歐洲文化入門(九)

歐洲文化入門(九)第一頁，共41頁。ContentsGeneralIntroductionRealisminFranceRealisminRussiaRealisminNorthernEuropeRealisminEnglandRealismintheUnitedStatesArtMusicattheTurnoftheCentury第二頁，共41頁。DefinitionWhatisRealism?InartandliteraturethetermrealismisusedtoidentifyaliterarymovementinEuropeandtheunitedStatesintheLasthalfofthe19thcenturyandtheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.Therealistswantedatruthfulrepresentationintheirworksofcontemporarylifeandmanners.第三頁，共41頁。BackgroundTheHistoricalBackgroundTherealistmovementwasgreatlyinfluencedbythedevelopmentofscienceinthe19thcentury.Theageofrealismwastheageofrailway,wirelesstelegraphyandcountlessothermechanicalinventionsthatrevolutionizedthenatureofsocietywithinaveryshortspanoftime.第四頁，共41頁。

RealisminFranceStendhal(pennameofMarieHenriBeyle,1783-1842)司湯達(dá)Works:ArmanceLeRoughetleNoir(TheRedandtheBlack)紅與黑,laChartreusedeParme(TheCharterhouseofParma)巴馬修道院第五頁，共41頁。HonoredeBalzac巴爾扎克(1799-1850)Balzachasbeencalled“theFrenchDickens”.Works:LaComedieHumaine(theHumanComedy)人間喜劇,EugenieGrandet歐也妮·葛朗臺,LePereGoriot高老頭

LaCousineBette貝蒂表妹第六頁，共41頁。GustaveFlaubert福樓拜(1821-1880)Flaubertisoneofthegreatliteraryartistofthe19thcentury.Work:MadameBovery包法利夫人第七頁，共41頁。EmileZola左拉(1840-1902)Zolawasthefounderofthenaturalistschool.Work:LesRougen-Macquarts羅根.馬塔里

.第八頁，共41頁。GuydeMaupassant莫泊桑(1850-1893)Work:TheNecklace項(xiàng)鏈,ThePieceofString一條繩子TheUmbrella雨傘第九頁，共41頁。RealisminRussia

1.NikolaiGogol果戈里(1809-1852)NikolaiGogolwasthefirstmasteroffictioninRussiatoleaveromanticconventionsandgotolifeforhissubjects.Works:DeadSouls死魂靈第十頁，共41頁。IvanSergeyevichTurgenev屠格涅夫(1818-1883)TurgenevwasthefirstRussionauthortogainrecognitionintheWest.Works:AHunter’sSketches獵人筆記,ANestofGentlefolk貴族之家,FathersandSons父與子第十一頁，共41頁。FyodorDostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基(1821-1881)Works:TheHouseofDeath死屋手記,CrimeandPunishment罪與罰,TheBrotherKaramazov卡拉馬佐夫兄弟第十二頁，共41頁。CountLeoTolstoy列夫·托爾斯泰(1828-1910)WithDostoyevsky,TolstoymadetheRussianrealisticnovelaliterarygenrethatranksinimportancewithclassicalGreektragedyandElizabethandrama.第十三頁，共41頁。AntonPavlovichChekhov契科夫Works:TheSeagull海鷗,UncleVanya萬尼亞舅舅,TheThreeSisters三姊妹,TheCherryOrchard櫻桃園第十四頁，共41頁。RealisminNorthernEurope

HenrikIbsen易卜生(1828-1906)Works:ADoll’sHouse玩偶之家,Ghosts群鬼,AnEnemyofthePeople人民公敵TheWildDuck野鴨andHeddaGabler海達(dá)高布樂第十五頁，共41頁。AugustStrindberg奧古斯特·斯特林堡

(1849-1912)Works:MasterOlaf奧洛夫老師,TheSonofaServant女仆的兒子第十六頁，共41頁。RealisminEngland

CharlesDickens狄更斯(1812-1870)Works:PickwickPapers匹克威克外傳

,ATaleofTwoCities雙城記,OliverTwist霧都孤兒,HardTimes艱難時事BleakHouse荒涼山莊,DavidCopperfield大衛(wèi)科波菲爾第十七頁，共41頁。2.GeorgeEliot喬治·艾略特(pennameofMaryAnnEvans1819-1880)Works:Middlemarch米德爾馬契,TheMillontheFloss

弗洛斯河上的磨坊第十八頁，共41頁。WilliamMakepeaceThackeray薩克雷(1811-1863)Work:VanityFair名利場第十九頁，共41頁。ThomasHardy哈代Works:FarfromtheMaddingCrowd遠(yuǎn)離塵囂,TheReturnoftheNative還鄉(xiāng),TheMayerofCasterbridge卡斯特橋市長,Tessofthed’Urberyvilles德伯家的苔絲JudetheObscure無名的裘德第二十頁，共41頁。GeorgeBernardShaw蕭伯納(1856-1950)ShawwontheNobelPrizein1925.Works:HeartbreakHouse傷心之家,St.Joan圣女貞德,TheAppleCart蘋果車MajorBarbara芭芭拉少校Pygmalion賣花女第二十一頁，共41頁。

RealismintheUnitedStates

HarrietBeecherStowe比徹·斯托夫人(1811-1896)Work:UncleTom’sCabin湯姆叔叔的小屋第二十二頁，共41頁。WaltWhiteman惠特曼(1819-1892)ConsideredbymanytobethegreatestofallAmericanpoets,Whitmancelebratedthefreedomanddignityoftheindividualandsangthepraisesofdemocracyandthebrotherhoodofman.Works:LeavesofGrass草葉集WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom’d當(dāng)丁香花最后在庭院開放的時候.第二十三頁，共41頁。MarkTwain馬克·吐溫(pennameofSamuelLanghorneClemens1835-1910)Works：TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCaravrasCountry卡拉維拉斯郡著名的跳蛙TheAdventuresofHckberryFinn哈克貝利分歷險記,TheGildedAge鍍金時代,TheAdventuresofTomSawyer湯姆索菲亞歷險記,ThePrinceandthePauper王子與窮人第二十四頁，共41頁。HenryJames亨利·詹姆斯(1843-1916)Works:ThePortraitofLady貴婦畫像,ThePassionatePilgrimandOtherStories,DaisyMiller黛西米勒,TheGoldenBowl金碗第二十五頁，共41頁。Art

RealisminArtGustaveCourbet居斯塔夫·庫爾貝

(1819-1877)works:TheStonebreakers,BurialatOrnans第二十六頁，共41頁。b.Jean-FrancoisMillet讓·弗朗索瓦·米勒(1814-1875)Hisworksgenerallydepictoneortwopeasantfiguresquietlyengagedinearthlyordomestictoil.Works:TheSower,Gleaners第二十七頁，共41頁。ImpressionisminArtGenerallyspeaking,theimpressionistsaimedatcapturingthefleetingimageofascenetakeninbytheeyeinreallifeandrecreatingthetransitoryexperiencewithbrushstrokeswhichareeventuallytransformedintoawebofinfinitelyvaried,tinyunitsthatdissolvesoliedobjectsintoadense,coloredatmosphere.第二十八頁，共41頁。a.EdouardManet愛杜爾·馬奈(1832-1883)Manetwasregardedastheleaderoftheimpressionistmovement.Works:leDejeunersurL’herbe,FoliersBergers第二十九頁，共41頁。b.ClaudeMonet克勞德·莫奈(1840-1926)第三十頁，共41頁。c.CamillePissarro卡米耶·畢沙羅(1830-1903)Work:ThePlaceduTheatreFrancais第三十一頁，共41頁。d.PierreAgusteRenoir皮埃爾-奧古斯特·雷諾阿Work:MoulindelaGalette第三十二頁，共41頁。e.HilaireGermainEdgarDegas埃德加·德加(1834-1917)Works:CaféConcert,TheGlassofAbsinthe,Ballerinaonthestage第三十三頁，共41頁。Post-Impressionism

a.PaulCezanne保羅·塞尚(1839-1906)Cezannecreatedanewworldofformsoutofnaturalobjects,evendistortingappearanceandreducingobjectstogeometricalpatternsinordertomakeacoherentwholeinhispictures.Works:TheBoyinRedVest,ruitBowl,GlassandApples第三十四頁，共41頁。b.VincentvanGogh梵高(1853-1890)HeisaDutchimpressionistpainter,whostressestheexpressionofhissubjectiveemotioninhispaintings.Works:StarryNight,Sunflower,TheNightCafé第三十五頁，共41頁。c.PaulGauguin保羅高更(1848-1903)Works:LaOranaMaria,

VisionaftertheSermon第三十六頁，共41頁。Sculpture

Works:TheManwiththeBrokeNose,TheThinker第三十七頁，共41頁。Architecture

Forthenineteenth–centuryarchitectcomesgraduallytoabandonsentimentalandromanticadesignsfromthehistoricalpastintheinterestofanhone