2022-2023年廣東省廣州市大學(xué)英語(yǔ)6級(jí)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)真題一卷(含答案)

2022-2023年廣東省廣州市大學(xué)英語(yǔ)6級(jí)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)真題一卷(含答案)學(xué)校:________班級(jí):________姓名:________考號(hào):________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

Nanotechnologyisthestudyandmanipulationoftheverysmallmatterssuchasatoms,moleculesandviruses.

A.YB.NC.NG

2.

DuringtheWorldWarI,millionsofAmericansoldiersformedthehabitof______.

3.Landcanbepollutedby______fromagriculture.

A.heavymetals

B.pesticidesandnitrate-poorfertilizers

C.slurryfromlivestock

D.rubbish

4.

Menhavedistinctageingsymptomsaswomendo,whichdemandsspecificworkouts.

A.YB.NC.NG

5.

Therearethousandsofspeechvarietiesintheworld.

A.YB.NC.NG

6.

Warner,wantstousetheInternettoreachviewersinsteadofdependingoncablenetworksandlocalTVstations.

A.YB.NC.NG

7.Whenyougotoacompanyforaninterview,thereisnoneedtocarethefeelingsofthereceptionists.

8.

Manytypesoffamilyrelationshipsusedtobeconsideredharmful,andlaterconfirmedtocauseharmtothechildren.

A.YB.NC.NG

9.Bothmother-to-childtransmissionandpartner-to-partnertransmissioncanbepreventedorprotectedeffectivelybydrugsfor______.

10.

TheJobberswilldealwithimmenseflexibilityasprincipalsbecausetheyarebuyingandsellingshares______.

11.

Withaviewtoimprovinghybridperformance,youcanusecompositematerialstoreduceweight.

A.YB.NC.NG

12.

Thesolution,suggestedbyGreenberg,totheproblemofthecouplementionedattheverybeginningofthisarticleisto______.

13.

Itisnecessaryforustoknowhealthyweightisnot______.

14.

ThelargestnumberofrainforestsintheworldarelocatedontheAfricancontinent.

A.YB.NC.NG

15.

ThechairmanofVodafoneJohnBondthinksthat______.

A.internationalmoney-transferserviceacquiressuccessintheglobe

B.Africanrurallifecouldbeimprovedduetothecommunicationtechnologyofmobiles

C.manypeopleindevelopingcountriespaybyphonesloadedwithcredit

D.theprofitsofbankshavelittletodowithsmallpayments

16.

Peopleconsumemoreandmorecaloriestomakeusfeelthatwearefullatmealsthatarerichin______.

17.

Newtonwasneveragoodstudentandhadneverfinishedhisuniversitystudies.

A.YB.NC.NG

18.America'sBrainDrainCrisis

LosingtheGlobalEdge

WilliamKunzisaself-describedcomputergeek.Amoreaptdescriptionmightbecomputergenius.Whenhewasjust11,Kunzstartedwritingsoftwareprograms,andby14hehadcreatedhisownvideogame.AsahighschoolsophomoreinHouston,Texas,hewonfirstprizeinalocalsciencefairforadataencryption(編密碼)programhewrote.Inhissenioryear,hetooktopprizeinaninternationalscienceandengineeringfairfordesigningaprogramtoanalyzeandsortDNApatterns.

KunzwentontoattendCarnegieMellon,amongthenation'shighest-rankeduniversitiesincomputerscience.AftercollegehelandedajobwithOracleinSiliconValley,writingsoftwareusedbycompaniesaroundtheworld.

Kurtzlookedsettobecomeastarinhisfield.Thenhegaveitallup.

Today,threeyearslater,KurtzisinhisfirstyearatHarvardBusinessSchool.Heleftsoftwareengineeringpartlybecausehisearningpotentialpalednexttofriendswhoweregoingintolaworbusiness.Healsoworriedaboutjobsecurity,especiallyasmorecompaniesmovetheirprogrammingoverseastolowercosts."Everytimeyou'reaskedtotrainsomeoneinIndia,youthink,'AmItrainingmyreplacement?'"Ktnzsays.

Thingsareturningoutverydifferentlyforanotherstandoutinengineering,Qing-ShanJia.AstudentatTsinghuaUniversityinBeijing,Jiashinesevenamonghisgiftedcohorts(一群人)ataschoolsometimescalled"theMITofChina".HeconsideredapplyingtoHarvardforhisPhD,butdecideditwasn'tworthit.

Hisuniversityisinvestingheavilyincutting-edgeresearchfacilities,andattractsanimpressiverosterofinternationalprofessors."Icangetaworld-classeducationhereandstudywithworld-classscholars,"Jiasays.

Thesetwosnapshots(快照)illustratepartofadeeplydisturbingpicture.Inthedisciplinesunderpinningthehigh-techeconomy-math,scienceandengineering-Americaissteadilylosingitsglobaledge.Thedepthandbreadthoftheproblemisclear:

-SeveralofAmerica'skeyagenciesforscientificresearchanddevelopmentwillfacearetirementcrisiswithinthenexttenyears.

-Lessthan6%ofAmerica'shighschoolseniorsplantopursueengineeringdegrees,down36%fromadecadeago.

-In2000,56%ofChina'sundergraduatedegreeswereinthehardsciences;intheUnitedStates,thefigurewas17%.

-ChinawilllikelyproducesixtimesthenumberofengineersnextyearthanAmericawillgraduate,accordingtoMikeGibbonsoftheAmericanSocietyforEngineeringEducation.Japan,withhalfAmerica'spopulation,hasminted(鑄造)twiceasmanyinrecentyears.

"MostAmericansareunawareofhowmuchsciencedoesforthiscountryandwhatwestandtoloseifwecan'tkeepup,"saysShirleyAnnJackson,presidentofRensselaerPolytechnicInstituteandchairoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.DavidBaltimore,presidentoftheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyandaNobellaureate,putsitbluntly:"Wecan'thopetokeepintactourstandardofliving,ournationalsecurity,ourwayoflife,ifAmericansaren'tcompetitiveinscience."

TheCrisisAmericansCreated

InJanuary2001,theHart-RudmanCommission,taskedwithfindingsolutionstoAmerica'smajornationalsecuritythreats,concludedthatthefailuresofAmerica'smathandscienceeducationandAmerica'ssystemofresearch"poseagreaterthreat...thananypotentialconventionalwar."

Therootsofthisfailurelieinprimaryandsecondaryeducation.Thenationthatproducedmostofthegreattechnologicaladvancesofthelastcenturynowscorespoorlyininternationalsciencetesting.A2003surveyofmathandscienceliteracyrankedAmerican15-year-oldsagainstkidsfrom

A.YB.NC.NG

19.

IfpeoplewanttospendtheirholidaysclimbingthemountainsandtakingawalkinWales,theyshouldgoto______.

20.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

CharacteristicsofaGoodSpeaker

Inspeaking,asinmosthumanactivities,successdependsuponacombinationoffactors.Agoodspeaker,accordingtomostauthoritiesbothancientandmodern,musthaveintegrity,knowledge,self-confidence,andskill.

Integrity

SomenineteenhundredyearsagotheRomanteacherQuintilianinsistedthatagoodspeakermustfirstofallbeagoodman.Listeners,Quintilianmaintained,cannotseparatewhatissaidfromthepersonwhosaysit:theyareinfluencedbytheirimpressionofthespeakeraswellasbytheargumentshepresents.

Ifapersonishabituallyunreliable,speechtrainingmaygivehimskills,butitcannotmakehimeffective.Hisactionswillcontradicthiswords:hecannotconvincinglyurgehonestyingovernmentifhehimselfcheatsinschoolorbusiness;hisappealforanopenmindinotherswillgounheededifhehimselfisbigoted(偏執(zhí)的).Evenaspeaker'schoiceofwordsandargumentsbetrayshischaracter,forhemayhabituallyappeartododgeissuesratherthanfacethemortosaywhatispopularratherthansaywhatistrueorjust.Aspeakerofpoorcharactermaysucceedforatime,butinthelongrunhewillbefoundoutandhisappealswillbediscounted.

Knowledge

Acquiringtheknowledgenecessarytobecomeagoodspeakerisalifelongandcumulative(累積的)task.Throughthoughtfulreading,listening,andobserving,youcangainincreasedintellectualdepthandmaturity.Whilethefirstspeechesyoudelivermaybeonrelativelysimplesubjectsandmaybebasedinpartonpersonalexperiences,theyshouldpresentworthwhileideasandconsideredconvictions.Soonyouwillwanttoreachoutbeyondimmediateandfamiliartopics--tolearnandtospeakaboutsubjectsinnewfields.Themoreyoulearnaboutmanysubjects,themoreeffectiveyourspeakingwillbecome.Moreover,whatyousayonanyparticulartopicwillreflecttheknowledgeandunderstandingoftheeducatedperson.

Confidence

Aself-confidentspeakerhasanerectbutcomfortableposture;natural,easygestures;directeyecontactwithhisaudience;andearnestnessandenergyinhisvoice.Moreover,headaptshisinformationandargumentstotheattitudesofhislisteners.

Manyfactorshelpdeterminetheamountofnervousnessaspeakermayfeel--includingtheamountofsleephehadthenightbeforehisspeech,Buttheexperienceofmanygenerationsofspeakershasshownthat,inadditiontopreparingcarefully,youcandomuchtoincreaseyourpoiseandself-controlbyfollowingthreesimplerules:

1.Speakasoftenasyoucan.Thefirsttimeapersondrivesacarorfliesanairplanealone,heislikelytobetenseandunsureofhimself,butwitheachadditionalexperiencehisconfidencegrows.Inthesameway,eachsuccessfulspeechyoumakewillstrengthenyourself-assurance.Welcomeeveryopportunitytospeak,bothinyourclassesandtogroupsinthecommunity.Selectsubjectsthatyouknowagooddealaboutandthatyouaredeeplyinterestedin.Prepareyourtalkscarefully.Youwillfindthatafteratimespeakingbecomesapleasantratherthanapainfulexperience.

2.Rememberthatsomenervoustensionisbothnaturalandgoodforyou.Eveninthedeepestsleepourmusclesarenevercompletelyrelaxed.Whenweareawakeour"muscletension"ishigher,anditincreasesstillmorewhenthemindorbodyiscalleduponfor

A.Tobeimpressive.

B.Tobearguable.

C.Tobeakindperson.

D.Tobeateacher.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.(13)

A.Asnowstorm.

B.Anearthquake.

C.Atrafficaccident.

D.Ahurricane.

22.

【B5】

23.(34)

A.Shortandunchanging.

B.Pleasantandmelodious.

C.Melodiousandcomplicated.

D.Pleasantandchanging.

24.(22)

A.Sheffield.B.Hawaii.C.WalesorScotland.D.Florida.

25.

【B6】

26.聽力原文：W:Thismachinehassomanybuttons．Ican'tfigureoutwhichonemakesitrun．

M:You'dbetterreadtheinstructionsfirstPressingthebuttonsatrandommaycausethemachinetobreakdown．

Q:Whatwouldthewomanmostprobablydofirst?

(14)

A.Readtheoperationalmanual.

B.Trythebuttonsonebyone.

C.Makethemachinerunslowly.

D.Askherinstructorforadvice.

27.(36)

A.FromLandAnimaltoKingoftheSea

B.TheFoodoftheWhale

C.TheWhale'sAncientAncestor

D.HowWhalesCatchFood

28.(28)

A.Itisawell-kepttradition.

B.Ittendstobesuperficialandartificial.

C.Itiscloselyrelatedtosomeorganizations.

D.Itisusuallyunderstoodproperlybyvisitors.

29.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：Facialexpressionscarrymeaningthatisdeterminedbysituationsandrelationships.Forinstance,inAmericanculture,thesmileistypicallyanexpressionofpleasure.Yetitalsohasotherfunctions.Asmilemayshowaffection,conveypoliteness,ordisguisetruefeelings.Itisalsoasourceofconfusionacrosscultures.Forexample,manypeopleinRussiaconsidersmilingatstrangersinpublictobeunusualandevensuspiciousbehavior.YetmanyAmericanssmilefreelyatstrangersinpublicplaces.SomeRussiansbelievethatAmericanssmileinthewrongplace;someAmericansbelievethatRussiansdon'tsmileenough.InSoutheastAsiancultures,asmileisfrequentlyusedtocoveremotionalpainorembarrassment.

Ourfacesrevealemotionsandattitudes,but.weshouldnotattemptto"mad"peoplefromanothercultureaswewould"read"someonefromourownculture.Thedegreeoffacialexpressivenessoneexhibitsvariesamongindividualsandcultures.Thefactthatmembersofoneculturedonotexpresstheiremotionsasopenlyasdomembersofanotherdoesnotmeanthattheydonotexperienceemotions.Rather,thereareculturalrestraintsontheamountofnon-verbalexpressivenesspermitted.

Ifwejudgepeoplewhosewaysofshowingemotionsaredifferentaccordingtoourownculturalnorms,wemaymakethemistakeof"reading"theotherpersonincorrectly.

(27)

A.Themeaningoffacialexpressionsdependsonsituations.

B.Facialexpressionscancausemisunderstandingacrossculture.

C.Peoplefromoneculturemaylackfacialexpressionsbecausetheyexperiencelessemotion.

D.Facialexpressionsmaydisguisetruefeelings.

30.

【B10】

31.(29)

A.We'llhavenoneedtofindajob.

B.We'lltalkandplaygameswithnoonebutthetools.

C.We'llfeelboredinoursparetime.

D.We'llenjoymoreoflifewithmachinesdoingeverythingforus.

32.【B7】

33.(18)

A.Readingonthecampuslawn.

B.Depositingmoneyinthebank.

C.Applyingforfinancialaid.

D.Reviewingastudent'sapplication

34.聽力原文：M:What'sthelaughterandmusic?Itsoundslikeyouarehavingawonderfulnight.

W:It'sJohn.Hehasguestsover,playingthepianoandhavingalotoffun.

Q:Whatarethemanandwomantalkingabout?

(18)

A.Theyarehavingaparty.

B.They.areplayingthepiano.

C.Someoneelseishavingaparty.

D.Someoneelseisfunny.

35.(24)

A.Somethingyoudon'tunderstand.

B.Somethingold.

C.Somethingmysterious.

D.TheEgyptianlanguage.

36.聽力原文：Why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?(26)Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.(27)Weowealottothebirdsandbeastswhicheatinsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders.Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsecteaters,(26)spidersneverdotheharmtousorourbelongings.

Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem.Onecantellthedifferencealmostataglance,(28)foraspideralwayshaseightlegsandinsectnevermorethansix.

Howmanyspidersareengagedinthisworkinourbehalf?OneauthorityonspidersmadeacensusofthespidersingrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,andheestimatedthatthereweremorethan2250000inoneacre;thatissomethinglike6000000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch.(29)Spidersarebusyforatleasthalftheyearinkillinginsects.Itisimpossibletomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontentwithonlythreemealsaday.IthasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.

(33)

A.Becausetheyarebeneficialinsects.

B.Becausetheydestroyinsectswithouthurtingusinanyway.

C.Becausetheyprotectinsect-eatinganimals.

D.Becausetheyincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.

37.聽力原文：Theexistenceofblackholehadlongbeenpredictedbytheorybutneverconfirmed.

Ablackholeisanextremelymysteriousobject.Ithasagravitywhichissointensethatnothing,notevenlight,canescapefromit.Itcanchangespaceandtimeinbasicways.

ApowerfulX-raystreamdrewtheattentionofscientiststotheevent.Itislocatednearthecenterofagalaxywhichisabout700millionlight-yearsfromEarth.Accordingtotheinternationalteamofscientists,gasesfromthestarhavebeenheatedtoatemperatureofmultimillion-degreewhentheyweredrawntowardtheblackhole.Thusastrongwindisproduced.

Scientistssaidastaraboutthesizeofoursunwascomingclosetotheblackhole.Thebiggravityoftheblackholepulledthestartothepointofbreaking.Itisestimatedtohaveagravity100milliontimesthatofoursun.

TheeffectissimilartothedraggingforcethemoonhasontheEarth'soceans,butismuchmoreviolent.Theblackholehasobservedtohaveeatenupabout1percentofthestar.Itseemsthatthisunluckystarhasjustenteredthewrongneighborhood.

ScientistshaveseenothersimilarX-raystreamsbefore,butneverwereabletolocatethematthecenterofagalaxy,whereblackholesmayexist.ThenewobservationsalsofoundthatablackholeisalwayssurroundedbyX-rays.

(33)

A.Ithasanintensegravity.

B.Itcanchangespaceandtimeinbasicways.

C.Nothingcanescapefromit.

D.Ithasbeenpredictedbytheorybutneverconfirmed.

38.聽力原文：Peopleenjoytakingtrips.Butwhatarethereasonstheyleavehome?Onereasonisforeducation.Peopletravelbecausetheywanttobroadentheirhorizons,tolearnaboutotherpeopleandotherplaces.They'recuriousaboutothercultures.Whenpeoplearetourists,theygetaquicklookatdifferentwaysofliving.Evenashortlookatanotherkindoflifestyle.isanimportantlesson.

Onatrip,apersoncanlearndirectlybyvisitingmuseumsandhistoricspots.Whatdoesatouristlearnwhoseestheartmuseums,visitsthehistoricpalacesandotherscenicspotsinParisshopsalongtheriverSeine?Hegetsavividpicture,areallifeoneoftheFrenchpeople.Helearnsabouttheirattitudes,howtheyfeelaboutbusiness,beautyandhistory.

WhataboutthetouristwhogoestoHongKong?Doeshegetthesameinformationthathecouldgetfromabook?HemightreadthatHongKongiscrowded,thatthere'slessthan200squaremetersofspaceforeachperson,butseeingandfeelingthelackofspacewillimpresshimmuchmore.Hemightreadthatthere'venearly200vehiclesforeverykilometerofroadway,butthesightofsomanyvehiclesparkedalongtheroadsidewillbeamuchmorevividlesson.ThetouristtoHongKongwillneverforgetthecontrasts.thestraightverticallinesofthetallmodernbuildingsandthemovinglinesofboatsthatpeoplelivein.

(32)

A.Tolookforadifferentlifestyle.

B.Toenjoythemselves.

C.Foradventure.

D.Foreducation.

39.【B8】

40.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

Theoriginsofbottledwatercanbe【B1】______backtotheearliest【B2】______.Wellawareofwater'shealthfacts,theRomanssearchedforanddevelopedsourcesastheysetabout【B3】______theirempire.

Thespamovementthatbeganto【B4】______inEuropeintheeighteenthcenturyhaditsoriginsinbathsdatingfromRomantimes.Scienceand【B5】______toutednaturalmineralwater's【B6】______effectsforbathing,showeringanddrinking.Forexample,asearlyas1760,peoplecametoContrexevilleinFranceforacureto【B7】______kidneystones.Thespatraditionwasalsodevelopinginmanyothercountries,includingItalyandtheAmericas.

ColdspawaterswerebottledforthefirsttimeinFranceinthe1850s.ThelegalpermittobottleVittelGrandeSourcenaturalmineralwaterwas【B8】______asearlyas1855.

【B9】______.In1845,PolandSpringwaterwasbottledforsaleinthreegallondemi-johns.InSouthAmerica,SaoLourencobottledwaterappearedinBrazilin1890.【B10】______thehautebourgeoisie,captainsofindustry,politicians,royalty,andsoon.Itwasbottledinglassorstoneware,withporcelainorcorkstoppers.Bythemid-nineteenthcentury,however,【B11】______.Bottlingmethodschangedasconsumptionspread,andbythemid-twentiethcentury,globalproductionhadclimbedtoseveralhundredmillionbottles.

【B1】

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.AsforNietzsche'sopinionofthoughtandwalk,theauthorholdsthat______.

A.itwillarouseabitsuspicion

B.itisreasonabletoacceptit

C.itderivesfromHenryThoreau'sidea

D.itonlyworksforchallengingwork

42.

Thepassagemainlyanswerswhichofthefollowingquestions?

A.Aremusicalabilityandmathematicalabilityconnected?

B.WhyhaveblacksbeengreatlyoverrepresentedinthedevelopmentofAmericanpopularmusic?

C.Whatkindsofmusicrequireformaltraining?

D.Whatarethecontributionsmadebyblackmusicians?

43.

Inwhichwaysishomeserviceindustrygoodforoursociety?

A.Itmeetstheneedsofmodernlife.

B.Itprovidesworkopportunitiesforthelaid-offworkers.

C.Itisanewindustry.

D.BothAandB

44.(54)

45.ToCordiaHarrington,themajorbenefitoftheexperienceinMcDonald'sbuncommitteewas______.

46.

Howistelevisionsaidtodistortlifeinreportingwarfareandconflicts?

A.TVteachesthatalllifestylesandvaluesareequal.

B.Peoplearepreoccupiedwithfantasticideasaboutwars.

C.Onthetelevisionscreen,peopleseeadirty,bloodymess.

D.Televisionpresentsimagesofhumancarnageinaform.ofentertainmentprogram.

47.

TheFrenchgeophysicists'studyisdifferentfromcurrentlyprevailingtheoriesin______.

A.itsidentificationoftheoriginoftheearth'smagneticfield

B.thewaytheearth'smagneticintensityismeasured

C.itsexplanationoftheshiftintheearth'spolarity

D.thewaytheearth'sfluctuationrhythmisdefined

48.Thefirstparagraphisintendedto______.

A.suggestthatself-medicationhasalonghistory

B.definewhatdiagnosismeansexactly

C.praisedoctorsfortheirexpertise

D.tellthesymptomsfromthecauses

49.

AccordingtoFriesandCrapo,whatshouldsoundhealthchoicebebasedon?

50.

Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A.Thedevelopmentoftransportation.

B.Thechangeofurbanlife.

C.Supplyanddemanddetermineslanduse.

D.Theeffectofmasstransportationonurbanexpansion.

51.

WhatgoalistheChineseleadershiptryingtoreachforfearthatthenation'seconomygoesdirectlyfromaperiodofexpansiontoarecessionaccordingtothispassage?

52.OneoftheproblemsthattheWestfacesnowis______.

A.impossibleeconomicrecovery

B.debt-draggedgovernments

C.fiscalbreakdown

D.extremelyhighinflation

53.

【C4】

54.

AccordingtoErikBrynjolfsson,thegreatcashdiscrepancyintechnologyindustrywillultimatelyleadto______.

55.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Shoulddoctorseverlietobenefittheirpatients–tospeedrecoveryortoconcealtheapproachofdeath?Inmedicineasinlaw,government,andotherlinesofwork,therequirementsofhonestyoftenseemdwarfedbygreaterneeds:theneedshelterfrombrutalnewsortoupholdapromiseofsecrecy;toexposecorruptionortopromotethepublicinterest.

Whatshoulddoctorssay,forexample,toa46-year-oldmancomingforaroutinephysicalcheckupjustbeforegoingonvacationwithhisfamilywho,thoughhefeelsinperfecthealth,isfoundtohaveaform.ofcancerthatwillcausehimtodiewithinsixmonths?Isitbesttotellhimthetruth?Ifheasks,shouldthedoctorsdenythatheisill,orminimizethegravityoftheprognosis?Shouldtheyatleastconcealthetruthuntilafterthefamilyvacation?

Doctorsconfrontsuchchoicesoftenandurgently.Attimes,theyseeimportantreasonstolieforthepatient'sownsake;intheireyes,suchliesdiffersharplyfromself-servingones.

Studiesshowthatmostdoctorssincerelybelievethattheseriouslyilldonotwanttoknowthetruthabouttheircondition,andthatinformingthemrisksdestroyingtheirhope,sothattheymayrecovermoreslowly,ordeterioratefaster,perhapsevencommitsuicide.Asonephysicianwrote:"Oursisaprofessionwhichtraditionallyhasbeenguidedbyapreceptthattranscendsthevirtueofutteringthetruthfortroth'ssake,andthatis'asfaraspossibledonoharm'."

Armedwithsuchaprecept,anumberofdoctorsmayslipintodeceptivepracticesthattheyassumewill"donoharm"andmaywellhelptheirpatients.Theymayprescribeinnumerableplacebos,soundmoreencouragingthanthefactswarrant,anddistortgravenews,especiallytotheincurablyiiiandthedying.

Buttheillusorynatureofthebenefitssuchdeceptionismeanttobestowisnowcomingtobedocumented.Studiesshowthat,contrarytothebeliefofmanyphysicians,anoverwhelmingmajorityofpatientsdowanttobetoldthetruth,evenaboutgraveillness,andfeelbetrayedwhentheylearnthattheyhavebeenmisled.Wearealsolearningthattruthfulinformation,humanelyconveyed,helpspatientscopewithillness:helpsthemtoleratepainbetter,needlessmedication,andevenrecoverfasteraftersurgery.

Notonlydoliesnotprovidethe"help"hopedforbyadvocatesofbenevolentdeception:theyinvadetheautonomyofpatientsandmakethemunabletodecideoninformedchoicesconcerningtheirhealth.

Thefollowingaregreaterneedsthanhonesty,exceptfor______.

A.theneedtoshelterfrombrutalnewsofseriousillness

B.theneedtoupholdapromiseofsecrecy

C.theneedtogoonvacation

D.theneedtopromotepublicinterest

56.

Inthefirstparagraphscientistsexpresstheideathat______.

A.cleanwaterisnolongeravailableforpeopleinEurope

B.therewillalwaysbeenoughwaterforeveryone

C.thewaterproblemwillsoonberesolvedinthetwenty-firstcentury

D.manymorepeoplemaysoon.bewithoutcleanwater

57.Accordingtothetext,AmusingOurselvestoDeathisabook______.

A.tellingpeoplehowamusingitistowatchTV

B.warningpeopletooversteptheinstructionsintheBible

C.showingthereisadirectlinkbetweenTV-watchinganddeath

D.criticizingtelevisionforeatingoutourlives

58.

Inthispassage,whatdoestheauthormentionasanexampleofthepossiblemisuseofscientificknowledgewithseriousconsequences?

59.

Theselectionisprimarilyconcernedwith______.

A.wildlifeofallkindsreturningtolargecitiestolive

B.falconsinNewYork,Baltimore,Philadelphia,andNorfolk

C.moosestumblingintoplate-glassstorefronts