積極心理學premises的學習材料

積極心理學premises的學習材料第1頁/共45頁ThePremisesBridgebuildingVs.DivisionandseparationChangeispossibleVs.ChangeisillusiveInternalfactorsprimarilydeterminehappinessVs.HappinessisprimarilyafunctionofexternalcircumstancesHumannaturemustbeobeyedVs.HumannaturemustbeperfectedHappinessisandoughttobetheultimateendVs.Happinessshouldbeasecondarypursuit第2頁/共45頁PREMISE1:

Bridgebuilding

VS.

Divisionandseparation第3頁/共45頁BridgingIvoryTowerandMainStreet“Thecarefulshieldingofauniversityfromtheactivitiesoftheworldaroundusisthebestwaytochillinterestandtodefeatprogress.Celibacydoesnotsuitauniversity.Itmustmateitselfwithaction.” AlfredNorthWhitehead第4頁/共45頁TheNeedforPracticalIdealistsThedesiretomakeadifferenceFalsestereotypesGenerousHarvardiansGenerousAmericansInfluentialpositionsGoodwillandidealismnecessarybutnotsufficient第5頁/共45頁PsychologyCanHelpAppliedresearchintheclassroomforincreasingself-esteembridgingmindandbodyinconflictresolutionTakingresearchseriouslyTakingresponsibility!第6頁/共45頁PREMISE2:

Changeispossible

VS.

Changeisillusive第7頁/共45頁“Itmaybethattryingtobehappierisasfutileastryingtobetallerandisthereforecounterproductive.”

LykkenandTellegan(1996)MinnesotaTwinStudies第8頁/共45頁ChangeisPossibleCounterevidence:PeopledochangeErroroftheaverageExceptionprovestheruleDetrimentalresearchStudyingthebest第9頁/共45頁Growing-TipStatistics“Whatthiskindofresearchdesignmeansisachangeinourconceptionofstatistics,andespeciallyofsamplingtheory.WhatIamfranklyespousinghereiswhatIhavebeencalling‘growing-tipstatistics,'takingmytitlefromthefactthatitisatthegrowingtipofaplantthatthegreatestgeneticactiontakesplace...” AbrahamMaslow第10頁/共45頁“Ifwewanttoknowhowfastahumanbeingcanrun,thenitisnousetoaverageoutthespeedofa‘goodsample’ofthepopulation;itisfarbettertocollectOlympicgoldmedalwinnersandseehowwelltheycando.Ifwewanttoknowthepossibilitiesforspiritualgrowth,valuegrowth,ormoraldevelopmentinhumanbeings,thenImaintainthatwecanlearnmostbystudyingourmostmoral,ethical,orsaintlypeople.OnthewholeIthinkitisfairtosaythathumanhistoryisarecordofthewaysinwhichhumannaturehasbeensoldshort.Thehighestpossibilitiesofhumannaturehavepracticallyalwaysbeenunderrated....Certainlyitseemsmoreandmoreclearthatwhatwecall‘normal’inpsychologyisreallyapsychopathologyoftheaverage,soundramaticandsowidelyspreadthatwedon’tevennoticeitordinarily.”第11頁/共45頁Growing-TipStatisticsElitist?Doesn’texcludestudyingtheaverageEveryonebenefitsStudyofresilienceStudyofmeditationStudyofrelationshipsStudyofteaching第12頁/共45頁StudyingOurPersonalBestDescribeorprescribe“Fewinnumberthoughtheybe,wecanlearnagreatdealaboutvaluesfromthedirectstudyofthesehighlyevolved,mostmature,psychologicallyhealthiestindividuals,andfromthestudyofthepeakmomentsofaverageindividuals,momentsinwhichtheybecometransientlyself-actualized.” AbrahamMaslow第13頁/共45頁ChangingtheWorld?TheCambridge-SomervilleYouthStudyAfiveyearinterventionTwice-a-monthcaseworkersvisitAcademictutoringPsychiatricattentionBoyScouts,YMCA,etc.第14頁/共45頁MeasuringOutcomeRandomassignment40yearfollowupShockingresultsNodifferenceinjuvenileoffensesNodifferenceinadultoffensesNodifferenceonhealth,mortality,wellbeingSignificantdifferenceonalcoholismandjobstatus…INTHE“WRONG”DIRECTION第15頁/共45頁IsSocietalChangePossible?ExceptionprovestherulePracticalidealistsunite!“WhatIamsuggestingisManhattan-Project-typeattacksuponwhatIconsidertobethetrulyBigProblemofourtime,notonlyforpsychologybutforallhumanbeingswithanysenseofhistoricalurgency...”

AbrahamMaslow第16頁/共45頁ThePowerofOneHumannetworksasexponential“Allhistoryisarecordofthepowerofminorities,andofminoritiesofone.”

RalphWaldoEmerson“Neverdoubtthatasmallgroupofthoughtful,committedcitizenscanchangetheworld.Indeed,itistheonlythingthateverhas.”

MargaretMead第17頁/共45頁第18頁/共45頁第19頁/共45頁ExponentialGrowth第20頁/共45頁Weunderestimateourcapacitytoeffectchangebecauseweunderestimatethegrowthofanexponentialfunction.第21頁/共45頁第22頁/共45頁PREMISE3:

Internalfactorsprimarilydeterminehappiness

VS.

Happinessisprimarilyafunctionofexternalcircumstances第23頁/共45頁SubjectiveWell-BeingResearchAffectiveforecasting(DanGilbert)Happinesslevels(EdDiener)IncomematterslittleNochangeacrossgenerationsPlaceofresidenceirrelevant第24頁/共45頁第25頁/共45頁第26頁/共45頁SubjectiveWell-BeingResearchAffectiveforecasting(DanGilbert)Happinesslevels(EdDiener)IncomematterslittleNochangeacrossgenerationsPlaceofresidenceirrelevantDemocracy/oppressionmatter!第27頁/共45頁Ourreadinessandpotentialtoexperiencehappinessismostlydependentonourstateofmind,notonourstatusorthestateofourbankaccount.IsChangeIllusive?Focusontrans-formation第28頁/共45頁PREMISE4:

Humannaturemustbeobeyed

VS.

Humannaturemustbeperfected第29頁/共45頁第30頁/共45頁Constrained Unconstrained

Vision VisionHumannatureimmutableFlawsinevitableAcceptanceChannelnature_____________________________________________CanbeimprovedPerfectibleSolutionsexistChangenature“Naturetobecommandedmustbeobeyed”

FrancisBacon“Itisforself-perfectioningthatdestinycallsus” BenjaminConstant第31頁/共45頁VisionofPsychologyHumannatureimmutable(constrained)Roleistounderstandnature……andmakebestuseofit第32頁/共45頁ThePermissiontobeHuman第33頁/共45頁第34頁/共45頁UnconditionalAcceptance

(Rogers,1961)RejectingournatureleadstounhappinessParadox:“IronicProcessing”(Wegner,1994)TheGreatDeceptionNotresignationActiveacceptanceTruetoreality第35頁/共45頁“God,grantmetheserenitytoacceptthethingsIcannotchange,thecouragetochangethethingsIcanchange,andthewisdomtoknowthedifference.”

ReinholdNiebuhr第36頁/共45頁PREMISE5:

Happinessisandoughttobeourultimateend

VS.

Happinessshouldbeasecondarypursuit第37頁/共45頁HappinessastheHighestEnd“Happinessisthemeaningandpurposeoflife,thewholeaimandendofhumanexistence.”

Aristotle“Whetheronebelievesinreligionornot,whetheronebelievesinthisreligionorthatreligion,theverypurposeofourlifeishappiness,theverymotionofourlifeistowardshappiness.”

DalaiLama“Ifweweretoaskthequestion:‘Whatishumanlife'schiefconcern?’oneoftheanswersweshouldreceivewouldbe:‘Itishappiness.’Howtogain,howtokeep,howtorecoverhappiness,isinfactformostmenatalltimesthesecretmotiveofalltheydo,andofalltheyarewillingtoendure.”

WilliamJames第38頁/共45頁What’sGoodAboutPositiveEmotions?ItfeelsgoodtofeelgoodBroadenandbuild(Fredrickson,2002)“Weshouldworktocultivatepositiveemotionsinourselvesandinthosearoundusnotjustasendstatesinthemselves,butalsoasameanstoachievingpsychologicalgrowthandimprovedpsychologicalandphysicalhealthovertime...Icallthisthebroaden-and-buildtheoryofpositiveemotionsbecausepositiveemotionsappeartobroadenpeople’smomentarythought-actionrepertoiresandbuildtheirenduringpersonalresources...Throughexperiencesofpositiveemotionspeopletransformthemselves,becomingmorecreative,knowledgeable,resilient,sociallyintegrated,andhealthyindividuals.”第39頁/共45頁What’sGoodAboutPositiveEmotions?ItfeelsgoodtofeelgoodBroadenandbuild(Fredrickson,2002)OvercomingnegativeemotionsIncreasedcreativityIncreasedmotivationandenergySuccessPhysicalhealth第40頁/共45頁Butwhataboutothers?BetterrelationshipsHelpingOurselvesHelpingOthers(Isen,2002)HelpingOthersHelpingOurselves(Lyubomirsky2006)“Thousandsofcandlescanbelightedfromasinglecandle,andthelifeofthecandlewillnotbeshortened.Happinessneverdecreasesbybeingshared.”

BuddhaHappinessisapositivesumgame第41頁/共45頁SpreadingHappiness“Bethechangeyouwanttoseeintheworld.”

Gandhi第42頁/共45頁ThePremisesBridgebuildingVs.DivisionandseparationChangeispossibleVs.ChangeisillusiveInternalfactorsprimarilydeterminehappinessVs.HappinessisprimarilyafunctionofexternalcircumstancesHumannatu