版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進行舉報或認領(lǐng)
文檔簡介
---!?。。。?!----------------------------------精品文檔,值得下載,可以編輯?。?!-----------------------------?。。。。。?-------------?。。。。?!----------------------------------精品文檔,值得下載,可以編輯?。?!-----------------------------?。。。。?!-----------LOI采購意向書格式LETTEROFINTENT(LOI)We,______________________,herebythatwearereadywillingandableundertheactofperjurytopurchasethefollowingcommodityasspecifiedbelowandthatfundingisavailable.PRODUCT:SPECIFICATIONS:QUANTITY:DESTINATIONPORT:DELIVERYTERMS:SIZEOFSHIPMENT:PACKING:DISCHARGERATEINPORTDESTINATION:TERMSOFPAYMENT:PERFORMANCEBOND:BANKCOORDINATES:TARGETPRICE:COMPANYDETAILS網(wǎng)站首頁銷售中心熱門新書圖書暢銷榜特價書精彩評論圖書分類五星圖書榜專題中心團購精彩章節(jié)欣賞音像制品
熱門搜索詞:
消費維權(quán)
|
勞動合同
|
司法考試
|
公司上市
用戶名:密碼:驗證碼:
購物車
藏書閣
幫助中心英文合同解讀:語用、條款及文本范例語用篇(Language
and
Usage)
第一章英文合同概述
General
Introduction
In
view
of
all
this,we
are
making
a
binding
agreement,
putting
it
in
writing,
and
our
leaders,our
Levites
and
our
priests
are
affixing
their
seals
to
it.
(Nehemiah
9:38,
BIBLE
NIV)
因這一切的事,我們立確實的約,寫在冊上。我們的首領(lǐng),利未人,和祭司都簽了名。
(尼西米記9:38,《圣經(jīng)》新國際版)
第一章英文合同概述
Understanding
English
Contracts
英文合同解讀:語用、條款及文本范例
合同,古稱契約(港臺現(xiàn)仍多用此語)。“契”者即證券,證明買賣、抵押、租賃等關(guān)系的文書,如契據(jù)、房契等。古代典籍中常見此語,如《易·系辭》就有“后時圣人易之以書契”?!凹s”者即共同商定的事,共同議定要遵守的條文,如和約、條約等。《三國演義》中就有“昔高祖約法三章,黎民皆感其德”。
西方早在《圣經(jīng)》中就有關(guān)于上帝在西乃山與以色列人立約的記載。諾亞方舟就是借上帝與諾亞的契約而建造的。But
with
thee
will
I
establish
my
covenant;
and
thou
shalt
come
into
the
ark,
thou,
and
thy
sons,
and
thy
wife,
and
thy
sons
wives
with
thee.thee在古英語里表示you
的賓格形式。thou在古英語里表示you的主格形式,相當于漢語中的汝,爾,你。thy則是thou的所有格形式。shalt為古英語用法,相當于現(xiàn)代英語中的shall。
(但我要與你立約,你以及你的兒子、妻子和兒媳,要與你一同進入方舟。)
第一節(jié)合同與協(xié)議(Contract
and
Agreement)
在現(xiàn)代英語合同中,合同一般稱為contract,協(xié)議一般稱為agreement。那么contract和agreement是一回事嗎?它們之間又有什么關(guān)系呢?《中華人民共和國民法通則》第85條規(guī)定:“合同是當事人之間設(shè)立、變更、終止民事關(guān)系的協(xié)議?!保ˋ
contract
shall
be
an
agreement
whereby
the
parties
establish,
change
or
terminate
their
civil
relationship.)《中華人民共和國合同法》第2條規(guī)定:“合同是平等主體的自然人、法人、其他組織之間設(shè)立、變更、終止民事權(quán)利義務關(guān)系的協(xié)議?!保–ontracts
referred
to
in
this
Law
are
agreements
between
equal
natural
persons,
legal
persons
and
other
organizations
for
the
purpose
of
establishing,
altering
and
terminating
mutual
civil
rights
and
obligations.)
《美國法律重述合同法第二次匯編》(Restatement(Second)
of
Contracts,
Section
1)將合同定義為:“A
contract
is
a
promise,
or
a
set
of
promises,
for
breach
of
which
the
law
gives
a
remedy,
or
the
performance
of
which
the
law
in
some
way
recognizes
as
a
duty.”
(合同乃為一個允諾或一組允諾。違反此一允諾時,法律給予救濟;或其允諾之履行,法律在某些情況下視之為一項義務。)這一定義亦為Steven
H.
Gifts
所編著的Law
Dictionary完全引述。但一般而言,contract乃兩個以上當事人間具有法律約束力之協(xié)議,或由一個以上當事人所為一組具有法律約束力之允諾。(A
contract
is
a
legally
binding
agreement
between
two
or
more
parties
or
a
set
of
legal
binding
promises
made
by
one
party
or
more.See
G.
C.
Lindsay,
Contract,
3rd
Ed.
1992)。這一表述在L.B.
Curzon編撰的Dictionary
of
Law中被概括為“A
legally
binding
agreement
creating
enforceable
obligations”。
Chris
Turner在其編撰的Contract
Law中對contract所做的定義更為具體明了。他認為“合同”就是“an
agreement
between
two
parties
by
which
both
are
bound
in
law
and
which
can
therefore
be
enforced
in
a
court
or
other
equivalent
forum”。(對合同方具有法律上約束力,可由法院或其他同等管轄地強制執(zhí)行的協(xié)議。)
在Blacks
Law
Dictionary(8th
Ed.)中對contract
的定義多達8項:
(1)An
agreement
two
or
more
parties
creating
obligations
that
are
enforceable
or
otherwise
recognizable
at
law;
(2)The
writing
that
set
forth
such
an
agreement;
(3)A
promise,
or
a
set
of
promises,
for
breach
of
which
the
law
gives
a
remedy,
or
the
performance
of
which
the
law
in
some
way
recognizes
as
a
duty;(作者注:與《美國法律重述合同法第二次匯編》中“contract”的定義相同。)
(4)Broadly,
any
legal
duty
or
set
of
duties
not
imposed
by
the
law
of
tort;
esp.,
a
duty
created
by
a
decree
or
declaration
of
a
court;
(5)The
body
of
law
dealing
with
agreement
and
exchange;
(6)The
term
of
an
agreement
or
any
particular
term;
(7)Loosely,
a
sale
or
conveyance;
(8)Loosely,
an
enforceable
agreement
between
two
or
more
parties
to
do
or
not
to
do
a
thing
or
a
set
of
things;
a
compact.
至于agreement,L.B.
Curzon的Dictionary
of
Law將其定義為:“A
consensus
of
minds,
or
evidence
of
such
consensus,
in
spoken
or
written
form,
relating
to
anything
done
or
to
be
done.”(是對已做和待做的有關(guān)事宜以口頭或書面形式做出的相同意思表示或該意思表示的證據(jù)。)
Blacks
Law
Dictionary(8th
Ed.)
對agreement下了兩個定義:(1)A
mutual
understanding
between
two
or
more
persons
about
their
relative
duties
and
obligations
regarding
past
or
future
performances;
a
manifestation
of
mutual
assent
by
two
or
more
persons.
(雙方或多方就過去或?qū)淼南嚓P(guān)職責和義務的履行而達成相互的理解;雙方或多方相互達成一致的表現(xiàn)形式。)(2)The
Parties
actual
bargain
as
found
in
their
language
or
by
implication
from
other
circumstances,
including
course
of
dealing,
usage
of
trade
and
course
of
performance.(即當事人通過語言或其他情形暗示而確立的實際約定,包括交易常例、貿(mào)易習慣以及履行慣例。)
Contract(合同)和Agreement(協(xié)議)到底能不能相互替換呢?讓我們來看看英文合同相關(guān)書籍和詞典的說法。
Chris
Turner在其編撰的Contract
Law中將合同的成立表述為三個基本要素,即:(1)Agreement—based
on
mutuality
over
the
terms,
agreement
exists
when
a
valid
acceptance
follows
a
valid
offer;
(協(xié)議:基于要約與承諾形成對條款的相互一致而存在;)(2)Consideration—given
by
both
sides,
the
quid
pro
quo拉丁語,即
What
for
What,
相等的補償或者報酬;交換條件;對價。,
and
the
proof
that
the
bargain
exists;
(約因:雙方付出的對價及對價存在的證據(jù);)(3)Intention
to
create
legal
relations—since
a
contract
is
legally
enforceable,
unlike
mere
gratuitous
promises.(設(shè)立法律關(guān)系的意愿:合同具有法律上的執(zhí)行力,不同于純粹的無償贈與的允諾。)
這里也是用agreement來解釋contract的,認為合同是一種符合一定條件的協(xié)議。
在英語法律用語中雖然多用agreement來解釋contract,其實也有偶用contract解釋agreement的情形,如:Agreement...
(2)
A
contract
(The
Law
Dictionary)。我們甚至可以找到agreement和contract在同一句中交替使用的實例。如:If
the
contract
contains
an
innocent
mistake,
you
can
get
out
of
the
agreement
if
the
mistake
is
important.What
Should
I
Know
About
Contracts,
The
State
Bar
of
California,
2nd
Ed.
1984.
Blacks
Law
Dictionary(8th
Ed.)對agreement和contract
的關(guān)系做出了精辟的闡述,指出“每一份合同均是一份協(xié)議,但是并非每一份協(xié)議均構(gòu)成一份合同”。(Every
contract
is
an
agreement,
but
not
every
agreement
is
a
contract.)該辭典進一步指出:“協(xié)議一詞,就口語意義而言,包括意在影響兩人或者多人間相互關(guān)系而作出的任何安排,無論該等關(guān)系是法律關(guān)系還是其他關(guān)系?!保跧n
its
colloquial
sense,
the
term
“agreement”
would
include
any
arrangement
between
two
or
more
persons
intended
to
affect
their
relations
(whether
legal
or
otherwise)
to
each
other.]
綜上所述,我們不難看出,漢語的法律用語僅用agreement解釋contract,而英語的法律用語往往不很嚴格,多用agreement解釋contract,
但也有用contract解釋agreement的情形,
雖說大多情況contract與agreement有所區(qū)別,有時候兩者還可以作為同義詞互換使用??梢哉fcontract都是協(xié)議,但協(xié)議不一定就是contract。但就廣義的協(xié)議和合同來講,還是有區(qū)別的:
1從成立的宗旨上看,協(xié)議十分寬泛,不囿于為了當事人間形成法律或其他關(guān)系,即便是為影響當事人的義務也未必形成嚴格意義上的合同關(guān)系,如不動產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓或動產(chǎn)贈與。
2從內(nèi)容、條款上看,合同較為具體、詳盡,著眼于微觀;而協(xié)議則較為原則、粗疏,致力于宏觀。實踐中往往合作方就某一項目達成協(xié)議對有關(guān)原則問題做出約定,然后在此基礎(chǔ)上簽訂合同,再全面明確各項具體的細節(jié)。
3從涉及范圍上看,合同的標的往往比較單一集中,也很明確,通常都是一事一議,就事論事;而協(xié)議的標的往往比較廣泛,一項大型項目的協(xié)議往往包括或分解成若干個具體的合同。
4從書寫格式上看,合同已基本格式化了,大家可以看到許多的合同模板;而協(xié)議的格式相對靈活一些,沒有什么固定的格式。
狹義的協(xié)議則和合同并無分別,只是用語上和習慣上的稱呼而已。
第二節(jié)合同的種類與名稱(Categories
and
Titles)
一份英文法律文件到底是不是英文合同,
就要看它的內(nèi)容是否符合合同的要求。一般而言,合同不外乎包括人、事、時、地、物五大要素,也就是4W1H
(Who,
When,
Where,What,
How),如果你手上的文件內(nèi)容包括了這五項要素而且簽署生效,該文件就應該具有了合同的性質(zhì),而不論它是以何面目出現(xiàn)的。常見的英文合同名稱可分為以下四大類:
一、合同、協(xié)議(Contract,Agreement)
文件名稱直接標明Contract或Agreement是最常見的英文合同?!吨腥A人民共和國合同法》第九章至第二十三章就合同種類做了概括,它們分別是買賣合同(Sales
and
Purchase
Contracts);供用電、水、氣、熱力合同(Contracts
for
Supply
of
Power,
Water,
Gas
and
Heat);贈與合同(Gift
Contracts);借款合同(Loan
Contracts);租賃合同(Lease
Contracts);融資租賃合同(LeaseFinance
Contracts);承攬合同(Contracts
for
Work);建設(shè)工程合同(Construction
Project
Contracts);運輸合同(Contracts
of
Carriage);技術(shù)合同(Technology
Contracts);保管合同(Deposit
Contracts);倉儲合同(Warehousing
Contracts);委托合同(Mandate
Contracts);行紀合同(Commission
Agency
Contracts);居間合同(Brokerage
Contracts)等十五大類。
常見的協(xié)議有委托代理協(xié)議(Agency
Agreement)、合伙協(xié)議(Partnership
Agreement)、股份轉(zhuǎn)讓協(xié)議(Shares
Purchase
Agreement)、保密協(xié)議(Confidentiality
Agreement)、競業(yè)禁止協(xié)議(Noncompetition
Agreement)、聘用協(xié)議(Employment
Agreement)等。
二、意向書(Letter
of
Intent)
有的文件名稱標為“Letter
of
Intent”(簡稱LOI,通常翻譯為“意向書”)、“Memorandum
of
Understanding”(簡稱MOU,
通常翻譯為“諒解備忘錄”),甚至只稱為“Memorandum”(簡稱Memo,通常稱之為“備忘錄”)。另外,也有標為“Minute
of
Talks”(會談紀要)的文件。
這些法律文件往往是當事人雙方在商洽合作中形成的,可以稱之為準合同文件(quasicontract)。這些準合同文件從名稱上看似乎不是合同或者協(xié)議,但如果經(jīng)當事人簽訂,即具有一定的法律約束力,甚至當事人會在沒有形成正式的合同或協(xié)議之前就直接依據(jù)這些準合同文件進行實質(zhì)性合作,從而賦予這些文件合同或協(xié)議的性質(zhì)。由此可見,合同的效力不能被其名稱所拘束。如果上述法律文件完整明確地記載了交易的條款,且當事人依據(jù)該條款內(nèi)容履行并達成交易目的,那么這些法律文件就應當被認定為雙方達成的合同或者協(xié)議。
三、契約(Covenant,
Indenture,
Deed,
Compact,Protocol)
Covenant主要指不動產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓的合同或證明文件。英文合同如果基于傳統(tǒng)英美法對價的存在,也會使用這個詞來表示雙方達成的契約。如:In
consideration
of
mutual
premises
and
covenants
herein
contained,
the
parties
hereto
agree
as
follows.
Indenture為契約、契據(jù),corporate
indenture
則指公司發(fā)行債券的契約文件。
Deed(契據(jù))為簽名后蓋上印章的書面合約。在合同法中,對價是一個有效合約的必備元素。但若該合約以契據(jù)形式簽署則被視為滿足對價要求。
Compact多用于國家間的協(xié)議、協(xié)定。例如,聯(lián)合國的《全球協(xié)定》(Global
Compact)。
Protocol通常翻譯為草約或者議定書,往往也是雙方會談結(jié)果的文字依據(jù)。經(jīng)雙方簽字后,即受其約束,對草約內(nèi)容承擔法律責任,如果需要補充、修改、完善,雙方還會簽訂補充的協(xié)議。如我們耳熟能詳?shù)摹吨袊尤胧澜缳Q(mào)易組織的議定書》(Protocol
on
the
Accession
of
China)。
四、其他書函(Letter,
Waiver,
Guaranty,
Power
of
Attorney)
英文合同有時候非常簡短,形式上就像信函一樣,姑且稱之為書函類的英文合同,常常用“Letter”(函)、“Waiver”(棄權(quán)書)、“Guaranty”(保證書)和“Power
of
Attorney”(委托書)等簡單明確的字眼作為合同的名稱。相對于Agreement或Contract,書函類的合同一般具有補充或附屬的性質(zhì),且經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在Agreement或Contract的附件中。當然書函類的合同對雙方當事人也有完全的拘束力。
本書撰寫的方式,是針對名稱為“Agreement”(狹義)或“Contract”類型的合同文件做閱讀方法的說明,其原因即在于此類文件的合同結(jié)構(gòu)復雜而內(nèi)容完整,讀者若能掌握閱讀此類合同的要領(lǐng),閱讀其他類型的英文合同時自然就駕輕就熟了。
第二章英文合同的特色
Features
of
English
Contracts
Form
follows
function.
(motto
of
the
Bauhaus
school
of
architecture)
形式服從功能。
(鮑豪斯建筑學院校訓)
第二章英文合同的特色
與基礎(chǔ)英語相比,作為專業(yè)性極強的語言,英文合同的用語不同于日常語言,具有顯著的特點。首先,句子冗長而且復雜,似乎總也找不到句號,用詞偏僻,晦澀難讀,不易理解。其次,英文合同中往往沿用拉丁語、法語的法律術(shù)語,像中文的文言文似的,著實是佶屈聱牙,令人痛苦不堪。再次,由于屬于專業(yè)英語的范疇,英文合同必然涉及法律方面理解,閱讀者除了語言本身的能力外,對于法律,尤其是英美法應具備一定的了解。毋庸多言,需要相應的專業(yè)知識,這是所有專業(yè)英語的共性。
下面就是Plain
English
CampaignPlain
English
Compaign系由Chrissie
Maher女士于1979年在英國發(fā)起設(shè)立的民間組織,該組織致力于政府公文等所謂的官樣文章(gobbledygook)的直白化,以便普通民眾明白易懂。(直白英語運動組織)所遇到的最長的英文合同的句子,有興趣的讀者不妨看看到底是什么意思:
In
the
event
that
the
Purchaser
defaults
in
the
payment
of
any
installment
of
purchase
price,
taxes,
insurance,
interest,
or
the
annual
charge
described
elsewhere
herein,
or
shall
default
in
the
performance
of
any
other
obligations
set
forth
in
this
Contract,
the
Seller
may:
at
his
option:
(a)
Declare
immediately
due
and
payable
the
entire
unpaid
balance
of
purchase
price,
with
accrued
interest,
taxes,
and
annual
charge,
and
demand
full
payment
thereof,
and
enforce
conveyance
of
the
land
by
termination
of
the
contract
or
according
to
the
terms
hereof,
in
which
case
the
Purchaser
shall
also
be
liable
to
the
Seller
for
reasonable
attorneys
fees
for
services
rendered
by
any
attorney
on
behalf
of
the
Seller,
or
(b)
sell
said
land
and
premises
or
any
part
thereof
at
public
auction,
in
such
manner,
at
such
time
and
place,
upon
such
terms
and
conditions,
and
upon
such
public
notice
as
the
Seller
may
deem
best
for
the
interest
of
all
concerned,
consisting
of
advertisement
in
a
newspaper
of
general
circulation
in
the
county
or
city
in
which
the
security
property
is
located
at
least
once
a
week
for
Three
successive
weeks
or
for
such
period
as
applicable
law
may
require
and,
in
case
of
default
of
any
purchaser,
to
resell
with
such
postponement
of
sale
or
resale
and
upon
such
public
notice
thereof
as
the
Seller
may
determine,
and
upon
compliance
by
the
Purchaser
with
the
terms
of
sale,
and
upon
judicial
approval
as
may
be
required
by
law,
convey
said
land
and
premises
in
fee
simple
to
and
at
the
cost
of
the
Purchaser,
who
shall
not
be
liable
to
see
to
the
application
of
the
purchase
money;
and
from
the
proceeds
of
the
sale:FIRST,
to
pay
all
proper
costs
and
charges,
including
but
not
limited
to
court
costs,
advertising
expenses,
auctioneers
allowance,
the
expenses,
if
any
required
to
correct
any
irregularity
in
the
title,
premium
for
Sellers
bond,
auditors
fee,
attorneys
fee,
and
all
other
expenses
of
sale
occurred
in
and
about
the
protection
and
execution
of
this
contract,
and
all
moneys
advanced
for
taxes,
assessments,
insurance,
and
with
interest
thereon
as
provided
herein,
and
all
taxes
due
upon
said
land
and
premises
at
time
of
sale,
and
to
retain
as
compensation
a
commission
of
five
percent
(5%)
on
the
amount
of
said
sale
or
sales;
SECOND,
to
pay
the
whole
amount
then
remaining
unpaid
of
the
principal
of
said
contract,
and
interest
thereon
to
date
of
payment,
whether
the
same
shall
be
due
or
not,
it
being
understood
and
agreed
that
upon
such
sale
before
maturity
of
the
contract
the
balance
thereof
shall
be
immediately
due
and
payable;
THIRD,
to
pay
liens
of
record
against
the
security
property
according
to
their
priority
of
lien
and
to
the
extent
that
funds
remaining
in
the
hands
of
the
Seller
are
available;
and
LAST,
to
pay
the
remainder
of
said
proceeds,
if
any,
to
the
vendor,
his
heirs,
personals
representatives,
successors
or
assigns
upon
the
delivery
and
surrender
to
the
vendee
of
possession
of
the
land
and
premises,
less
costs
and
excess
of
obtaining
possession.
英國Plain
English
Campaign幾十年來一直致力于各種公文的直白英語化,而反對各種官樣文章(gobbledygook)。1999年英國頒布實施的消費者不公平術(shù)語法(Unfair
Terms
in
Consumer
Contracts
Regulations)也要求消費者合同的術(shù)語必須用直白明了的語言(plain
and
intelligible
language)。該法還要求這些術(shù)語必須是易讀的,意味著要用清晰的設(shè)計和排?。╟lear
design
and
typography)。類似的法律也在歐盟的國家適用。
在美國,紐約州率先頒行直白語言法要求消費者合同(包括房屋租賃合同)的語言“clear
and
coherent”,其他各州也頒行了類似的法律,如賓夕法尼亞州就要求消費者合同“shall
be
written
and
organized
and
designated
so
that
they
are
easy
to
read
and
understand”。
盡管如此,Law
Dictionary的作者Steven
H.
Gifts先生在該詞典的前言還是感嘆道:“...the
special
language
of
the
law
remains
a
barrier
to
nonlawyers.
To
the
extent
that
this
promotes
the
economic
health
of
the
profession,
maintains
its
aura,
and
prevent
unauthorized
practice
of
the
law,
it
may
be
regarded
as
a
virtue.”大意是說,法律專業(yè)語言對律師以外的人士來講,仍然是一道壁壘。從促進行業(yè)經(jīng)濟的健康發(fā)展、保留行業(yè)特點和防止未經(jīng)授權(quán)進行律師執(zhí)業(yè)等方面考慮,可以把這種語言壁壘看做是一種行業(yè)優(yōu)勢。
作為大陸法系的非英語國家,面對加入WTO后全球經(jīng)濟一體化的嚴峻挑戰(zhàn),中國應該怎樣應對各類國際交往和國際貿(mào)易中紛繁復雜的英文法律文件呢?盡管Plain
English(直白英語)似乎是大勢所趨,但法律英語直白化不是一蹴而就的事情,即便經(jīng)過多年的普法工作,法律語言也不是普羅大眾所能輕易理解和運用的。所以,與其坐而論道法律英語直白化,不如行而學習研究英語合同格式和用語,在這個意義上,拿來主義是必需的。不通曉現(xiàn)行廣泛使用的英語合同,何談取其精華,去其糟粕,何談根據(jù)實際情況對其進行革新與發(fā)展,化為己用呢?
以下針對英文合同的特色,擬從篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、遣詞用語、句式結(jié)構(gòu)以及時態(tài)語態(tài)四大方面進行說明:
第一節(jié)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)特點(Text
Structure)
一份完整的英文合同通??梢苑譃闃祟}(Title)、前言(Preamble)、正文(Habendum)、附錄(Schedule)及證明部分即結(jié)尾詞(Attestation)五大部分。標題開宗明義地顯示合同的性質(zhì);前言用最簡單的說明大略介紹合同訂立的背景;正文里包括依各種合同性質(zhì)的不同而約定的具體條款,還包括不論何種類型合同都會出現(xiàn)的一般條款;附錄構(gòu)成對前述合同正文條款的必要補充(不是所有合同都有該部分);最后,結(jié)尾則是當事人簽名前的一段文字,為整份合同畫上完滿的句號。以下分別就此五部分進行說明。
一、合同的標題(Title)
英文合同和中文合同都一樣,標題并不是一定要有的,因為當事人間的法律關(guān)系是用合同內(nèi)容的各個條款來判斷,標題基本上不會產(chǎn)生任何影響。但為方便辨識的考慮,合同撰寫人通常都會依照合同性質(zhì),在合同首頁的最上方給予一個適當?shù)臉祟}。英文合同名稱在第一章中已有介紹,在此不再贅述,僅補充說明:Confirmation(確認書)、Order(訂單)也會經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在簡易的合同中。
二、合同的前言(Preamble)
英文合同在標題之后,各式各樣的條款出現(xiàn)之前,通常會先有一段前言,也稱序言、導言、總則等,
也見有稱為“Nonoperative
part”者。前言一般不會占去太多的篇幅,目的在于很簡略地介紹合同內(nèi)容之人、事、時、地、物等背景,讓閱讀合同的人在接觸冗長復雜的正文前,先有一個基礎(chǔ)的認識與心理準備。詳細來說,前言通常又分作以下兩個段落:
第一部分文字叫做
“Parties”
,也就是合同的開場白(Commencement),內(nèi)容為說明當事人姓名或名稱、國籍或注冊地國及住所地或主營業(yè)地、訂約日期、各自在合同中的簡稱等等。
EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACT
(SALES)
EMPLOYMENT
AGREEMENT
is
made
and
entered
into
onday
of(month),
(year),
by
and
between:(hereinafter
referred
to
as
the
“Company”),
a
corporation
organized
and
existing
under
the
laws
of
the
State
of,
with
its
registered
office
located
at,
and
(hereinafter
referred
to
as
the
“Employee”),
an
individual,
with
nationality
of(Passport
No.)
residing
at.
本聘用協(xié)議于年月日簽訂,雙方當事人為:依州法律組織設(shè)立并存續(xù)的公司
(以下簡稱本公司)
,
注冊地位于,與國籍的(護照號碼:)(以下簡稱雇員),
居住于。
by
and
between
表示合同是由哪些當事人所訂定。英文中通常會說“This
Agreement
is
made
by
and
between...”,用“by”來表示合同由誰訂定,“between”來表示誰與誰之間的訂立。如果當事人不止兩個,也可以用“by
and
among”來代替。
organized
and
existing
合同開場白里要說明當事人的國籍,在自然人的情況下可以用“a
national
of
...”或“an
individual
with
the
nationality
of
...”來表示,如果是法人組織多半使用“organized
and
existing
under
the
laws
of
...”這樣的字眼,其中“organized”也可以用“incorporated”來代替。
registered
office
“registered
office”是指一個公司的注冊所在地,它和“principal
office”
或“principal
place
of
business”即主營業(yè)地并不一定位于同一個地方。
第二部分叫做“Recitals”,是由數(shù)個以“Whereas”字樣開頭的句子所組合而成,這些句子俗稱為“Whereas
Clauses”(鑒于條款)。
“Whereas”的本義是“When
in
fact”、“considering
that”或“that
being
the
case”的意思,所以“Whereas
Clauses”就表示當事人乃是基于對這些事實(例如訂約的目的、背景、原由等)的共同認識,訂立此合同。以下是一個補償貿(mào)易合同(Compensation
Trade
Contract)的Whereas
Clauses,簡單明了地表達了雙方合作的意愿。
WITNESSETH
Whereas
Party
B
has
machines
and
equipment,
which
are
now
used
in
Party
Bs
manufacturing
of
steel
wire
rope,
and
is
willing
to
sell
to
Party
A
the
machines
and
equipment;
and
Whereas
Party
B
agrees
to
buy
the
products,
steel
wire
rope,
made
by
Party
A
using
the
machines
and
equipment
Party
B
supplies,
in
compensation
of
the
price
of
the
machines
and
equipment,
and
Whereas
Party
A
agrees
to
purchase
from
Party
B
the
machines
and
equipment,
and
Whereas
Party
A
agrees
to
sell
to
Party
B
the
products,
the
steel
wire
rope,
in
compensation
of
the
price
of
Party
Bs
machines
and
equipment;
茲證明(通常不譯)
鑒于乙方擁有用于生產(chǎn)鋼絲繩的機械設(shè)備,愿向甲方出售該機械設(shè)備;
鑒于乙方同意購買甲方用乙方所供應的該機械設(shè)備生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品鋼絲繩來補償該機械設(shè)備的價款;
鑒于甲方同意從乙方購買該機械設(shè)備;
鑒于甲方同意向乙方出售產(chǎn)品鋼絲繩以補償乙方機械設(shè)備的價款;
緊接在一串Whereas
Clauses之后,會出現(xiàn)類似上例中的“Now
therefore,
in
consideration[對價/約因(港臺多用此語)]
of...”這樣一句話,表明合同是有償合同,目的在提醒閱讀合同的人,真正規(guī)范訂約當事人權(quán)利義務關(guān)系的條款在這句話之后就要開始了,也就是說,這句話是前言與正文之間過渡的橋梁,在此之前為訂約背景事實的敘述,在此之后則為關(guān)于交易關(guān)系的實體約定(一般稱為“operative
part/clauses”)。
例如:Now
therefore,
in
consideration
of
the
premises
and
covenants
described
hereinafter,
Party
A
and
Party
B
agree
as
follows:...
茲以上述各點和契約所載條款為約因,訂約雙方協(xié)議如下:……
三、正文(Hanbendum/Operative
part)
正文(Hanbendum)
部分,
也稱Operative
part/clauses或Body,
具體約定當事人的權(quán)利義務。各式各樣的正文條款是合同中最核心的部分,也是篇幅最大的部分,與當事人的權(quán)利義務關(guān)系發(fā)生最直接、最密切的牽連。
本書擬將英文合同中的正文條款分為兩類:特殊條款與一般條款。所謂特殊條款指的是只有在某些特定性質(zhì)的合同中才會出現(xiàn)的條款,例如勞動合同中通常會約定保密條款、競業(yè)禁止條款,但是買賣合同就不會有這些約定。反過來說,買賣合同中一般要記載交易標的、交易條件等條款,在勞動合同中就不會出現(xiàn)。
相對于特殊條款的所謂一般條款,指的是不論合同性質(zhì)如何,幾乎所有的合同中都會記載的條款,例如管轄法院的約定、違約條款等,將于第四章中詳細介紹,在此亦不贅述。
四、附錄(Schedule)
附錄也稱Addendum,
Annex或Exhibit,也有用Attachment,
List或Table表示的。附錄部分作為對正文條款的補充,不是所有英文合同都有的一項。以下就是一份聘用協(xié)議的附錄,對該公司聘用的經(jīng)理職責作出補充說明:
THE
SCHEDULE
ABOVE
REFERRED
TO
1.To
manage,
maintain
and
promote
the
business
of
the
Company.
2.To
attend
personally
during
the
usual
hours
of
business
and
to
supervise
and
control
the
business
and
to
be
accessible
to
customers
and
employees
of
the
Company.
3.To
keep
the
usual
books
of
account.
4.To
pay
daily
all
money
received
in
the
business
into
the
Companys
bank
account.
5.Generally
to
protect
the
interests
of
the
Company.
上文提及的附錄是指:
1.管理、維持并促進公司的經(jīng)營。
2.親自參與公司的日常經(jīng)營,監(jiān)管經(jīng)營,對本公司的客戶和員工平易親和。
3.保管日常賬冊。
4.支付日常公司經(jīng)營到賬的款項。
5.廣泛地保護公司的利益。
此外,即便是有這部分的英文合同,也經(jīng)常因為附錄的內(nèi)容龐雜、篇幅較長而放在合同的最后單獨列明,如有關(guān)的圖表或者其他法律文書。下文就是單獨列在合同后的附錄的一個信用證:
EXHIBIT
B:Letter
of
Credit
XYZ
BANK
LIMLTED
[Address]
Credit
Bank,
N.
A.
International
Banking
Facility
Los
Angeles,
California
90000
U.S.A.
Date:
Letter
of
Credit
No.:
Gentlemen:
We
hereby
establish
this
irrevocable
letter
of
credit
in
your
favor
for
account
of
ABC
Company
in
the
amount
of
US
$(amount
in
words),
available
against
your
draft(s)
drawn
at
sight
on
Credit
Bank,
N.A.,
Letter
of
Credit
Department,
Los
Angeles,
California,
accompanied
by
your
signed
and
dated
statement
as
follows:
“The
amount
drawn
under
Letter
of
Credit
No.[]dated[]issued
by
XYZ
Bank
Limited
on
behalf
of
ABC
Company
is
payable
to
the
undersigned
pursuant
to
the
terms
of
that
certain
Loan
Agreement
dated
as
of
,
,
between
ABC
Company
and
Credit
Bank.
N.A.”
All
drafts
drawn
under
this
Letter
of
Credit
must
bear
the
clause
“Drawn
under
XYZ
Bank
Limited
Letter
of
Credit
Number,
dated,”.
Partial
drawings
are
permitted.
We
hereby
engage
with
the
drawers,
endorsers
and
bona
fide
holders
of
drafts
drawn
under
and
in
compliance
with
the
terms
of
this
Letter
of
Credit
that
the
drafts
will
be
duly
honored
if
drawn
and
presented
to
the
above
drawn
in
Los
Angeles,
California,
on
or
before
[Expiry
date
30
days
after
the
final
Installment
Payment
Date].
This
Letter
of
Credit
is
subject
to
the
Uniform
Customs
and
Practice
for
Documentary
Credits
(1983
Revision),
International
Chamber
of
Commerce,
Publication
No.
400.
Special
Instructions
to
Drawee
Bank
In
reimbursement
for
any
payment
made
by
you
hereunder,
you
may
debit
our
account
with
you.
XYZ
BANK
LIMITED
BY
(Authorized
Signature)
附件B:
XYZ銀行
地址:
北美信貸銀行
國際銀行業(yè)務部
美國加利福尼亞洛杉磯,90000
日期:
信用證號碼:
先生
我行在此開立,以ABC公司為受益人、總額為美元的不可撤銷信用證,憑交加利福尼亞洛杉磯北美信貸銀行信用證部開出的即期匯票付款。并附有貴行簽署、具名日期的如下聲明:
“由XYZ銀行代表ABC公司年月日開立的第號信用證項下款項系根據(jù)ABC公司與北美信貸銀行年月日訂立的某貸款協(xié)議條款規(guī)定,付與簽字人?!?/p>
本證項下開具的匯票須注明“本匯票系憑XYZ銀行年月日第號信用證下開具”的條款。
允許部分提款。
凡根據(jù)本證開具與本證條款相符的匯票,如按時開具提交我行,我行保證對出票人、背書人和善意持有人不遲于最后分期付款日后30天內(nèi)承擔付款責任。
本信用證系根據(jù)國際商會第400號出版物跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例與實務(1983年版)繕制。
付款行特別指令
貴行本信用證項下所付款項,記入我行與貴行的借記賬戶。
XYZ銀行
授權(quán)簽字
五、證明部分(Attestation)
英文合同結(jié)構(gòu)中的最后一個部分就是結(jié)尾辭,即證明部分與當事人的簽名。所謂結(jié)尾辭指的是在當事人簽名之前經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)的一段文字,相當于中文合同中“雙方簽字蓋章,特此為證”。除了表明簽名人確實為正當授權(quán)的代表外,還會具明簽名的日期。至于簽名檔的部分,如果當事人是公司的話,除了代表人的簽名以外,還要加蓋公司印鑒,并且通常會注明代表人的職務(title)。
IN
WITNESS
WHEREOF,
the
parties
hereto
have
caused
this
Agreement
to
be
executed
by
duly
authorized
representatives
of
both
parties
on
the
date
and
year
first
written
above.
By:By:
Title:Title:
本協(xié)議由被授權(quán)之人,于本協(xié)議上述所記載日期,代表雙方當事人締結(jié)生效之,特此為證。
代表人:代表人:
職務:職務:
in
witness
whereof
這三個詞是英文合同結(jié)尾辭的標準模式,實體上講并沒有什么特別的功能或意義,與中文合同里最后通常會記載的“恐口說無憑,特立契為證”很類似,也有用“IN
TESTIMONY
WHEREOF”代替,有時候也會用“INTENDING
TO
BE
LEGALLY
BOUND”代替,意思也是一樣的。
duly
authorized
representatives
當合同之當事人為法人組織時,必須推選出一位自然人作為法定代表人,例如,公司的法定代表人通常會是董事長,代表公司對外簽訂合同,建立權(quán)利義務關(guān)系。除了董事長根據(jù)法律當然具備對外代表公司的許可權(quán)之外,公司董事會也可以通過決議授權(quán)某一個董事、總經(jīng)理或其他重要職員作為公司簽約的代表人,此時與公司簽約的對方當事人為了確保這個代表人的確屬于“duly
authorized
representative”,可以要求公司提供這個授權(quán)的董事會決議證明,以妥善保護自己的權(quán)益。下面就是一個董事會對采購員的授權(quán)決議:
BOARD
OF
DIRECTORS
RESOLUTION
DESIGNATING
A
PURCHASING
AGENT
Pursuant
to
a
duly
made,
seconded,
and
carried
motion
the
Board
of
Directors
of
(hereinafter
referred
to
as
Corporation)
adopted
the
following
resolution
by
a
unanimous
vote:
RESOLVED,
thatis
hereby
appointed
Purchasing
Agent
of
this
Corporation
with
limited
authority
to
make
purchases
in
the
Corporations
name
and
behalf.
Under
no
circumstances
will
the
Purchasing
Agent
have
real
or
apparent
authority
to
make
a
purchase
for
the
Corporation
if
the
dollar
amount
of
said
purchase
or
the
total
dollar
amount
of
an
installment
purchase
will
exceed
the
amount
ofdollars
($).
I
The
undersigned,,
certifies
that
he
or
she
is
the
duly
appointed
Secretary
of
Corporation
and
that
the
above
is
a
true
and
correct
copy
of
a
resolution
duly
adopted
at
a
meeting
of
the
directors
thereof,
convened
and
held
in
accordance
with
law
and
the
Bylaws
of
said
Corporation
on,
(Date)
and
that
such
resolution
is
now
in
full
force
and
effect.
IN
WITNESS
THEREOF,
I
have
affixed
my
name
as
Secretary
of
Corporation
and
have
attached
the
seal
of
Corporation
to
this
resolution.
Dated:
Secretary:
Seal:
董事會決議:
任命采購員:
就已第二次提起到董事會的動議,本公司董事會全體一致通過如下決議:
茲決議,本公司授權(quán)為本公司采購員,以本公司名義代表本公司對外采買。但其單筆采購金額或分期購買的總額不得超過美元。超過該數(shù)額該采購員概無真實或表見代理權(quán)。
我,簽字人,證明,他/她是本公司正式任命的秘書,以上是本公司董事會決議的真實準確的副本,該決議系按法律和本公司章程在年月日召開的董事會上正式通過,現(xiàn)完全有效。
作為公司秘書,我簽字并蓋公司印鑒于該決議,特此為證。
日期:年月日
秘書:(簽字)
公司印鑒:(蓋章)
the
date
and
year
first
written
above
如果合同結(jié)尾辭里注明的日期和合同前言所載明的日期相同,就用這句話表示,如果不同的話,就應該另以條款明定合同生效日(Effective
Date),以免產(chǎn)生爭議。如下例:
After
this
contract
is
signed
by
the
duly
authorized
representatives
of
both
parties,
both
parties
shall
submit
the
contract
to
their
governments
or
Boards
of
Directors
for
approval.
The
date
when
the
later
party
obtains
the
approval
shall
be
taken
as
the
effective
date
of
the
contract.
Both
parties
shall
attempt
to
get
the
contract
approval
within
60
days
from
signing
and
notify
by
telex
or
cable
the
other
party
of
the
approval
which
is
confirmed
by
the
following
registered
airmail
letter.
本合同經(jīng)雙方正式授權(quán)代表簽署后,應提交各自政府或董事會批準。以后一方獲得批準日期為本合同生效日。雙方應盡力在合同簽署后60日內(nèi)獲得批準并以電傳或電報形式通知該批準,隨后以航空掛號郵件確認。
第二節(jié)遣詞用語特點(Wording
and
Expression)
作為正式法律文件,英語合同在用詞方面極其考究,要求選詞專業(yè)(professional)、正式(formal)、準確(accurate)。具體體現(xiàn)如下:
1專業(yè)性術(shù)語(Technical
Terms/
Terminology)
法律專業(yè)性術(shù)語是在合同等法律文件中才用到的詞匯,它并不以一般受眾為對象,而針對專業(yè)人士,力求使語言表達準確無誤。中文合同中常見的諸如“瑕疵”(defect)、“救濟”(remedy)、“不可抗力”(Force
Majeure)、“管轄”(jurisdiction)等專業(yè)用詞就已經(jīng)讓非專業(yè)人士大惑不解,英文合同的專業(yè)用詞自然就更玄妙無比了。
具體的實例如下:
Without
prejudice
to
the
parties
rights
under
Clause
18.
1,
the
indemnities
provided
for
in
Clause
16.
1
and/or
16.
2
and/or
16.
3
shall
be
the
sole
compensation
for
the
damages
caused
by
such
delays.不妨害18.1款雙方的權(quán)利,16.1、16.2及16.3款規(guī)定的賠償應為上述延誤引起損害的唯一賠償金。
indemnities較compensation專業(yè),此處用compensation解釋了indemnities。
Any
such
assignment,
transfer
or
conveyance
shall
be
without
other
consideration
than
the
mutual
covenants
and
considerations
of
this
agreement.任何轉(zhuǎn)讓除根據(jù)本協(xié)議相互契約和對價外不得考慮其他。
Transfer,assignment和conveyance都有轉(zhuǎn)讓的含義,其中assignment和conveyance(多用于不動產(chǎn))尤為專業(yè)。
We
advise
you
of
our
intention
to
terminate
our
tenancy
on
or
before
(Date)
and
to
deliver
to
you
full
possession
of
the
premises.我方不遲于某日期通知你方終止租約并交還房屋全部所有。
Tenancy指房屋租賃的租約,而premises指租賃的房屋及其附屬物,都是專業(yè)用語。
Licensee
agrees
to
pay
to
Licensor
a
minimum
royalty
ofDollars
($)
as
a
minimum
guarantee
against
royalties
to
be
paid
to
Licensor
during
the
first
contract
term,
said
minimum
royalty
to
be
paid
on
or
before
the
last
day
of
the
initial
term
hereto.
受許可方同意支付許可方最低使用費美元作為該許可合同第一期使用費的最低保證金,該最低使用費不遲于本合同的入門期最后一天支付給許可方。
Royalties在許可合同中專指特許權(quán)使用費。
Price
of
the
Contract
shall
be
calculated
on
Royalty
in
accordance
with
the
content
and
scope
stipulated
in
Article
2
to
the
Contract
and
shall
be
paid
in.按照第2條規(guī)定的內(nèi)容和范圍。本合同采用提成方式計算價格,計價的貨幣為。
與上例不同的是,這里的royalty指的是許可合同計價方式的一種即提成計價(royalty
price),相對于統(tǒng)包價格(lumpsum
price)。
Default
in
observing
or
performing
any
of
the
covenants
or
agreements
of
debtor
set
forth
in
any
collateral
document
of
security
given
to
secure
indebtedness
hereunder,
and
the
continuation
of
such
default
beyond
any
peri
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預覽,若沒有圖紙預覽就沒有圖紙。
- 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負責。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 二零二五年度安徽省租賃房屋租賃合同解除協(xié)議2篇
- 二零二五版多功能會議場地租賃服務合同模板3篇
- 二零二五版廢渣運輸合同環(huán)保評估與整改方案3篇
- 二零二五版公積金貸款個人公積金提取借款合同3篇
- 二零二五版工業(yè)自動化生產(chǎn)線改造項目承包合同范本3篇
- 二零二五版房屋屋頂光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)檢測維修合同范本3篇
- 二零二五年度智慧能源管理系統(tǒng)集成合同2篇
- 二零二五年機床設(shè)備采購與客戶項目整體解決方案合同3篇
- 二零二五年抖音廣告創(chuàng)意策劃與投放服務合同3篇
- 二零二五年新型環(huán)保建材生產(chǎn)與建筑垃圾回收處理合同3篇
- 常用靜脈藥物溶媒的選擇
- 2023-2024學年度人教版一年級語文上冊寒假作業(yè)
- 當代西方文學理論知到智慧樹章節(jié)測試課后答案2024年秋武漢科技大學
- 2024年預制混凝土制品購銷協(xié)議3篇
- 2024-2030年中國高端私人會所市場競爭格局及投資經(jīng)營管理分析報告
- GA/T 1003-2024銀行自助服務亭技術(shù)規(guī)范
- 《消防設(shè)備操作使用》培訓
- 新交際英語(2024)一年級上冊Unit 1~6全冊教案
- 2024年度跨境電商平臺運營與孵化合同
- 2024年電動汽車充電消費者研究報告-2024-11-新能源
- 湖北省黃岡高級中學2025屆物理高一第一學期期末考試試題含解析
評論
0/150
提交評論