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幫助中心英文合同解讀:語用、條款及文本范例語用篇(Language

and

Usage)

第一章英文合同概述

General

Introduction

In

view

of

all

this,we

are

making

a

binding

agreement,

putting

it

in

writing,

and

our

leaders,our

Levites

and

our

priests

are

affixing

their

seals

to

it.

(Nehemiah

9:38,

BIBLE

NIV)

因這一切的事,我們立確實的約,寫在冊上。我們的首領(lǐng),利未人,和祭司都簽了名。

(尼西米記9:38,《圣經(jīng)》新國際版)

第一章英文合同概述

Understanding

English

Contracts

英文合同解讀:語用、條款及文本范例

合同,古稱契約(港臺現(xiàn)仍多用此語)。“契”者即證券,證明買賣、抵押、租賃等關(guān)系的文書,如契據(jù)、房契等。古代典籍中常見此語,如《易·系辭》就有“后時圣人易之以書契”?!凹s”者即共同商定的事,共同議定要遵守的條文,如和約、條約等。《三國演義》中就有“昔高祖約法三章,黎民皆感其德”。

西方早在《圣經(jīng)》中就有關(guān)于上帝在西乃山與以色列人立約的記載。諾亞方舟就是借上帝與諾亞的契約而建造的。But

with

thee

will

I

establish

my

covenant;

and

thou

shalt

come

into

the

ark,

thou,

and

thy

sons,

and

thy

wife,

and

thy

sons

wives

with

thee.thee在古英語里表示you

的賓格形式。thou在古英語里表示you的主格形式,相當于漢語中的汝,爾,你。thy則是thou的所有格形式。shalt為古英語用法,相當于現(xiàn)代英語中的shall。

(但我要與你立約,你以及你的兒子、妻子和兒媳,要與你一同進入方舟。)

第一節(jié)合同與協(xié)議(Contract

and

Agreement)

在現(xiàn)代英語合同中,合同一般稱為contract,協(xié)議一般稱為agreement。那么contract和agreement是一回事嗎?它們之間又有什么關(guān)系呢?《中華人民共和國民法通則》第85條規(guī)定:“合同是當事人之間設(shè)立、變更、終止民事關(guān)系的協(xié)議?!保ˋ

contract

shall

be

an

agreement

whereby

the

parties

establish,

change

or

terminate

their

civil

relationship.)《中華人民共和國合同法》第2條規(guī)定:“合同是平等主體的自然人、法人、其他組織之間設(shè)立、變更、終止民事權(quán)利義務關(guān)系的協(xié)議?!保–ontracts

referred

to

in

this

Law

are

agreements

between

equal

natural

persons,

legal

persons

and

other

organizations

for

the

purpose

of

establishing,

altering

and

terminating

mutual

civil

rights

and

obligations.)

《美國法律重述合同法第二次匯編》(Restatement(Second)

of

Contracts,

Section

1)將合同定義為:“A

contract

is

a

promise,

or

a

set

of

promises,

for

breach

of

which

the

law

gives

a

remedy,

or

the

performance

of

which

the

law

in

some

way

recognizes

as

a

duty.”

(合同乃為一個允諾或一組允諾。違反此一允諾時,法律給予救濟;或其允諾之履行,法律在某些情況下視之為一項義務。)這一定義亦為Steven

H.

Gifts

所編著的Law

Dictionary完全引述。但一般而言,contract乃兩個以上當事人間具有法律約束力之協(xié)議,或由一個以上當事人所為一組具有法律約束力之允諾。(A

contract

is

a

legally

binding

agreement

between

two

or

more

parties

or

a

set

of

legal

binding

promises

made

by

one

party

or

more.See

G.

C.

Lindsay,

Contract,

3rd

Ed.

1992)。這一表述在L.B.

Curzon編撰的Dictionary

of

Law中被概括為“A

legally

binding

agreement

creating

enforceable

obligations”。

Chris

Turner在其編撰的Contract

Law中對contract所做的定義更為具體明了。他認為“合同”就是“an

agreement

between

two

parties

by

which

both

are

bound

in

law

and

which

can

therefore

be

enforced

in

a

court

or

other

equivalent

forum”。(對合同方具有法律上約束力,可由法院或其他同等管轄地強制執(zhí)行的協(xié)議。)

在Blacks

Law

Dictionary(8th

Ed.)中對contract

的定義多達8項:

(1)An

agreement

two

or

more

parties

creating

obligations

that

are

enforceable

or

otherwise

recognizable

at

law;

(2)The

writing

that

set

forth

such

an

agreement;

(3)A

promise,

or

a

set

of

promises,

for

breach

of

which

the

law

gives

a

remedy,

or

the

performance

of

which

the

law

in

some

way

recognizes

as

a

duty;(作者注:與《美國法律重述合同法第二次匯編》中“contract”的定義相同。)

(4)Broadly,

any

legal

duty

or

set

of

duties

not

imposed

by

the

law

of

tort;

esp.,

a

duty

created

by

a

decree

or

declaration

of

a

court;

(5)The

body

of

law

dealing

with

agreement

and

exchange;

(6)The

term

of

an

agreement

or

any

particular

term;

(7)Loosely,

a

sale

or

conveyance;

(8)Loosely,

an

enforceable

agreement

between

two

or

more

parties

to

do

or

not

to

do

a

thing

or

a

set

of

things;

a

compact.

至于agreement,L.B.

Curzon的Dictionary

of

Law將其定義為:“A

consensus

of

minds,

or

evidence

of

such

consensus,

in

spoken

or

written

form,

relating

to

anything

done

or

to

be

done.”(是對已做和待做的有關(guān)事宜以口頭或書面形式做出的相同意思表示或該意思表示的證據(jù)。)

Blacks

Law

Dictionary(8th

Ed.)

對agreement下了兩個定義:(1)A

mutual

understanding

between

two

or

more

persons

about

their

relative

duties

and

obligations

regarding

past

or

future

performances;

a

manifestation

of

mutual

assent

by

two

or

more

persons.

(雙方或多方就過去或?qū)淼南嚓P(guān)職責和義務的履行而達成相互的理解;雙方或多方相互達成一致的表現(xiàn)形式。)(2)The

Parties

actual

bargain

as

found

in

their

language

or

by

implication

from

other

circumstances,

including

course

of

dealing,

usage

of

trade

and

course

of

performance.(即當事人通過語言或其他情形暗示而確立的實際約定,包括交易常例、貿(mào)易習慣以及履行慣例。)

Contract(合同)和Agreement(協(xié)議)到底能不能相互替換呢?讓我們來看看英文合同相關(guān)書籍和詞典的說法。

Chris

Turner在其編撰的Contract

Law中將合同的成立表述為三個基本要素,即:(1)Agreement—based

on

mutuality

over

the

terms,

agreement

exists

when

a

valid

acceptance

follows

a

valid

offer;

(協(xié)議:基于要約與承諾形成對條款的相互一致而存在;)(2)Consideration—given

by

both

sides,

the

quid

pro

quo拉丁語,即

What

for

What,

相等的補償或者報酬;交換條件;對價。,

and

the

proof

that

the

bargain

exists;

(約因:雙方付出的對價及對價存在的證據(jù);)(3)Intention

to

create

legal

relations—since

a

contract

is

legally

enforceable,

unlike

mere

gratuitous

promises.(設(shè)立法律關(guān)系的意愿:合同具有法律上的執(zhí)行力,不同于純粹的無償贈與的允諾。)

這里也是用agreement來解釋contract的,認為合同是一種符合一定條件的協(xié)議。

在英語法律用語中雖然多用agreement來解釋contract,其實也有偶用contract解釋agreement的情形,如:Agreement...

(2)

A

contract

(The

Law

Dictionary)。我們甚至可以找到agreement和contract在同一句中交替使用的實例。如:If

the

contract

contains

an

innocent

mistake,

you

can

get

out

of

the

agreement

if

the

mistake

is

important.What

Should

I

Know

About

Contracts,

The

State

Bar

of

California,

2nd

Ed.

1984.

Blacks

Law

Dictionary(8th

Ed.)對agreement和contract

的關(guān)系做出了精辟的闡述,指出“每一份合同均是一份協(xié)議,但是并非每一份協(xié)議均構(gòu)成一份合同”。(Every

contract

is

an

agreement,

but

not

every

agreement

is

a

contract.)該辭典進一步指出:“協(xié)議一詞,就口語意義而言,包括意在影響兩人或者多人間相互關(guān)系而作出的任何安排,無論該等關(guān)系是法律關(guān)系還是其他關(guān)系?!保跧n

its

colloquial

sense,

the

term

“agreement”

would

include

any

arrangement

between

two

or

more

persons

intended

to

affect

their

relations

(whether

legal

or

otherwise)

to

each

other.]

綜上所述,我們不難看出,漢語的法律用語僅用agreement解釋contract,而英語的法律用語往往不很嚴格,多用agreement解釋contract,

但也有用contract解釋agreement的情形,

雖說大多情況contract與agreement有所區(qū)別,有時候兩者還可以作為同義詞互換使用??梢哉fcontract都是協(xié)議,但協(xié)議不一定就是contract。但就廣義的協(xié)議和合同來講,還是有區(qū)別的:

1從成立的宗旨上看,協(xié)議十分寬泛,不囿于為了當事人間形成法律或其他關(guān)系,即便是為影響當事人的義務也未必形成嚴格意義上的合同關(guān)系,如不動產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓或動產(chǎn)贈與。

2從內(nèi)容、條款上看,合同較為具體、詳盡,著眼于微觀;而協(xié)議則較為原則、粗疏,致力于宏觀。實踐中往往合作方就某一項目達成協(xié)議對有關(guān)原則問題做出約定,然后在此基礎(chǔ)上簽訂合同,再全面明確各項具體的細節(jié)。

3從涉及范圍上看,合同的標的往往比較單一集中,也很明確,通常都是一事一議,就事論事;而協(xié)議的標的往往比較廣泛,一項大型項目的協(xié)議往往包括或分解成若干個具體的合同。

4從書寫格式上看,合同已基本格式化了,大家可以看到許多的合同模板;而協(xié)議的格式相對靈活一些,沒有什么固定的格式。

狹義的協(xié)議則和合同并無分別,只是用語上和習慣上的稱呼而已。

第二節(jié)合同的種類與名稱(Categories

and

Titles)

一份英文法律文件到底是不是英文合同,

就要看它的內(nèi)容是否符合合同的要求。一般而言,合同不外乎包括人、事、時、地、物五大要素,也就是4W1H

(Who,

When,

Where,What,

How),如果你手上的文件內(nèi)容包括了這五項要素而且簽署生效,該文件就應該具有了合同的性質(zhì),而不論它是以何面目出現(xiàn)的。常見的英文合同名稱可分為以下四大類:

一、合同、協(xié)議(Contract,Agreement)

文件名稱直接標明Contract或Agreement是最常見的英文合同?!吨腥A人民共和國合同法》第九章至第二十三章就合同種類做了概括,它們分別是買賣合同(Sales

and

Purchase

Contracts);供用電、水、氣、熱力合同(Contracts

for

Supply

of

Power,

Water,

Gas

and

Heat);贈與合同(Gift

Contracts);借款合同(Loan

Contracts);租賃合同(Lease

Contracts);融資租賃合同(LeaseFinance

Contracts);承攬合同(Contracts

for

Work);建設(shè)工程合同(Construction

Project

Contracts);運輸合同(Contracts

of

Carriage);技術(shù)合同(Technology

Contracts);保管合同(Deposit

Contracts);倉儲合同(Warehousing

Contracts);委托合同(Mandate

Contracts);行紀合同(Commission

Agency

Contracts);居間合同(Brokerage

Contracts)等十五大類。

常見的協(xié)議有委托代理協(xié)議(Agency

Agreement)、合伙協(xié)議(Partnership

Agreement)、股份轉(zhuǎn)讓協(xié)議(Shares

Purchase

Agreement)、保密協(xié)議(Confidentiality

Agreement)、競業(yè)禁止協(xié)議(Noncompetition

Agreement)、聘用協(xié)議(Employment

Agreement)等。

二、意向書(Letter

of

Intent)

有的文件名稱標為“Letter

of

Intent”(簡稱LOI,通常翻譯為“意向書”)、“Memorandum

of

Understanding”(簡稱MOU,

通常翻譯為“諒解備忘錄”),甚至只稱為“Memorandum”(簡稱Memo,通常稱之為“備忘錄”)。另外,也有標為“Minute

of

Talks”(會談紀要)的文件。

這些法律文件往往是當事人雙方在商洽合作中形成的,可以稱之為準合同文件(quasicontract)。這些準合同文件從名稱上看似乎不是合同或者協(xié)議,但如果經(jīng)當事人簽訂,即具有一定的法律約束力,甚至當事人會在沒有形成正式的合同或協(xié)議之前就直接依據(jù)這些準合同文件進行實質(zhì)性合作,從而賦予這些文件合同或協(xié)議的性質(zhì)。由此可見,合同的效力不能被其名稱所拘束。如果上述法律文件完整明確地記載了交易的條款,且當事人依據(jù)該條款內(nèi)容履行并達成交易目的,那么這些法律文件就應當被認定為雙方達成的合同或者協(xié)議。

三、契約(Covenant,

Indenture,

Deed,

Compact,Protocol)

Covenant主要指不動產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓的合同或證明文件。英文合同如果基于傳統(tǒng)英美法對價的存在,也會使用這個詞來表示雙方達成的契約。如:In

consideration

of

mutual

premises

and

covenants

herein

contained,

the

parties

hereto

agree

as

follows.

Indenture為契約、契據(jù),corporate

indenture

則指公司發(fā)行債券的契約文件。

Deed(契據(jù))為簽名后蓋上印章的書面合約。在合同法中,對價是一個有效合約的必備元素。但若該合約以契據(jù)形式簽署則被視為滿足對價要求。

Compact多用于國家間的協(xié)議、協(xié)定。例如,聯(lián)合國的《全球協(xié)定》(Global

Compact)。

Protocol通常翻譯為草約或者議定書,往往也是雙方會談結(jié)果的文字依據(jù)。經(jīng)雙方簽字后,即受其約束,對草約內(nèi)容承擔法律責任,如果需要補充、修改、完善,雙方還會簽訂補充的協(xié)議。如我們耳熟能詳?shù)摹吨袊尤胧澜缳Q(mào)易組織的議定書》(Protocol

on

the

Accession

of

China)。

四、其他書函(Letter,

Waiver,

Guaranty,

Power

of

Attorney)

英文合同有時候非常簡短,形式上就像信函一樣,姑且稱之為書函類的英文合同,常常用“Letter”(函)、“Waiver”(棄權(quán)書)、“Guaranty”(保證書)和“Power

of

Attorney”(委托書)等簡單明確的字眼作為合同的名稱。相對于Agreement或Contract,書函類的合同一般具有補充或附屬的性質(zhì),且經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在Agreement或Contract的附件中。當然書函類的合同對雙方當事人也有完全的拘束力。

本書撰寫的方式,是針對名稱為“Agreement”(狹義)或“Contract”類型的合同文件做閱讀方法的說明,其原因即在于此類文件的合同結(jié)構(gòu)復雜而內(nèi)容完整,讀者若能掌握閱讀此類合同的要領(lǐng),閱讀其他類型的英文合同時自然就駕輕就熟了。

第二章英文合同的特色

Features

of

English

Contracts

Form

follows

function.

(motto

of

the

Bauhaus

school

of

architecture)

形式服從功能。

(鮑豪斯建筑學院校訓)

第二章英文合同的特色

與基礎(chǔ)英語相比,作為專業(yè)性極強的語言,英文合同的用語不同于日常語言,具有顯著的特點。首先,句子冗長而且復雜,似乎總也找不到句號,用詞偏僻,晦澀難讀,不易理解。其次,英文合同中往往沿用拉丁語、法語的法律術(shù)語,像中文的文言文似的,著實是佶屈聱牙,令人痛苦不堪。再次,由于屬于專業(yè)英語的范疇,英文合同必然涉及法律方面理解,閱讀者除了語言本身的能力外,對于法律,尤其是英美法應具備一定的了解。毋庸多言,需要相應的專業(yè)知識,這是所有專業(yè)英語的共性。

下面就是Plain

English

CampaignPlain

English

Compaign系由Chrissie

Maher女士于1979年在英國發(fā)起設(shè)立的民間組織,該組織致力于政府公文等所謂的官樣文章(gobbledygook)的直白化,以便普通民眾明白易懂。(直白英語運動組織)所遇到的最長的英文合同的句子,有興趣的讀者不妨看看到底是什么意思:

In

the

event

that

the

Purchaser

defaults

in

the

payment

of

any

installment

of

purchase

price,

taxes,

insurance,

interest,

or

the

annual

charge

described

elsewhere

herein,

or

shall

default

in

the

performance

of

any

other

obligations

set

forth

in

this

Contract,

the

Seller

may:

at

his

option:

(a)

Declare

immediately

due

and

payable

the

entire

unpaid

balance

of

purchase

price,

with

accrued

interest,

taxes,

and

annual

charge,

and

demand

full

payment

thereof,

and

enforce

conveyance

of

the

land

by

termination

of

the

contract

or

according

to

the

terms

hereof,

in

which

case

the

Purchaser

shall

also

be

liable

to

the

Seller

for

reasonable

attorneys

fees

for

services

rendered

by

any

attorney

on

behalf

of

the

Seller,

or

(b)

sell

said

land

and

premises

or

any

part

thereof

at

public

auction,

in

such

manner,

at

such

time

and

place,

upon

such

terms

and

conditions,

and

upon

such

public

notice

as

the

Seller

may

deem

best

for

the

interest

of

all

concerned,

consisting

of

advertisement

in

a

newspaper

of

general

circulation

in

the

county

or

city

in

which

the

security

property

is

located

at

least

once

a

week

for

Three

successive

weeks

or

for

such

period

as

applicable

law

may

require

and,

in

case

of

default

of

any

purchaser,

to

resell

with

such

postponement

of

sale

or

resale

and

upon

such

public

notice

thereof

as

the

Seller

may

determine,

and

upon

compliance

by

the

Purchaser

with

the

terms

of

sale,

and

upon

judicial

approval

as

may

be

required

by

law,

convey

said

land

and

premises

in

fee

simple

to

and

at

the

cost

of

the

Purchaser,

who

shall

not

be

liable

to

see

to

the

application

of

the

purchase

money;

and

from

the

proceeds

of

the

sale:FIRST,

to

pay

all

proper

costs

and

charges,

including

but

not

limited

to

court

costs,

advertising

expenses,

auctioneers

allowance,

the

expenses,

if

any

required

to

correct

any

irregularity

in

the

title,

premium

for

Sellers

bond,

auditors

fee,

attorneys

fee,

and

all

other

expenses

of

sale

occurred

in

and

about

the

protection

and

execution

of

this

contract,

and

all

moneys

advanced

for

taxes,

assessments,

insurance,

and

with

interest

thereon

as

provided

herein,

and

all

taxes

due

upon

said

land

and

premises

at

time

of

sale,

and

to

retain

as

compensation

a

commission

of

five

percent

(5%)

on

the

amount

of

said

sale

or

sales;

SECOND,

to

pay

the

whole

amount

then

remaining

unpaid

of

the

principal

of

said

contract,

and

interest

thereon

to

date

of

payment,

whether

the

same

shall

be

due

or

not,

it

being

understood

and

agreed

that

upon

such

sale

before

maturity

of

the

contract

the

balance

thereof

shall

be

immediately

due

and

payable;

THIRD,

to

pay

liens

of

record

against

the

security

property

according

to

their

priority

of

lien

and

to

the

extent

that

funds

remaining

in

the

hands

of

the

Seller

are

available;

and

LAST,

to

pay

the

remainder

of

said

proceeds,

if

any,

to

the

vendor,

his

heirs,

personals

representatives,

successors

or

assigns

upon

the

delivery

and

surrender

to

the

vendee

of

possession

of

the

land

and

premises,

less

costs

and

excess

of

obtaining

possession.

英國Plain

English

Campaign幾十年來一直致力于各種公文的直白英語化,而反對各種官樣文章(gobbledygook)。1999年英國頒布實施的消費者不公平術(shù)語法(Unfair

Terms

in

Consumer

Contracts

Regulations)也要求消費者合同的術(shù)語必須用直白明了的語言(plain

and

intelligible

language)。該法還要求這些術(shù)語必須是易讀的,意味著要用清晰的設(shè)計和排?。╟lear

design

and

typography)。類似的法律也在歐盟的國家適用。

在美國,紐約州率先頒行直白語言法要求消費者合同(包括房屋租賃合同)的語言“clear

and

coherent”,其他各州也頒行了類似的法律,如賓夕法尼亞州就要求消費者合同“shall

be

written

and

organized

and

designated

so

that

they

are

easy

to

read

and

understand”。

盡管如此,Law

Dictionary的作者Steven

H.

Gifts先生在該詞典的前言還是感嘆道:“...the

special

language

of

the

law

remains

a

barrier

to

nonlawyers.

To

the

extent

that

this

promotes

the

economic

health

of

the

profession,

maintains

its

aura,

and

prevent

unauthorized

practice

of

the

law,

it

may

be

regarded

as

a

virtue.”大意是說,法律專業(yè)語言對律師以外的人士來講,仍然是一道壁壘。從促進行業(yè)經(jīng)濟的健康發(fā)展、保留行業(yè)特點和防止未經(jīng)授權(quán)進行律師執(zhí)業(yè)等方面考慮,可以把這種語言壁壘看做是一種行業(yè)優(yōu)勢。

作為大陸法系的非英語國家,面對加入WTO后全球經(jīng)濟一體化的嚴峻挑戰(zhàn),中國應該怎樣應對各類國際交往和國際貿(mào)易中紛繁復雜的英文法律文件呢?盡管Plain

English(直白英語)似乎是大勢所趨,但法律英語直白化不是一蹴而就的事情,即便經(jīng)過多年的普法工作,法律語言也不是普羅大眾所能輕易理解和運用的。所以,與其坐而論道法律英語直白化,不如行而學習研究英語合同格式和用語,在這個意義上,拿來主義是必需的。不通曉現(xiàn)行廣泛使用的英語合同,何談取其精華,去其糟粕,何談根據(jù)實際情況對其進行革新與發(fā)展,化為己用呢?

以下針對英文合同的特色,擬從篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、遣詞用語、句式結(jié)構(gòu)以及時態(tài)語態(tài)四大方面進行說明:

第一節(jié)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)特點(Text

Structure)

一份完整的英文合同通??梢苑譃闃祟}(Title)、前言(Preamble)、正文(Habendum)、附錄(Schedule)及證明部分即結(jié)尾詞(Attestation)五大部分。標題開宗明義地顯示合同的性質(zhì);前言用最簡單的說明大略介紹合同訂立的背景;正文里包括依各種合同性質(zhì)的不同而約定的具體條款,還包括不論何種類型合同都會出現(xiàn)的一般條款;附錄構(gòu)成對前述合同正文條款的必要補充(不是所有合同都有該部分);最后,結(jié)尾則是當事人簽名前的一段文字,為整份合同畫上完滿的句號。以下分別就此五部分進行說明。

一、合同的標題(Title)

英文合同和中文合同都一樣,標題并不是一定要有的,因為當事人間的法律關(guān)系是用合同內(nèi)容的各個條款來判斷,標題基本上不會產(chǎn)生任何影響。但為方便辨識的考慮,合同撰寫人通常都會依照合同性質(zhì),在合同首頁的最上方給予一個適當?shù)臉祟}。英文合同名稱在第一章中已有介紹,在此不再贅述,僅補充說明:Confirmation(確認書)、Order(訂單)也會經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在簡易的合同中。

二、合同的前言(Preamble)

英文合同在標題之后,各式各樣的條款出現(xiàn)之前,通常會先有一段前言,也稱序言、導言、總則等,

也見有稱為“Nonoperative

part”者。前言一般不會占去太多的篇幅,目的在于很簡略地介紹合同內(nèi)容之人、事、時、地、物等背景,讓閱讀合同的人在接觸冗長復雜的正文前,先有一個基礎(chǔ)的認識與心理準備。詳細來說,前言通常又分作以下兩個段落:

第一部分文字叫做

“Parties”

,也就是合同的開場白(Commencement),內(nèi)容為說明當事人姓名或名稱、國籍或注冊地國及住所地或主營業(yè)地、訂約日期、各自在合同中的簡稱等等。

EMPLOYMENT

CONTRACT

(SALES)

EMPLOYMENT

AGREEMENT

is

made

and

entered

into

onday

of(month),

(year),

by

and

between:(hereinafter

referred

to

as

the

“Company”),

a

corporation

organized

and

existing

under

the

laws

of

the

State

of,

with

its

registered

office

located

at,

and

(hereinafter

referred

to

as

the

“Employee”),

an

individual,

with

nationality

of(Passport

No.)

residing

at.

本聘用協(xié)議于年月日簽訂,雙方當事人為:依州法律組織設(shè)立并存續(xù)的公司

(以下簡稱本公司)

,

注冊地位于,與國籍的(護照號碼:)(以下簡稱雇員),

居住于。

by

and

between

表示合同是由哪些當事人所訂定。英文中通常會說“This

Agreement

is

made

by

and

between...”,用“by”來表示合同由誰訂定,“between”來表示誰與誰之間的訂立。如果當事人不止兩個,也可以用“by

and

among”來代替。

organized

and

existing

合同開場白里要說明當事人的國籍,在自然人的情況下可以用“a

national

of

...”或“an

individual

with

the

nationality

of

...”來表示,如果是法人組織多半使用“organized

and

existing

under

the

laws

of

...”這樣的字眼,其中“organized”也可以用“incorporated”來代替。

registered

office

“registered

office”是指一個公司的注冊所在地,它和“principal

office”

或“principal

place

of

business”即主營業(yè)地并不一定位于同一個地方。

第二部分叫做“Recitals”,是由數(shù)個以“Whereas”字樣開頭的句子所組合而成,這些句子俗稱為“Whereas

Clauses”(鑒于條款)。

“Whereas”的本義是“When

in

fact”、“considering

that”或“that

being

the

case”的意思,所以“Whereas

Clauses”就表示當事人乃是基于對這些事實(例如訂約的目的、背景、原由等)的共同認識,訂立此合同。以下是一個補償貿(mào)易合同(Compensation

Trade

Contract)的Whereas

Clauses,簡單明了地表達了雙方合作的意愿。

WITNESSETH

Whereas

Party

B

has

machines

and

equipment,

which

are

now

used

in

Party

Bs

manufacturing

of

steel

wire

rope,

and

is

willing

to

sell

to

Party

A

the

machines

and

equipment;

and

Whereas

Party

B

agrees

to

buy

the

products,

steel

wire

rope,

made

by

Party

A

using

the

machines

and

equipment

Party

B

supplies,

in

compensation

of

the

price

of

the

machines

and

equipment,

and

Whereas

Party

A

agrees

to

purchase

from

Party

B

the

machines

and

equipment,

and

Whereas

Party

A

agrees

to

sell

to

Party

B

the

products,

the

steel

wire

rope,

in

compensation

of

the

price

of

Party

Bs

machines

and

equipment;

茲證明(通常不譯)

鑒于乙方擁有用于生產(chǎn)鋼絲繩的機械設(shè)備,愿向甲方出售該機械設(shè)備;

鑒于乙方同意購買甲方用乙方所供應的該機械設(shè)備生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品鋼絲繩來補償該機械設(shè)備的價款;

鑒于甲方同意從乙方購買該機械設(shè)備;

鑒于甲方同意向乙方出售產(chǎn)品鋼絲繩以補償乙方機械設(shè)備的價款;

緊接在一串Whereas

Clauses之后,會出現(xiàn)類似上例中的“Now

therefore,

in

consideration[對價/約因(港臺多用此語)]

of...”這樣一句話,表明合同是有償合同,目的在提醒閱讀合同的人,真正規(guī)范訂約當事人權(quán)利義務關(guān)系的條款在這句話之后就要開始了,也就是說,這句話是前言與正文之間過渡的橋梁,在此之前為訂約背景事實的敘述,在此之后則為關(guān)于交易關(guān)系的實體約定(一般稱為“operative

part/clauses”)。

例如:Now

therefore,

in

consideration

of

the

premises

and

covenants

described

hereinafter,

Party

A

and

Party

B

agree

as

follows:...

茲以上述各點和契約所載條款為約因,訂約雙方協(xié)議如下:……

三、正文(Hanbendum/Operative

part)

正文(Hanbendum)

部分,

也稱Operative

part/clauses或Body,

具體約定當事人的權(quán)利義務。各式各樣的正文條款是合同中最核心的部分,也是篇幅最大的部分,與當事人的權(quán)利義務關(guān)系發(fā)生最直接、最密切的牽連。

本書擬將英文合同中的正文條款分為兩類:特殊條款與一般條款。所謂特殊條款指的是只有在某些特定性質(zhì)的合同中才會出現(xiàn)的條款,例如勞動合同中通常會約定保密條款、競業(yè)禁止條款,但是買賣合同就不會有這些約定。反過來說,買賣合同中一般要記載交易標的、交易條件等條款,在勞動合同中就不會出現(xiàn)。

相對于特殊條款的所謂一般條款,指的是不論合同性質(zhì)如何,幾乎所有的合同中都會記載的條款,例如管轄法院的約定、違約條款等,將于第四章中詳細介紹,在此亦不贅述。

四、附錄(Schedule)

附錄也稱Addendum,

Annex或Exhibit,也有用Attachment,

List或Table表示的。附錄部分作為對正文條款的補充,不是所有英文合同都有的一項。以下就是一份聘用協(xié)議的附錄,對該公司聘用的經(jīng)理職責作出補充說明:

THE

SCHEDULE

ABOVE

REFERRED

TO

1.To

manage,

maintain

and

promote

the

business

of

the

Company.

2.To

attend

personally

during

the

usual

hours

of

business

and

to

supervise

and

control

the

business

and

to

be

accessible

to

customers

and

employees

of

the

Company.

3.To

keep

the

usual

books

of

account.

4.To

pay

daily

all

money

received

in

the

business

into

the

Companys

bank

account.

5.Generally

to

protect

the

interests

of

the

Company.

上文提及的附錄是指:

1.管理、維持并促進公司的經(jīng)營。

2.親自參與公司的日常經(jīng)營,監(jiān)管經(jīng)營,對本公司的客戶和員工平易親和。

3.保管日常賬冊。

4.支付日常公司經(jīng)營到賬的款項。

5.廣泛地保護公司的利益。

此外,即便是有這部分的英文合同,也經(jīng)常因為附錄的內(nèi)容龐雜、篇幅較長而放在合同的最后單獨列明,如有關(guān)的圖表或者其他法律文書。下文就是單獨列在合同后的附錄的一個信用證:

EXHIBIT

B:Letter

of

Credit

XYZ

BANK

LIMLTED

[Address]

Credit

Bank,

N.

A.

International

Banking

Facility

Los

Angeles,

California

90000

U.S.A.

Date:

Letter

of

Credit

No.:

Gentlemen:

We

hereby

establish

this

irrevocable

letter

of

credit

in

your

favor

for

account

of

ABC

Company

in

the

amount

of

US

$(amount

in

words),

available

against

your

draft(s)

drawn

at

sight

on

Credit

Bank,

N.A.,

Letter

of

Credit

Department,

Los

Angeles,

California,

accompanied

by

your

signed

and

dated

statement

as

follows:

“The

amount

drawn

under

Letter

of

Credit

No.[]dated[]issued

by

XYZ

Bank

Limited

on

behalf

of

ABC

Company

is

payable

to

the

undersigned

pursuant

to

the

terms

of

that

certain

Loan

Agreement

dated

as

of

,

,

between

ABC

Company

and

Credit

Bank.

N.A.”

All

drafts

drawn

under

this

Letter

of

Credit

must

bear

the

clause

“Drawn

under

XYZ

Bank

Limited

Letter

of

Credit

Number,

dated,”.

Partial

drawings

are

permitted.

We

hereby

engage

with

the

drawers,

endorsers

and

bona

fide

holders

of

drafts

drawn

under

and

in

compliance

with

the

terms

of

this

Letter

of

Credit

that

the

drafts

will

be

duly

honored

if

drawn

and

presented

to

the

above

drawn

in

Los

Angeles,

California,

on

or

before

[Expiry

date

30

days

after

the

final

Installment

Payment

Date].

This

Letter

of

Credit

is

subject

to

the

Uniform

Customs

and

Practice

for

Documentary

Credits

(1983

Revision),

International

Chamber

of

Commerce,

Publication

No.

400.

Special

Instructions

to

Drawee

Bank

In

reimbursement

for

any

payment

made

by

you

hereunder,

you

may

debit

our

account

with

you.

XYZ

BANK

LIMITED

BY

(Authorized

Signature)

附件B:

XYZ銀行

地址:

北美信貸銀行

國際銀行業(yè)務部

美國加利福尼亞洛杉磯,90000

日期:

信用證號碼:

先生

我行在此開立,以ABC公司為受益人、總額為美元的不可撤銷信用證,憑交加利福尼亞洛杉磯北美信貸銀行信用證部開出的即期匯票付款。并附有貴行簽署、具名日期的如下聲明:

“由XYZ銀行代表ABC公司年月日開立的第號信用證項下款項系根據(jù)ABC公司與北美信貸銀行年月日訂立的某貸款協(xié)議條款規(guī)定,付與簽字人?!?/p>

本證項下開具的匯票須注明“本匯票系憑XYZ銀行年月日第號信用證下開具”的條款。

允許部分提款。

凡根據(jù)本證開具與本證條款相符的匯票,如按時開具提交我行,我行保證對出票人、背書人和善意持有人不遲于最后分期付款日后30天內(nèi)承擔付款責任。

本信用證系根據(jù)國際商會第400號出版物跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例與實務(1983年版)繕制。

付款行特別指令

貴行本信用證項下所付款項,記入我行與貴行的借記賬戶。

XYZ銀行

授權(quán)簽字

五、證明部分(Attestation)

英文合同結(jié)構(gòu)中的最后一個部分就是結(jié)尾辭,即證明部分與當事人的簽名。所謂結(jié)尾辭指的是在當事人簽名之前經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)的一段文字,相當于中文合同中“雙方簽字蓋章,特此為證”。除了表明簽名人確實為正當授權(quán)的代表外,還會具明簽名的日期。至于簽名檔的部分,如果當事人是公司的話,除了代表人的簽名以外,還要加蓋公司印鑒,并且通常會注明代表人的職務(title)。

IN

WITNESS

WHEREOF,

the

parties

hereto

have

caused

this

Agreement

to

be

executed

by

duly

authorized

representatives

of

both

parties

on

the

date

and

year

first

written

above.

By:By:

Title:Title:

本協(xié)議由被授權(quán)之人,于本協(xié)議上述所記載日期,代表雙方當事人締結(jié)生效之,特此為證。

代表人:代表人:

職務:職務:

in

witness

whereof

這三個詞是英文合同結(jié)尾辭的標準模式,實體上講并沒有什么特別的功能或意義,與中文合同里最后通常會記載的“恐口說無憑,特立契為證”很類似,也有用“IN

TESTIMONY

WHEREOF”代替,有時候也會用“INTENDING

TO

BE

LEGALLY

BOUND”代替,意思也是一樣的。

duly

authorized

representatives

當合同之當事人為法人組織時,必須推選出一位自然人作為法定代表人,例如,公司的法定代表人通常會是董事長,代表公司對外簽訂合同,建立權(quán)利義務關(guān)系。除了董事長根據(jù)法律當然具備對外代表公司的許可權(quán)之外,公司董事會也可以通過決議授權(quán)某一個董事、總經(jīng)理或其他重要職員作為公司簽約的代表人,此時與公司簽約的對方當事人為了確保這個代表人的確屬于“duly

authorized

representative”,可以要求公司提供這個授權(quán)的董事會決議證明,以妥善保護自己的權(quán)益。下面就是一個董事會對采購員的授權(quán)決議:

BOARD

OF

DIRECTORS

RESOLUTION

DESIGNATING

A

PURCHASING

AGENT

Pursuant

to

a

duly

made,

seconded,

and

carried

motion

the

Board

of

Directors

of

(hereinafter

referred

to

as

Corporation)

adopted

the

following

resolution

by

a

unanimous

vote:

RESOLVED,

thatis

hereby

appointed

Purchasing

Agent

of

this

Corporation

with

limited

authority

to

make

purchases

in

the

Corporations

name

and

behalf.

Under

no

circumstances

will

the

Purchasing

Agent

have

real

or

apparent

authority

to

make

a

purchase

for

the

Corporation

if

the

dollar

amount

of

said

purchase

or

the

total

dollar

amount

of

an

installment

purchase

will

exceed

the

amount

ofdollars

($).

I

The

undersigned,,

certifies

that

he

or

she

is

the

duly

appointed

Secretary

of

Corporation

and

that

the

above

is

a

true

and

correct

copy

of

a

resolution

duly

adopted

at

a

meeting

of

the

directors

thereof,

convened

and

held

in

accordance

with

law

and

the

Bylaws

of

said

Corporation

on,

(Date)

and

that

such

resolution

is

now

in

full

force

and

effect.

IN

WITNESS

THEREOF,

I

have

affixed

my

name

as

Secretary

of

Corporation

and

have

attached

the

seal

of

Corporation

to

this

resolution.

Dated:

Secretary:

Seal:

董事會決議:

任命采購員:

就已第二次提起到董事會的動議,本公司董事會全體一致通過如下決議:

茲決議,本公司授權(quán)為本公司采購員,以本公司名義代表本公司對外采買。但其單筆采購金額或分期購買的總額不得超過美元。超過該數(shù)額該采購員概無真實或表見代理權(quán)。

我,簽字人,證明,他/她是本公司正式任命的秘書,以上是本公司董事會決議的真實準確的副本,該決議系按法律和本公司章程在年月日召開的董事會上正式通過,現(xiàn)完全有效。

作為公司秘書,我簽字并蓋公司印鑒于該決議,特此為證。

日期:年月日

秘書:(簽字)

公司印鑒:(蓋章)

the

date

and

year

first

written

above

如果合同結(jié)尾辭里注明的日期和合同前言所載明的日期相同,就用這句話表示,如果不同的話,就應該另以條款明定合同生效日(Effective

Date),以免產(chǎn)生爭議。如下例:

After

this

contract

is

signed

by

the

duly

authorized

representatives

of

both

parties,

both

parties

shall

submit

the

contract

to

their

governments

or

Boards

of

Directors

for

approval.

The

date

when

the

later

party

obtains

the

approval

shall

be

taken

as

the

effective

date

of

the

contract.

Both

parties

shall

attempt

to

get

the

contract

approval

within

60

days

from

signing

and

notify

by

telex

or

cable

the

other

party

of

the

approval

which

is

confirmed

by

the

following

registered

airmail

letter.

本合同經(jīng)雙方正式授權(quán)代表簽署后,應提交各自政府或董事會批準。以后一方獲得批準日期為本合同生效日。雙方應盡力在合同簽署后60日內(nèi)獲得批準并以電傳或電報形式通知該批準,隨后以航空掛號郵件確認。

第二節(jié)遣詞用語特點(Wording

and

Expression)

作為正式法律文件,英語合同在用詞方面極其考究,要求選詞專業(yè)(professional)、正式(formal)、準確(accurate)。具體體現(xiàn)如下:

1專業(yè)性術(shù)語(Technical

Terms/

Terminology)

法律專業(yè)性術(shù)語是在合同等法律文件中才用到的詞匯,它并不以一般受眾為對象,而針對專業(yè)人士,力求使語言表達準確無誤。中文合同中常見的諸如“瑕疵”(defect)、“救濟”(remedy)、“不可抗力”(Force

Majeure)、“管轄”(jurisdiction)等專業(yè)用詞就已經(jīng)讓非專業(yè)人士大惑不解,英文合同的專業(yè)用詞自然就更玄妙無比了。

具體的實例如下:

Without

prejudice

to

the

parties

rights

under

Clause

18.

1,

the

indemnities

provided

for

in

Clause

16.

1

and/or

16.

2

and/or

16.

3

shall

be

the

sole

compensation

for

the

damages

caused

by

such

delays.不妨害18.1款雙方的權(quán)利,16.1、16.2及16.3款規(guī)定的賠償應為上述延誤引起損害的唯一賠償金。

indemnities較compensation專業(yè),此處用compensation解釋了indemnities。

Any

such

assignment,

transfer

or

conveyance

shall

be

without

other

consideration

than

the

mutual

covenants

and

considerations

of

this

agreement.任何轉(zhuǎn)讓除根據(jù)本協(xié)議相互契約和對價外不得考慮其他。

Transfer,assignment和conveyance都有轉(zhuǎn)讓的含義,其中assignment和conveyance(多用于不動產(chǎn))尤為專業(yè)。

We

advise

you

of

our

intention

to

terminate

our

tenancy

on

or

before

(Date)

and

to

deliver

to

you

full

possession

of

the

premises.我方不遲于某日期通知你方終止租約并交還房屋全部所有。

Tenancy指房屋租賃的租約,而premises指租賃的房屋及其附屬物,都是專業(yè)用語。

Licensee

agrees

to

pay

to

Licensor

a

minimum

royalty

ofDollars

($)

as

a

minimum

guarantee

against

royalties

to

be

paid

to

Licensor

during

the

first

contract

term,

said

minimum

royalty

to

be

paid

on

or

before

the

last

day

of

the

initial

term

hereto.

受許可方同意支付許可方最低使用費美元作為該許可合同第一期使用費的最低保證金,該最低使用費不遲于本合同的入門期最后一天支付給許可方。

Royalties在許可合同中專指特許權(quán)使用費。

Price

of

the

Contract

shall

be

calculated

on

Royalty

in

accordance

with

the

content

and

scope

stipulated

in

Article

2

to

the

Contract

and

shall

be

paid

in.按照第2條規(guī)定的內(nèi)容和范圍。本合同采用提成方式計算價格,計價的貨幣為。

與上例不同的是,這里的royalty指的是許可合同計價方式的一種即提成計價(royalty

price),相對于統(tǒng)包價格(lumpsum

price)。

Default

in

observing

or

performing

any

of

the

covenants

or

agreements

of

debtor

set

forth

in

any

collateral

document

of

security

given

to

secure

indebtedness

hereunder,

and

the

continuation

of

such

default

beyond

any

peri

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