi)部某電池串的過充？87電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況超越六個標準偏差？或者···同樣為百萬分之一的失效率的電池一千顆串并聯(lián)在一起時有比提高電池良率更經(jīng)濟有效的辦法嗎？失效機率會變成···

百萬分之一的一千次方？一千分之一？備用(Redundancy)系統(tǒng)的存在性備用系統(tǒng)間的要求福島核電廠失效給我們的啟示···88電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況到底是電池的錯還是充電器的錯？電池管理系統(tǒng)(BatteryManagementSystem)避免電池失效的最后一道防線

隔離失效的電池防止作保電池的過充更重要的是···/default/89電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況電池管理系統(tǒng)的安全與可靠性評估90電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況UL2271輕型電動車用動力鋰電池測試項目7.1Abnormal(highrate)chargetest7.2Abusiveoverchargetest7.3Shortcircuittest7.4Normaltemperaturetest7.5Chargerlsystemcompatibilitytset7.6Imbalancedpacktest7.7Reversechargetest7.8Insulationresistance8.1Vibrationendurancetest8.2Shocktest8.3Impacttest8.4Crushtest8.5Droptest8.6Moldstressrelieftest8.7Nailtest9.1Resistancetomoisturetest

7ElectricalTests

MechanicalTests

EnvironmentalTests91電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況UL2580車用鋰電池組測試項目8Overchargetest9Shortcircuittest10Partialshortcircuittest11Over-discharge12Charge/systemcompatibilitytest13Imbalancedpacktest14reversechargetest15Dielectricwithstandtest16Insulationresistancetest17Abnormaloperationtests18Rotationtest19Vibrationendurancetest20Shocktest21Droptest22Nailpenetrationtest23Crushtest24Resistancetomoisturetest25ThermalAbuse26Projectile(Module)27LowTemperature

7ElectricalTests

MechanicalTests

EnvironmentalTests92電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況8.2Afullydischargedsampleistobesubjectedtoconstantcurrent(CC)chargingusingadcsupplysizedsufficientlytoprovidetheconstantchargecurrentat1nofthebattery.8.3Thetestistocontinueuntilthesampleeitherreachesa200%stateofcharge(SOC)orultimateresultsoccur.Ultimateresultsareconsideredtohaveoccurredwhenoneormoreofthefollowingoccurs:thesampleexplodesorcatchesfire,thecellsvent,orthetemperatureoftheinternalcellofcellmodulecasingsurfacereturnstoambientorsteadystateconditionshavebeenachievedand7hourshaveelapsed.8.4Duringthetest,samplessuppliedwithprotectivedevicesshallbesubjectedtoasinglecomponentfaultusinganysinglefaultcondition,whichismostpossibletooccurinthechargingcircuitthatmayaffectthetesting.Passiveprotectivedevicesdeterminedtobereliable(see3.2)mayremaininthecircuit.8Overchargetest過充93電動車充電系統(tǒng)與動力電池安全規(guī)范現(xiàn)況9.2Thesampleisobeshort-circuitedbyconnectingthepositiveandnegativeterminalsofthesamplewithacircuitloadhavingatotalresistancelessthanorequalto5milliohms.9.3Thesampleistobedischargeduntilafireorexplosionhasoccurredoruntilthesampleiscompletelydischarged(i.e.dischargeduntilnearzerostateo