中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解復(fù)習(xí)_第1頁(yè)
中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解復(fù)習(xí)_第2頁(yè)
中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解復(fù)習(xí)_第3頁(yè)
中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解復(fù)習(xí)_第4頁(yè)
中考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解復(fù)習(xí)_第5頁(yè)
已閱讀5頁(yè),還剩200頁(yè)未讀, 繼續(xù)免費(fèi)閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說(shuō)明:本文檔由用戶(hù)提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡(jiǎn)介

中考閱讀理解:第一章概述

“閱讀理解''是指閱讀所給的文字材料,掌握它的主要內(nèi)容并理解其含義。

實(shí)際上,“閱讀理解”是通過(guò)認(rèn)識(shí)語(yǔ)言形式與結(jié)構(gòu)而獲取文字信息的過(guò)程。

閱讀是英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的重要組成部分。閱讀理解能力的高低直接影響著聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、

寫(xiě)等各方面能力的形成和發(fā)展。因此,各省、市都把閱讀理解題作為中考英語(yǔ)必

考的最重要的題型之一,并且越來(lái)越重視對(duì)閱讀理解能力的考查:閱讀量逐漸增

多,知識(shí)面逐步拓寬,難度系數(shù)逐年加大。

(1)“閱讀理解''的具體要求

《九年義務(wù)教育全日制初級(jí)中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱》對(duì)“讀”的要求如下:①能預(yù)

習(xí)課文,初步理解課文大意。②學(xué)會(huì)查詞典,能借助詞典閱讀難度相當(dāng)于課文的

材料,并理解其大意。③能獨(dú)立閱讀所學(xué)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)范圍內(nèi)的材.料,生詞率不超過(guò)

3%o三年制和四年制的閱讀速度分別是每分鐘40-50和50-60個(gè)單詞,理解正確

率達(dá)到70%o

閱讀能力強(qiáng)的標(biāo)志不僅指閱讀速度快,而且還要求理解率高。具體體現(xiàn)在如

下兒個(gè)方面:①掌握所讀材料的大意,以及用以說(shuō)明主旨和大意的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)。

②既能理解具體的事實(shí),也能理解抽象的概念。③既能理解字面意思,也能理解

深層含義(包括作者的態(tài)度、意圖及傾向等)。④既能理解某一句話、某一段落的

意義,也能理解全篇的邏輯關(guān)系,并能據(jù)此進(jìn)行推理和判斷。⑤既能根據(jù)材料所

提供的信息解決問(wèn)題,也能結(jié)合必備的常識(shí)(包括生活常識(shí)和相關(guān)的其他學(xué)科知

識(shí)等)去理解和處理題目設(shè)置的疑難問(wèn)題。

由于考試過(guò)程中不允許考生查字典,因此,要想解答好閱讀理解題必須做到

以下兩點(diǎn):①掌握相當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯量。詞匯不過(guò)關(guān),處處是難關(guān)。平常要多背誦一些

基礎(chǔ)詞匯、詞組、習(xí)慣短語(yǔ)等。教材中出現(xiàn)的重要句型也必須牢記。這樣就能為

順利閱讀提供強(qiáng)有力的保障。同時(shí)在記憶詞匯時(shí),要注意單詞的詞性及一詞多義

現(xiàn)象,這樣對(duì)閱讀中碰到的生詞的推斷會(huì)有一一定的幫助。②加強(qiáng)“聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、

寫(xiě)、譯''五項(xiàng)基本技能的訓(xùn)練,創(chuàng)造良好的語(yǔ)境。通過(guò)多聽(tīng)、多說(shuō)、多讀、多寫(xiě)、

多譯,逐步培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)感,提高綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的能力,為閱讀能力的提高奠定堅(jiān)

實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。

(2)“閱讀理解”的題型特點(diǎn)

,,閱讀理解,,是集語(yǔ)法、詞匯、邏輯推理、背景知識(shí)于一體,測(cè)試語(yǔ)言綜合能

力的題目。它主要用來(lái)考查學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的能力,不僅考查閱讀速

度,而且重點(diǎn)考查理解能力。

閱讀理解題分為閱讀材料(短文)和理解運(yùn)用兩部分,其命題形式主要有四

種:①選擇正確答案;②判斷正誤;③完成句子;④回答問(wèn)題。為了便于閱卷,

中考采用的命題形式以前兩種為主。實(shí)際上,閱讀理解題無(wú)論以哪種形式出現(xiàn),

都是一個(gè)問(wèn)題的不同形式的反映,出發(fā)點(diǎn)都是針對(duì)短文具體內(nèi)容理解程度的,即

正確答案必須符合原文意思,符合語(yǔ)法規(guī)范,語(yǔ)句通順,符合邏輯合情合理。

(3)“閱讀理解”的考查內(nèi)容

作為一種綜合性很強(qiáng)的試題類(lèi)型,“閱讀理解”的考查內(nèi)容有如下兒個(gè)方面:

①考查短文的主旨和大意。包括對(duì)文章大意、主題的理解,對(duì)作者意圖或文

章中人物觀點(diǎn)的理解,以及能從短文內(nèi)容中推斷出結(jié)論和作者的弦外之音等。

②考查短文的細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)。包括事實(shí)識(shí)別、有關(guān)數(shù)字方面的計(jì)算或識(shí)圖、排

列順序等。

③考查短文中詞語(yǔ)的意思或句子的含義。這些詞句-一般不只是體現(xiàn)其表層意

義,而往往具有深層涵義。要求考生能利用閱讀材料中的信息,結(jié)合上下文來(lái)判

斷其特定意義,或者根據(jù)句子的語(yǔ)法關(guān)系分析、挖掘其涵義。這就要求考生具備

必要的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)、相關(guān)學(xué)科的常識(shí)及一定的分析和推斷能力。

④考查擬選題目的能力。這是對(duì)考生概括能力的檢測(cè),難度稍大。因?yàn)槎涛?/p>

標(biāo)題的擬定不但取決于閱讀材料的內(nèi)容,而且還受標(biāo)題特點(diǎn)的影響。一般地,英

語(yǔ)短文標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)有:省略冠詞、be動(dòng)詞或作定語(yǔ)用的人稱(chēng)代詞,且多以短語(yǔ)

或簡(jiǎn)單句出現(xiàn)。選擇標(biāo)題的一?般原則是:一是要切題,即能概括出全文的主旨;

二是要簡(jiǎn)潔,即文字要簡(jiǎn)單明了。

(4)“閱讀理解”的題型設(shè)置

閱讀理解是通過(guò)語(yǔ)篇對(duì)學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言能力進(jìn)行考查的題型。研究近兒年

的中考閱讀理解試題,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),閱讀理解題的難度并不是很大,主要以確認(rèn)短

文的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)為主。但是隨著新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實(shí)施,對(duì)學(xué)生高層閱讀能力方面的

要求已有所增加。比如,在高考英語(yǔ)中常用的邏輯推理、詞句理解和歸納全文主

旨大意等難度較大的題目也逐漸納入中考英語(yǔ)考查之列。

2

從考查形式上來(lái)看,“閱讀理解”的題型主要分為兩大類(lèi):客觀試題和主觀試

題。

①客觀試題

客觀試題一般包括選擇題和正誤判斷題。題目的設(shè)計(jì)方式是:在短文、圖文

或圖表材料后給出若干個(gè)不完整的句子,或者根據(jù)短文材料內(nèi)容提出若干個(gè)問(wèn)

題,要求考生在正確理解材料的基礎(chǔ)上,判斷句子的正誤或者從所給的四個(gè)備選

項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)正確答案??紤]到閱卷上的方便,中考閱讀理解題大多以這種方式

來(lái)命制的。例如:

I

Afbur-year-oldgirlislyinginthearmsofadoctor.Shehasjustlosthermother.

Herpinkclothesarefullofbloodandhereyeslookatsomethingonlyshecansee.

Everydayweseepictureslikethisonourtelevisions.WeseeIraqi(伊拉克的)

childrenbeggingforfoodandwaterfromAmericanandBritishsoldiersastheymove

throughtownsandcitiestowardsthecapital,Baghdad(巴格達(dá)).Weseethese

childrenfollowingparents,carryingbagsofalmostthesamesizeastheirsmallbodies

astheyescapefromtheirhomesinBaghdad.

Theyshowjustsomeoftheyounglivesthathavebeenturnedupsidedownby

ongoingwarandtheterriblepricepaidbyIraqichildren.

“Dad,whyaretheAmericansfightingagainstus?Arewegoingtobekilled?^^

asksthesonfAbuSingar,anIraqiengineer.Abufindsithardtoexplainthiswarto

hiseight-year-oldson.

Hetriestomakehimfeelsafebysaying,“Thebombs(炸彈)arefarawayfrom

us.TheAmericansarefightingthesoldiers.We'regoingtobeallright."Eventhough

Abuknowsitisn'talwaystrue,littleelsecanbedone.InBaghdad,parentsgivetheir

childrensleepingpillstotryandletthemescapefromthesoundofbombs.Andallthe

schoolsareclosed.

Nowthingsareworse,andtheongoingwarmakesitimpossibletocountthe

numberwhoarehungry,sick,hurtorevendead.

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,選擇正確答案。

l.WhathappenstothechildreninIraqbecauseofthewar?

3

A.Thechildrenwillgetbetterthanbefore.

B.ThechildrenbegforfoodandwaterfromAmericanandBritishsoldiers.

C.ThechildreninIraqgoawayfromtheirhomesinBaghdad.

D.Thechildrenliveamostterriblelife.

2.Whatdoestheword“ongoing“meaninChinese?

A.正在進(jìn)行的B.非正義的C.未授權(quán)的D.影響惡劣的

3.Thefatherdoesn'ttellthetruethingtohischildbecause.

A.hewantstomakehischildnotfeeldangerous

B.heandhischildareafraidtoloseeachotherinthewar

C.hedoesn'twanthischildtobelieveAmericansoldiers

D.hewilllosehiscountryandhishome

4.ThewarinIraqtellsusthat.

A.theIraqipeopleinthewararemuchhungrierandworse

B.weshouldhelptheIraqipeoplebuildtheircountryagain

C.nothingcanbedoneexceptfighting

D.bothAandB

5.Whatwouldbethebesttitle(標(biāo)題)forthereport?

A.IraqichildrenduringtheWar

B.Sickness,DeathinIraq

C.AmericaandEnglandFightagainstIraq

D.AGirlintheWarinIraq

(選自2003年重慶市中考試題)

(Keys:1.D2.A3.A4.D5.A)

II

HereisapagefromamagazinenamedFuture.Readthefollowinginformation

aboutthingsthatmayhappenintenyears.Andthendotheexercisebelow.

A.

Carswillrunonsolarpower(太I(xiàn),日自昌)orelectricityandwillbemuchcleaner.

Theywillbemuchsafer.Forexample,ifyouaretooclosetoanothercarorifyouare

drivingdangerously,yourcarwillslowdownbyitself.

4

B.

Becausetherewon'tbeanyspareland,newcitieswillhavetobebuiltinthesea.

Somecitiesonwaterwillhavetwolevels(層).Peoplewillliveontheupperlevel;the

lowerlevelwillbeusedfortraffic,shopsandfactories.

C.

Biotechnology(生物技術(shù))willmakefoodbetterandhealthier.Plantsthatare

notaffected(影響)byinsectsorillnesseswillbedeveloped.Thetasteoffruitand

vegetableswillbebetterandfoodwillbekeptlonger.

D.

NewtechnologywillbeusedtomakeTVsthatareonly5cmthick.Theywill

havepicturesthatareasclearasphotos.Electricalappliances(家用電器)willbe

quieterandwillbecontrolledbycomputer.Theywillalsouse50%lesspower.

E.

Manynewwaystocure(治愈)illnesseswillbesuccessfulusingproductsof

geneticengineering(基因產(chǎn):品).Cureswillbefoundfbrthefluandthecommoncold.

However,somenewillnesseswillappear.

判斷下列句子是否符合短文內(nèi)容,符合的用'T'表示,不符合的用表示。

1.Carsusingsolarpowerorelectricitywillcausefeweraccidentsandless

pollution.

2.Peoplewillbeabletoliveinthenewcitiesinthesea.

3.Biotechnologywillhelpdividefoodintotwogroups:betterfoodandhealthier

food.

4.Electricalapplianceswillsave50%ofpowerbecausetheyarecontrolledby

computers.

5.Geneticengineeringcanhelpdoctorstocureillnesses.

6.Theinformationaboveisaboutthehistoryofthedevelopmentofmodern

science.

(選自2003年上海市中考試題)

(Keys:1.T2.T3.F4.F5.T6.F)

5

②主觀試題

在中考英語(yǔ)試卷中,主觀試題出現(xiàn)得雖然不是很普遍,但它反映了英語(yǔ)新課

程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的精神。與客觀試題相比,主觀試題更能檢測(cè)出學(xué)生的真實(shí)英語(yǔ)水平,不

少省市開(kāi)始對(duì)這種題型有所涉及,且有逐漸增加之勢(shì)。

主觀試題通常包括以下幾種命題方式:

a.填空題

所謂“填空題”,就是在短文或圖文材料后,給出若干個(gè)句子或一段經(jīng)過(guò)改寫(xiě)

的短文或?qū)υ?,并且在句子、短文或?qū)υ捴辛粲腥舾煽崭?,要求在每個(gè)空格中填

入一個(gè)或幾個(gè)單詞,使句子、短文或?qū)υ捤磉_(dá)的意思與原來(lái)所給材料內(nèi)容保持

一致。例如:

I

Mostpeoplehavejobs.Theygotoworknearlyeveryday.Somepeopleare

lucky.Eithertheyhaveveryinterestingjobsortheymakealotofmoney.Most

peoplearenotsolucky.Eithertheirjobsarenotveryinterestingortheydon'tmake

muchmoney.

Themostinterestingjobsareoftenthemostdifficult.Peopletakealongtimeto

learnhowtodothem.Doctorsstudyforatleastsixyearsafterfinishingschool.

Someyoungpeoplehaveinterestingandhigh-payjobs.Manyyoungplayersdo

theirworksuccessfully.Footballandtennisstarsareusuallyunder35Yearsold.

Olderpeopleusuallycannotplaythesesportsverywell.Theycannotmovefast

enough.Golf,howeverisagoodsportforolderpeople.Manygolfplayersarequite

old,buttheycanplayitsuccessfully.

Mostpeopleworkuntiltheyare60or65yearsold.Thentheyretire(退休)and

havealotoffreetime.Somepeopleneverretirethough.Thesepeopleusuallyhave

veryinterestingjobs.Writers,artists,scientistsandactors(演員)usuallyworkuntil

theydie.Theirworkistheirlife.

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,完成下列句子,每空一詞。

l.Somepeoplehaveinterestingorhigh-payjobs,mostpeople

don'thavesuchgoodluck.

2.Somejobsalongtimetolearnbecausetheyare.

6

3.Youngplayerscanveryfast,somanyofthemplaytheselike

footballandtennisvery.

4.Golfisagoodsportforpeople.

5.Mostpeoplekeepuntiltheageof60or65.butwriters,artists,scientists

andactorscanworkalltheir.

(選自2003年吉林省中考試題)

(Keys:1.lucky,while/but2.take,difficult/hard3.move/run,sports/games,

well/successfiilly4.old/older5.working,lives)

II

Schooleducationisveryimportantanduseful.Thestudentsbothlearn

knowledgeandgetaneducation.Yet,noonecanlearneverythingfromschool.The

scientists,suchasEdison,Newton,GalileoandEinstein,didn'tlearneverythingfrom

school.Theylearnedalotofknowledgeoutsideschoolorinpracticebythemselves.

Ateacher,evenheknowsalot,can'tteachhisstudentseverything.

Theteacher'sjobistoshowhisstudentshowtolearn,howtoreadandhowto

think.Agoodteacherwithrichexperienceinteachingcanteachhisstudentsthe

methods(=ways)ofstudy.Throughthesemethodsthestudentsareabletolearnand

getalotofthingsbythemselves.

Usuallyitisveryeasyforthestudentstoremembersomeknowledge,butitis

verydifficulttouseitfbrproblems.Ifateacherreallyshowsthestudentstheability

ofhowtouseknowledge,itmeanstheteacherhaslearnedlotsofknowledgeby

himself(orherself).Thesuccessinlearningshowsheorsheknowshowtostudy.

(A)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容選擇最佳答案。

1.Fromthispassageweknow.

A.thestudentsaretaughteverythingatschool

B.ateachercan'tteachthestudentseverything

C.schoolisreallynotimportantanduseful

D.Edisonlearnedlotsofknowledgeatschool

2.Ateachefsjobis.

A.tohelpthestudentswiththeirlessons

7

B.toteachthestudentseverything

C.toshowthestudentshowtostudybythemselves

D.totellthemthewaytostudy

3.Choosetherightorderofthispassage.

a.Howimportantarethestudymethodsfbrstudents?

b.Whatdoestheteacher'sexperienceofsuccessinstudymean?

c.Whereshouldthestudentsstudy?

d.Whatisthejobofateacher?

A.c,a,b,dB.b,c,a,dC.c,b,d,aD.c,d,a,b

4.Whichofthefollowingisright?

A.Ifweknowhowtolearn,wecangetalotofknowledge.

B.Wecanlearneverythingfromourteachers.

C.Thewritertellsusthatpracticeismoreimportantfbrthestudentsthan

learning.

D.Itistheonlyjobforthestudentstolearnknowledge.

5.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitle(標(biāo)題)?

A.Arealjobfbrteachers

B.Studyinandoutsideschool

C.Practice一theonlywayoflearning

D.Howtolearnknowledge

(B)根據(jù)短文大意及空格提示的第一個(gè)字母,把單詞拼寫(xiě)完整,使句子正確。

Mostthingscannotbee(6)withoutf(7),butreadingcan.Whilewearesittinga

(8)inourhouses,wecant(9)aroundthewholeworld,andwecanu(10)lotsofthings.

Wecantalkwiththepersonshundredsofyearsago.Thoughwemaybenoti(11),we

canbecomethefriendsofg(12)men.Onlybookscangiveusthesep(13).Ifyoucan

notenjoythem,youareap(14)person.Ifyouenjoythemmost,youwillbetheh

(15)personintheworld.(選自2002年四川省中考試題)

(Keys:1一5BCDAA6.10.understand11.

important12.great13.pleasures14.poor15.happiest)

8

b.問(wèn)答題

所謂“問(wèn)答題”,就是在短文、圖文或圖表材料后給出若干個(gè)問(wèn)題,要求考生

根據(jù)所給材料信息寫(xiě)出正確的答語(yǔ)。答句可以使用完整的句子,也可以使用能體

現(xiàn)問(wèn)題答案的省略句。例如:

Nearlyeveryparentsaysthatwenevergrowup.Infact,wearemaybe16or17

yearsold.Intheireyes,wearealwayslittleonesandalwaysdowrongthings.For

example,whenIneedtostayathome,alone,theyalwaysworryaboutmeandmylife

withoutthem.

Mostparentsalwaysthinkthattheyhaveofferedthebestthingstheycantomake

theirchildrenliveinacomfortableworld.Theybuytheirchildrenprettyclothes,cool

shoes,strangebutexpensiveschoolthings,andalwaysathousand-Yuan-costbike.

Theythinkthattheyhavedoneeverythingtheycantotheirdearlittlechildren.In

return,theyonlywanttheirlittleboytogivethemgoodresultsintheexaminations

Butwhytheirlittlebabiesstillcan'tunderstandthem?Why?Doesitmeanthat

theystillwantmorematerial(物質(zhì)的)things?No.Asamatteroffact,whattheywant

isatruefamily.Whatdoesatruefamilymean?Ithinkitmeansaplacewherewecan

hideourselvesfromtheoutsidecoldworld.Fromhere,wecangetwarmth,wecanget

consolation(安慰),andwecangethappiness.Andoneimportantthingisthatwe

shouldbestrongerandmoreconfident自信的)intheoutsideworldbecauseweknow

thatwehaveafamily.

SoIthinkthatparentsshouldsavetheirmoneyandsitdowntotalkwiththeir

childtoletthemknowthattheyhaveatruefamily,sothechildandhisparentscould

understandeachothermoreandmore.Then,noboywillberegardedasalittleboy.

閱讀短文,回答問(wèn)題。

1.Whatarealwayslikeinourparents9eyes?

2.Whatdoparentsexpectofuswhentheygiveussomuch?

9

3.Dochildrenwantatruefamily?Whatdoesatruefamilymean?

4.Howcanparentsnolongerregardusaslittlechildren?

(選自2003年揚(yáng)州市中考試題)

(Keys:1.Intheireyes,wearealwayslittleones(children)andalwaysdowrong

things.2.Theyonlywantustogivethemgoodresultsintheexaminations/exam.或

Goodresultsintheexaminations/exam.3.Yes.Ithinkitmeansaplacewherewecan

hideourselvesfromtheoutsidecoldworld.或Yes.Itisaplacefromwherewecan

getwarmth,wecangetconsolation,andwecangethappiness.4.Theycantalkwith

usandwecanunderstandeachothermoreandmore.)

c.其他

隨著中學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試的不斷發(fā)展,閱讀理解傳統(tǒng)的命題方式不斷地暴露出它的

局限性。為了迎合素質(zhì)教育的要求,在近幾年的中考英語(yǔ)試題中,出現(xiàn)了一些既

考查知識(shí)又考查能力,而且形式新穎的“閱讀理解”試題類(lèi)型。例如:

I

MostpeopleinBritainliveinsmallfamilygroups.Morethanaquarterofhouses

inBritainhaveonlygotonepersoninthem.Someoftheseareoldpeoplebutsome

arepeopleoftwentytothirtywhochoosetolivealone.35%ofhouseshavetwo

peopleinthem,andanother17%havethreepeople.15%havefourpeopleinthem,

andtheotherhomeshavefiveormore...

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthediagramsisright.

io

12345

Numberofpeopleinonehouse

A.B.C.D.

(節(jié)選自浙江麗水市2002年中考試題)

(Keys:1.A)

分析:本篇閱讀材料采用了文字?jǐn)⑹雠c數(shù)字圖形相結(jié)合的方式,形式新穎,

別具一格。尤其值得稱(chēng)道的是,該小題將文字閱讀與數(shù)學(xué)坐標(biāo)進(jìn)行有效結(jié)合,很

好地體現(xiàn)了不同學(xué)科間知識(shí)的相互滲透,符合當(dāng)今素質(zhì)教育的發(fā)展和要求,是非

常值得借鑒的,也是未來(lái)命題的趨勢(shì)之一。

III閱讀下面的短文,把A—E五個(gè)句子填入文中空缺處(50—54),使短

文內(nèi)容完整正確,然后完成第55題。

Plantsareimportantlivingthings.Lifecouldnotgooniftherewerenoplants.

50Butanimalsandmencan'tmakefoodfromthem.51Menliveonplantsand

animalstoo.Soanimalsandmenneedplantstolive.52Ifyoulookcarefullyatthe

plantsaroundyou,youwillfindtherearemanykindsofplants.53Mostplantsare

green.Someplantshavemanysmallleaves;othershaveonlyafewlargeleaves.54

Theyaredifferentinshapes(形狀)andcolors.

Excepthavingdifferentshapesandcolors,leavesarealsodifferentinotherways.

Someleaveshaveshortstalks(葉柄)whileothershavelongones,someothershaveno

stalksatall.

A.Thatiswhywefindtherearesomanyplantsaroundus.

B.Therearemanykindsofleaves.

C.Animalsgettheirfoodbyeatingplantsandotheranimals.

D.Thisisbecauseplantscanmakefoodfromair,water,andsunlight.

E.Someplantsarelargewhileothersaresmall.

55.Whichisthebesttitle(題目)forthispassage?(略)

(節(jié)選自河北省2002年中考試題)

11

(Keys:50—54DCAEB)

分析:從表面上來(lái)看,這道閱讀理解題只是將五個(gè)備選句子填入短文中的空

缺處。然而,考生只有在透徹理解短文的基礎(chǔ)上,弄清上下文之間的關(guān)系,才能

做出正確的選擇。其命題實(shí)質(zhì)上就是在語(yǔ)篇中考查學(xué)生上下文銜接的能力。

IV閱讀下面的短文,根據(jù)所給語(yǔ)境,按要求完成下面的題目。

Fresh(淡的)waterisveryimportanttopeople,animals,andplants.(82)Ifthereis

nowater,weallcouldnotlive.

Manyplacesintheworldneedmorefreshwater.(83)Everycountryistryingto

findwaystoturnsaltwaterintofreshwater.

Insomeplaces,(84)thesunisnothotenough,oritdoesn*tshineeveryday.

Insuchplaces,(85)heating(力口熱),ways,seawater,used,can,other,be,of.

Thesewayscostmoremoney,buttheyworkfasterthanthesun.Byboiling(煮沸)sea

waterwithhighheat,alotoffreshwatercanbemadequickly.

(86)但加熱不是用海水制淡水的唯一方法。Otherwaysaretried.Onewayis

freezing(冷凍).Thefreshpartofsaltwaterfreezesfirst.Togetfreshwater,thebitsof

icearetakenout.

(87)哪種方法最佳?Theonethatgivesthemostwaterfortheleastmoney.It

maybeadifferentwayforeachplace.

A.將82處的復(fù)合句改寫(xiě)成簡(jiǎn)單句。82.

B.將83、84兩處的英文翻譯成漢語(yǔ)。83.84.

C.將85處斜體部分的單詞組成一個(gè)句子。85.

D.將86、87兩處的漢語(yǔ)譯成英文。86.

87._________________________

(節(jié)選自湖北鄂州市2002年中考試題)

(Keys:82.Weallcouldn'tlivewithoutwater.83.各個(gè)國(guó)家都在設(shè)法尋找用海

水制淡水的方法。(各個(gè)國(guó)家都在設(shè)法尋找將海水轉(zhuǎn)化為淡水的方法。)84.太陽(yáng)

光熱不很充足,或者不是每天都有陽(yáng)光。85.Otherwaysofheatingseawatercanbe

12

used.86.Butheatingisn'ttheonlywaytogetfreshwaterfromsaltwater.(or...toturn

saltwaterintofreshwater)87.Whichwayisthebest?)

分析:看上去這是一道閱讀理解題,其實(shí)它是一篇集閱讀、詞法、句法、翻

譯于一體的綜合性題目,是對(duì)考生讀、寫(xiě)、譯綜合水平的檢測(cè)。此題充分體現(xiàn)了

語(yǔ)言的綜合性、應(yīng)用性等特點(diǎn),具有很強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)新性和導(dǎo)向性。

從考查內(nèi)容上來(lái)看,“閱讀理解”題目的設(shè)疑方式主要有以下兒種:

a.查找事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)型

這類(lèi)題目主要包括事實(shí)識(shí)別、有關(guān)計(jì)算、識(shí)圖、排列順序等。一般地,這類(lèi)

題目可以直接從短文中找到可用的信息。這些問(wèn)題一般都涉及到文章的“5W”,

即who(人物),when(時(shí)間),where(地點(diǎn)),what(事件),why(原因),how(方式)

等。題目設(shè)計(jì)大多直截了當(dāng)。只要通讀全文,注意文中所述的重要事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié),

就可以做出正確解答。以圖表材料命制的題目更是如此。例如:

03,年山東省煙臺(tái)市中考“閱讀理解”短文(D)中有下面這樣一段話:

He/Sheshouldhaveaninterestinmakingpizza.Moreimportantly,he/sheshould

haveworkexperienceinarestaurant.

針對(duì)這段文字,文后設(shè)有這樣一道題:

Thead(廣告)tellsusthat.

A.theassistantmustbeaman.B.theassistantmusthaveonceworkedina

restaurant.

C.PucciPizzahasbranchesalloverChina.D.PucciPizzaisnotin

Taichung.

【分析】本小題選項(xiàng)B的意思是“要招聘的這個(gè)人必須曾在飯館工作過(guò)”。即

要具有一定

的從事餐飲業(yè)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。這與原文中敘述的事實(shí)"Moreimportantly,he/she

shouldhaveworkexperienceinarestaurant.”相比較,形式上雖不大--樣,但其內(nèi)

涵卻完全相同。如果考生準(zhǔn)確地理解了短文中的這句話,問(wèn)題即可迎刃而解。

又如03,年廣東省中考“閱讀理解”短文(C)篇中有這樣一句話:

Inthepast,therewereforestsallaroundLakePonkapog,sotherainwaterwas

clean.

13

短文后的題目是:

InthepastLakePonkapogwassurroundedby.A.fishB.rainC.

birdsD.forests

【分析】題目所要問(wèn)的是“LakePonkapog四周過(guò)去被什么東西所環(huán)繞?”而

閱讀材料中已用Therebe句型表達(dá)出了這層意思,句式不同,卻有異曲同工之妙。

b.理解詞句或句子含義型

結(jié)合具體的語(yǔ)境,正確理解單詞、詞組或句子在閱讀材料中的確切含義,是

閱讀理解能力的一個(gè)重要方面。有些詞句,雖然未曾學(xué)過(guò),但可通過(guò)上下文語(yǔ)境

推測(cè)其含義,有些詞雖然不是生詞,但在具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中已被賦予了特定的、

新的含義。例如:

03,年廣東省中考“閱讀理解”短文(C)中有這樣一道題涉及猜測(cè)詞義:

Nowtherearemanyhousesaroundthelake.Peopleoftenusechemicalsintheir

gardens.Theyuseotherchemicalsinsidetheirhousesforcleaningorkillinginsects

(昆蟲(chóng)).Therearealsomanybusinessmen.Businessmenusechemicalsintheir

machinesorshops.

短文后的第66小題是:

t^Chemicals^^inthestorymeans.A.化學(xué)家B.污染品C.藥品

D.化學(xué)制品

[分析】單從"Peopleoftenusechemicalsintheirgardens.”這句話是不大容易

猜測(cè)出該詞的意思的。然而這個(gè)詞在這個(gè)段落中接連出現(xiàn)了三次。第一次是說(shuō)人

們常在花園里使用它,第二次人們?cè)谇謇矸块g或殺死昆蟲(chóng)時(shí)在屋子里使用它,第

三次是說(shuō)商人們還將其用于機(jī)器或在車(chē)間中使用。由此,A項(xiàng)和B項(xiàng)明顯是錯(cuò)

誤的。C項(xiàng)具有較大的迷惑性,不過(guò)根據(jù)"Businessmenusechemicalsintheir

machinesorshops.”可知它是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>

c.邏輯推理型

這類(lèi)題目的答案在原文中是不能直接找到的,必須抓住文中相關(guān)信息,順藤

摸瓜,進(jìn)行有理有據(jù)的分析、歸納和推理,才能找出答案。有時(shí)需要透徹理解作

者的雙關(guān)語(yǔ)和弦外之音等。

(a)根據(jù)常識(shí)推斷

14

很多短文所設(shè)計(jì)的題目往往與其它方面的常識(shí)相關(guān)聯(lián),有時(shí)需結(jié)合或根據(jù)已

有的常識(shí)做出判斷。比如解答科學(xué)小品文的題目可能要用到物理或化學(xué)方面的知

識(shí),解答跟自然科學(xué)有關(guān)的題目可能要用到地理、生物方面的知識(shí)等??窟@些知

識(shí)的幫助,往往能快速做出解答,至少可以更加準(zhǔn)確地理解短文。例如:

Onedayweinvitedsomefriendstodinner.Whenitwasaboutsixo'clock,my

wifefoundthatwehadlittlebread.Sosheaskedourfive-year-olddaughter,Kathy,to

buysome.

Oneday,Kathy'sparentsinvitedsomefriendsto.

A.havebreakfastB.havelunchC.havesupperD.haveaparty

【分析】由文中“Onedayweinvitedsomefiiendstodinner.”一句可知,主人

要宴請(qǐng)客人吃飯,所以D項(xiàng)(聚會(huì))不合文意,先予以排除。但是在早(breakfast),

午(lunch),晚(supper)三餐中,卻未明確指出到底請(qǐng)客人吃哪一頓飯。英語(yǔ)中對(duì)

“dinner”——詞的解釋是:mainmealoftheday,whethereatenatmiddayorinthe

evening.這樣可以將A項(xiàng)排除。至于是B還是C,仍然不能確定。再看下文中

的“Whenitwasaboutsixo'clock...”,顯然,快六點(diǎn)了,主人尚未準(zhǔn)備就緒。根據(jù)

生活常識(shí),這里的無(wú)疑是下午六點(diǎn)鐘,再結(jié)合“一日三餐”這一常識(shí),他們請(qǐng)客人

吃的只能是晚飯,所以可以推斷出正確答案是C。

(b)根據(jù)計(jì)算判斷

有些題目需根據(jù)短文的意思進(jìn)行數(shù)字運(yùn)算。中考的“閱讀理解”中的數(shù)據(jù)推算

并不要求高深的數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)。在有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)推算的試題中,根據(jù)短文所提供的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)

行必要的運(yùn)算時(shí),所涉及的數(shù)學(xué)知識(shí)一般都比較簡(jiǎn)單,關(guān)鍵在于準(zhǔn)確理解原文的

含義。例如:

03,年安徽蕪湖中考“閱讀理解”短文(D)中有這樣一道題涉及數(shù)據(jù)運(yùn)算:

IfthepopulationofBeijinggrowstofifteenmillionby2008,howmanypeople

willprobablybeabletospeakEnglish?About.

A.15,000,000B.4,500,000C.3,000,000D.1,500,000

閱讀材料中的原文是:

Infiveyearsthepercentage(比例)ofBeijingresidentswhocanspeakEnglish

willberaisedtoaround30percentfrom15percentnow.

15

【分析】原文中提到:五年之后,會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的北京居民的比例將會(huì)由現(xiàn)在的

15%提升到30%。試卷所提的問(wèn)題是:如果到2008年北京的人口達(dá)到15,000,000,

會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的人將會(huì)有多少?盡管短文中沒(méi)有提到這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù),但根據(jù)題意不難推算

15,000,000x30%=4,500,000

所以答案為B。

(c)根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷

根據(jù)短文中的基本事實(shí)、故事情節(jié)發(fā)展的邏輯關(guān)系(如時(shí)間、因果、條件、

比較、轉(zhuǎn)折、讓步等,)進(jìn)行深層的理解,并在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行題目的理解。在邏

輯判斷題中,這部分題目是比較難做的。例如:

Weareinthecomputerage.Weoftenseecomputersatwork.Theyare

especiallyusefullyinautomaticcontrol,dataprocessing(數(shù)據(jù)處理)andsolving

complicatedproblems.Andtheyarefindingtheirwayintothehome.Thepartplayed

bycomputersisbecomingevenmoreimportantwitheachpassingday.

Moreandclevercomputerswillcontinuetoappear.Theywillrunfaster,have

morefunctionsandworkmuchmoreskillfully.Theywilltakeovermoretasksfrom

us,helpingtochangethefaceofourworld.Somepeopleeventhinkthatsooneror

latercomputerswillreplaceus.

However...

Whichofthefollowingwillbestcontinuethethirdparagraph?

A.Computerswillsoonstopdeveloping.B.Manypeoplelikecomputers

verymuch.

C.Computersareasclevererasman.D.Idonotthinkcomputerswill

replaceuscompletely.

【分析】顯然,本文采用了對(duì)比的方式來(lái)表達(dá)自己對(duì)電腦的看法。前面描寫(xiě)

了計(jì)算機(jī)的優(yōu)點(diǎn),但作者用however--詞預(yù)示自己將引出相反的觀點(diǎn),故答案為

Do

d.歸納主旨型

這類(lèi)題目要求考生在理解全文大意的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)短文做出總結(jié)或概括性的評(píng)

價(jià)。這種題目要求考生不僅能確切把握文中的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié),而且更要透徹理解短

16

文主旨。有的時(shí)候還要求對(duì)作者寫(xiě)作的意圖、觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行剖析,甚至推測(cè)作者的語(yǔ)

氣、態(tài)度等。在表現(xiàn)形式上常采用下列句式:

Fromthestory,wecansay/see.

Accordingto(根據(jù))thepassage,weknowthat.

Thetitle(標(biāo)題)ofthepassage/canbe.

Thewritertellsus.

Fromthestorywecansee/learn.

Themainideaofthispassageis.

Whatisthispassageabout?

請(qǐng)看下面的例文:

Haveyoueverheardyourownvoice?6t0fcourse,yousay.

Hasanyoneelseeverheardyourvoice?Againyousay,“Ofcourse?9

Butthat'snotquitetrue.Nobodyelsehaseverheardyourvoice一thewayyou

hearit.Whenyoutalk,yousetupsoundwaves(聲波).Theairoutsideyourhead

carriesthesoundwavestoyourouterears.But,ofcourse,thesoundofyourvoice

beginsinsideyourhead.Thebones(骨頭)ofyourheadpickupthesoundwaves,too.

Theycarrythesoundwavesstraighttoyourinner(里面的)ears.Yougetthesound

fromtheoutsideandtheinsidetoo.Otherpeoplegetjustthesoundwavesfromthe

outside.Thafswhytheydon'thearyourvoicethewayyoudo.

1.Soundtravelsintheform(形式)of.

A.bonesB.airC.wavesD.voice

2.Thesoundofyourvoicebegins.

A.insideyourheadB.outsideyourhead

C.inyourinnerearsD.inyourouterears

3.Whenyoutalk,otherpeoplehearyourvoice.

A.throughthebonesofyourheadB.fromtheoutside

C.fromtheinsideD.alloftheabove

4.Thephrase“pickup“heremeans.

A.toraiseB.togetC.tochooseD.topull

5.Thepassageismainlyabout.

17

A.wavesintheair

B.thewayyouhearyourownvoice

C.voicegetsaroundfarandwide

D.thedifferentwaysyouandothershearyourvoice

(選自2003年揚(yáng)州市中考試題)

【分析】這篇閱讀材料所講的是我們每個(gè)人都熟悉的事。答案分別是:L

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無(wú)特殊說(shuō)明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶(hù)所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒(méi)有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒(méi)有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫(kù)網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶(hù)上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶(hù)上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶(hù)因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

最新文檔

評(píng)論

0/150

提交評(píng)論