泛讀pre優(yōu)質(zhì)獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

IntroductiontoNaturalisminAmericanLiteratureAgendaPartOneTheoriginationandfeaturesofNaturalismCatherine張靖雨P(guān)artTwoMoredetailedintroductionabouttheNaturalisminAmericanLiteratureBeryl

張青PartThreeMasterpiecesforNaturalisminAmericanliteratureLucy張馨洋PartFourConclusionWhitney張瑤馨Origination&featuresofNaturalism

ByCatherine張靖雨What’sNaturalism?aliterarymovementfromthe1880sto1940satheorythatliterarycompositionshouldaimatadetached,scientificobjectivityinthetreatmentofnaturalmanseekstoreplicateabelievableeverydayrealityusesdetailedrealismtosuggestthatsocialconditions,heredity,andenvironmenthadinescapableforceinshapinghumancharacterWhatexactlyisnaturalism?Naturalismisatypeofliteraturethatattemptstoapplyscientificprinciplesofobjectivityanddetachmenttoitsstudyofhumanbeings.TheoriginationThelate19thcenturywitnessedtheemergenceof“ModernAmerica”Industrialism,scienceandthenewphilosophyoflifewereimportantfactorshelpedtocreatedtheeconomic,socialandculturaltransformationsofthecountryIndustrialismproducedfinancialgiants,butatthesametimecreatedanindustrialproletariat（無產(chǎn)階級(jí)勞工）Slumsappearedingreatnumberswhereconditionsbecamesteadilyworse,andthecitypoorlivedalifeofinsecurity,sufferingandviolence.IdeasofevolutionhelpedtochangetheoutlookofmanyrisingauthorsandintellectualsAsaresult,herecomestheadvancedRealism——NaturalismnegativeimplicationsofDarwin’stheoryunpolishedinlanguage,lackinginacademicskillsandunwieldy(笨拙的)instructure.subjectsfromthelowerranksofsocietyportrayedthepeoplewhowerevictimsofsocietyandnaturehuman“bestiality”(獸性),especiallysexualdesireThefeaturesofNaturalismMoredetailedintroductionabouttheNaturalisminAmericanLiteratureByBeryl張青BeginningsAmericannaturalistliteraturewiththeformationanddevelopmentofAmericanindustrialization,andoccupiesanimportantpositioninthehistoryofAmericanLiterature.BeginningsNaturalismisdescribedinthesocialmainbody'sstruggletosurvivein,fallinthedoomedtofailureanddeathinthetragicendingofthestory.However,thiskindoftragedynarrativeisnotanaturalistwriterdeliberatepursuitofartisticeffectproduct,buttotheUnitedStateswasapsychologicalreality,changeimpliesthewriter'sideologyandsocialvaluejudgment.InheritanceanddevelopmentNaturalismliteratureattheendoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaindustrializationasapartofnationalspiritconstructionattheendofthenineteenthCentury,becometheimportantcultureandvalues.Americannaturalistwriterfoundthevalidity（正確性）ofDarwinismduringtheliteraryinterpretationofreallifeintheUnitedStates,andfinda"narrativeofbeginning"intheruralliterature,socialreformliterature,localliteratureandlocalliteraturerealism.InheritanceanddevelopmentTheconceptofliterarynaturalismhasformeditsownliterarytraditioninthetwentiethCenturyinAmericanliterature,thechangesinthevaluesofAmericansocietyitmarkedbecomeanimportantpartofthesystemofAmericanvalues.CharacteristicsPessimismEmphasizestheinevitabilityandqualityofdeath.MaintainanobjectivetoneSometimesachievesdetachment（分離）orchangebyintroducingnamelesscharacters.CharacteristicsIndeterminismIndividualcharactershaveadirectinfluenceontheirlivesisreplacedbyafocusonfateornatureTheoppositeofthebeliefoffreewill.ThesurprisingtwistattheendoftheplotNatureisnotaffectedbyhumanstruggle.Determinism（宿命論）

Ametaphysical（形而上學(xué)旳）philosophystatingthatthereareconditionsforeverythingthathappens,giventhoseconditions,nothingelsecouldhappen.DeterminismDeterministictheoriesthroughoutthehistoryofphilosophyhavesprungfromdiversemotivesandconsiderations,someofwhichoverlap（重疊）.Theycanbeunderstoodinrelationtotheirhistoricalsignificanceandalternativetheories.DeterminismismostoftencontrastedwithFree-Will.ThemesSurvivalDeterminationNatureasanindifferentforceactinginhumanlivesThe“brutewithin”--storngemotions--conflict--manvs.natureormanvs.himselfViolenceTaboo（禁忌）Difference,deterministicuniverseForcesofheredity（遺傳）andenvironment

astheyaffect

theindividualSignificanceBreakingthroughsomeforbiddenareainliterature(violence,death,sexetc.)Greatlyinfluencingthe20thcenturywriterssuchasHemingwayandFaulknerIfmanisatthemercyofnature…thenwhat’sthepoint?Right?

"Iwouldratherbeashesthandust!

Iwouldratherthatmysparkshouldburnoutinabrilliantblaze

thanitshouldbestifledbydryrot.

Iwouldratherbeasuperbmeteor,

everyatomofmeinmagnificentglow,

thanasleepyandpermanentplanet.

Theproperfunctionofmanistolive,nottoexist.

Ishallnotwastemydaysintryingtoprolongthem.

Ishallusemytime"

------JackLondon

(1876-1916)FamousAmericanNaturalistsStephenCraneJackLondonTheodoreDreiser(西奧多·德萊塞)OthermasterpiecesforNaturalisminAmericanliteratureByLucy張馨洋Characteristics

Characters

ill-educatedandlow-classSettingurbanTechniqueandplotdespairanddegenerationThemes“Brutewithin"eachindividualNature

indifferenttohumanbeingsForces

ofheredity(遺傳)andenvironmentAnindifferent,deterministicuniverseFrankNorrisTheOctopus:AStoryofCalifornia

Thefirstpartofanuncompletedtrilogy,TheEpicoftheWheat.TheOctopusconflictbetweenwheatfarmersintheSanJoaquinValleyandthePacificandSouthwesternrailroadThePit:AStoryofChicagoTheWolf:AStoryofChicagoStephenCraneMaggie:AGirloftheStreetregardedasthefirstworkofunalloyednaturalism

inAmericanfictionTheodoreDreiserAnAmericanTragedy

ClydeGriffiths

raisedbypooranddevoutlyreligiousparents

lifeisforeverchangedwhenastolencarinwhichhe'stravelingkillsayoungchild.escapedandcametoChicago,hisunclegavehimajob

attractedtoRobertaAlden,apoorandinnocentfarmgirl.wantedtomarryawealthygirlSondraTheodoreDreiserAnAmericanTragedy

hisloverRobertagotpregnant,meanwhileSondradecidedtomarryhimRobertathreatenstorevealtheirrelationshiphemurderedRobertaandwasputintoprisonatlastConclusionByWhitney張瑤馨TheOriginOriginatedintheindustrializationprocess(inthemiddleof19thcentury)NotacoincidencebutaresultoftheinteractionofdifferentfactorsDevelopedinindustrialsocietyTheImportanceAnimportantwritingstyleinAmericanhistoryofliteratureAmajorvaluein19thcenturyThesymbolizationofthechangeofAmericansocialvalues:idealization→humanization→materialisticTherevealmentofthenatureofAmericansoc