2016年2月20日雅思閱讀考情回顧

Lightingorilluminationisthedeliberateuseoflighttoachieveapracticaloraestheticeffect.Lightingincludestheuseofbothartificiallightsourceslikelampsandlightfixtures,aswellasnaturalilluminationbycapturingdaylight.Daylighting(usingwindows,skylights,orlightshelves)issometimesusedasthemainsourceoflightduringdaytimeinbuildings.Thiscansaveenergyinceofusingartificiallighting,whichrepresentsamajorcomponentofenergyconsumptioninbuildings.Properlightingcanenhancetaskperformance,improvetheappearanceofanarea,orhavepositivepsychologicaleffectsonoccupants.Indoorlightingisusually plishedusinglightfixtures,andisakeypartofinteriordesign.Lightingcanalsobeanintrinsiccomponentoflandscapeprojects.Withthediscoveryoffire,theearliestformofartificiallightingusedtoilluminateanareawerecampfiresortorches.Asearlyas400,000BCE,firewaskindledinthecavesofPekingMan.Prehistoricpeopleusedprimitiveoillampstoilluminatesurroundings.Theselampsweremadefromnaturallyoccurringmaterialssuchasrocks,ss,hornsandstones,werefilledwithgrease,andhadafiberwick.Lampstypicallyusedanimalorvegetablefatsasfuel.Hundredsoftheselamps(hollowworkedstones)havebeenfoundintheLascauxcavesinmodern-dayFrance,datingtoabout15,000yearsago.Oilyanimals(birdsandfish)werealsousedaslampsafterbeingthreadedwithawick.Fireflieshavebeenusedaslightingsources.Candlesandglassandpotterylampswerealsoinvented.Chandelierswereanearlyformof"lightfixture".Majorreductionsinthecostoflightingoccurredwiththediscoveryofwhaleoilandkerosene.Gaslightingwaseconomicalenoughtopowerstreetlightsinmajorcitiesstartingintheearly1800s,andwasalsousedsomecommercialbuildingsandinthehomesofwealthypeople.Themantleboostedtheluminosityofutilitylightingandofkerosenelanterns.Thenextmajordropinpricecameaboutwiththeincandescentlightbulbpoweredbyelectricity.Overtime,electriclightingbecameubiquitousindevelopedcountries.Segmentedsleeppatternsdisappeared,improvednighttimelightingmademoreactivitiespossibleatnight,andmorestreetlightsreducedurbanLightingfixturescomeinawidevarietyofstylesforvariousfunctions.Themostimportantfunctionsareasaholderforthelightsource,toprovidedirectedlightandtoavoidvisualglare.Someareveryinandfunctional,whilesomearepiecesofartinthemselves.Nearlyanymaterialcanbeused,solongasitcantoleratetheexcessheatandisinkeewithsafetyAnimportantpropertyoflightfixturesistheluminousefficacyorwall-plugefficiency,meaningtheamountofusablelightemanatingfromthefixtureperusedenergy,usuallymeasuredinlumenperwatt.Afixtureusingreceablelightsourcescanalsohaveitsefficiencyquotedasthepercentageoflightpassedfromthe"bulb"tothesurroundings.Themoretransparentthelightingfixtureis,thehigherefficacy.Shadingthelightwillnormallydecreaseefficacybutincreasethedirectionalityandthevisualcomfortprobability.Colortemperatureforwhitelightsourcesalsoaffectstheiruseforcertainapplications.ThecolortemperatureofawhitelightsourceisthetemperatureinKelvinofatheoreticalblackbodyemitterthatmostcloselymatchesthespectralcharacteristicsofthelamp.Anincandescentbulbhasacolortemperaturearound2800to3000Kelvin;daylightisaround6400Kelvin.Lowercolortemperaturelampshaverelativelymoreenergyintheyellowandredpartofthevisiblespectrum,whilehighcolortemperaturescorrespondtolampswithmoreofablue-whiteappearance.Forinspectionorcolormatchingtasks,orforretaildisysoffoodclothing,thecolortemperatureofthelampswillbeselectedforthebestoveralllightingeffect.題型分布與Questions14-CompletethesummaryChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachTheTasmaniantiger,alsocalledthylacine,resemblesthelookofadoghas onitsfircoat.Manyfossilshavebeenfound,showingthatthylacineshadexistedasearlyas yearsago.Theylived beforedisappearingfrom .Andsoonafter settlersarrivedthesizeofthylacinepopulationinshrunkatahigherQuestions18-Lookatthefollowingstatementandthelistofpeoplebelow.Matchstatementwiththe NBYoumayuseanylettermorethan18.Hisreportofseeingalivethylacineinthewildattracted19.Manyeye-witnesses’reportsarenot20.Itdoesn’trequireacertainnumberofanimalstoensurethesurvivala21.ThereisnohopeoffindingasurvivingTasmanian22.DonotdisturbthemifthereareanyTasmaniantigerswillliving23.Theinterpretationofevidencecanbeaffectedbypeople’sListofAHansBRandolphCDavidDNickQuestions24-ChoosethecorrectletterA,B,CorWritethecorrectletterinboxes24-26onyouranswer24.HansNaarding’ssightinghasresulted ernmentandorganisations’cooperationeffortstoprotectBextensiveintereststofindalivingCincreaseofthenumberofreportsofthylacineDgrowthofpopularityofthylacinein TheexampleofcoelacanthistoAitlivedinthesameperiodwithBhowdinasoursevolvedCsomeanimalsaredifficulttocatchintheDextinctionofcertainspeciescanbeMooneybelievesthatallsightingreportsshouldAgivensomecreditastheyclaimeveniftheyareBacteduponimmediaCviewedasequallyDquestionedandcarefullyBlack12ADCBADBDAAAlthoughitwascalledtiger,itlookedlikeaclogwithblackstripesonitshackanditwasthelargestknowncarnivorousmarsupialofmodemtimes.Yet,despiteitsfameforbeingoneofthemostfabledanimalsintheworld,itisoneoftheleastunderstoodofTasmania'snativeanimals.ThescientificnamefortheTasmaniantigerisThylacineanditisbelievedthattheyhave eextinctinthe20thBFossilsofthylacinesdatingfromaboutalmost12millionyearsagohavebeendugupatvariouscesinVictoria,SouthAustraliaandWesternAustralia.TheywerewidespreadinAustralia7,000yearsago,huthaveprobablybeenextinctonthecontinentfor2,000years.Thisisbelivedtobebecauseoftheintroductionofdingoesaround8,000yearsago.Becauseofdisease,thylacinenumbersmayhavebeendeclininginTasmaniaatthetimeofEuropeansettlement200yearsago,butthedeclinewascertainlyacceleratedbythenewarrivals.ThelastknownTitsmanijinTigerdiedinIlobar!Zooin193fiandtheanimalisofficiallyclassifiedasextinct.Technically,thismeansthatithasnotbeenofficiallysightedinthewildorcaptivityfor50years.However,therearestillunsubstantiatedCHansNaarding,whosestudyofanimalshadtakenhimaroundtheworld,wasconductingasurveyofaspeciesofendangeredmigratorybird.Whathesawthatnightisnowregardedasthemostcrediblesightingrecordedofthylacinethatmanybelievehasbeenextinctformorethan70years.D"Ihadtoworkatnight."Naardingtakesupthestory."Iwasinthehabitofintermittentlyshiningaspotlightaround.Thebeamfellonananimalinfrontofthevehicle,lessthan10maway.Insteadofriskingmovementbygrabbingforacamera,IdecidedtoregisterverycarefullywhatIwasseeing.Theanimalwasaboutthesizeofasmallshepherddog,averyhealthymaleinprimecondition.Whatsetitapartfromadog,though,wasaslightlyslohindquarter,withafairlythicktailbeingastraightcontinuationofthebacklineoftheanimal.Ithad12distinctstripesonitsback,continuingontoitsbutt.\knewperfectlywellwhatIwasseeing.AssoonasIreachedforthecamera,itdisappearedintothetea-treeundergrowthandscrub."EThedirectorofTasmaniasNationalParksatthetime,PeterMorrow,decidedhiswisdomtokeepNaarding'ssightingofthethylacinesecretfortwoyears.Whenthenewsfinallybroke,itwas paniedbypandemonium."Iwasbesiegedby evisioncrews,includingfourtofivefromJapan,andothersfromtheUnitedKingdom,Germany,NewZealandandSouthAmerica,"saidNaarding.ernmentandprivatesearchpartiescombedtheregion,butnoturthersightingsweremade.Thetiger,asalways,hadescapedtoitslair,acemanyinsistexistsonlyinourimagination.Butsincethen,thethylacinehasstagedsomethingofa ingpartofAustralianmythology.GTherehavebeenmorethan4,000claimedsightingsofthebeastsinceitsupposedlydiedout,andtheaverageclaimseachyearreportedto number150.AssociateprofessorofzoologyattheUniversityofTasmania,RandolphRose,hassaidhedreamsofseeingathylacine.ButRose,whoinhis35yearsinTasmanianacademiahasfieldedcountlessreportsofthylacinesightings,isnowconvincedthathisdreamwillgounfulfilled.H"Theconsensusamongconservationistsisthat,usually;anyanimalwithapopulationbaseoflessthan1,000isheadedforextinctionwithin60years,"saysRose."Sixtyyearsago,therewasonlyonethylacinethatweknowof,andthatwasinHobartZoo,"hesays.IDr.DavidPemberton,curatorofzoologyattheTasmanianMuseumandArtGallery,whosePhDthesiswasonthethythylacine,saysthatdespitescientificthinkingthat500animalsarerequiredtosustainapopulation,theFloridapantherisdowntoadozenorsoanimalsand,whileitdoeshavesomeinbreedingproblems,isstilltickingalong."I'lltakeapuntandsaythat,ifwemanagetofindathylacineinthescrub,itmeansthatthereare50-plusanimalsoutthere."JAfterall,animalscanbenotoriouslyelusive.Thestrangefishknownasthecoelacanth'withits"proto-legs",wasthoughttohavediedoutalongwiththedinosaurs700millionyearsagountilaspecimenwasdraggedtothesurfaceinasharknetoffthesouth-eastcoastofSouthAfricain1938.KWildlifebiologistNickMooneyhastheunenviabletaskofinvestigatingall"sightings"ofthetigertotalling4,000sincethemid-1980s,andaveragingabout150ayear.ItwasMooneywhowasfirstconsultedlatelastmonthabouttheauthenticityofdigitalphotographicimagespurportedlytakenbyaGermantouristwhileonarecentbushwalkinthestate.Onfacevalue,Mooneysays,theaccountofthesighting,andthetwophotographssubmittedasproof,amounttooneofthemostconvincingcasesforthespecies'survivalhehasseen.LAndMooneyhasseenitall—themistakes,thehoaxes,theillusionsandtheusibleaccountsofsightings.Hoaxersaside,mostpeoplewhoreportsightingsendupbelievingtheyhaveseenathylacine,andarethemselvesbelievabletothepointtheycouldpassalie-detectortest,accordingtoMooney.Others,havingtabledacreditablereport,then eutterlyobsessedliketheTasmanianwhohasregistered99thylacinesightingstodate.Mooneyhasseenindividualsbankruptedbytheobsession,andfamiliesdestroyed."Itisablindoptimismthatsomethingis,ratherthanacynicismthatsomethingisn't,"Mooneysays."Ifsomethingcrossestheroad,it'snotacaseof*Iwonderwhatthatwas?'Rather,itisacaseof'that'sathylacine!'Itisabitlikeagoldprospector'sblindfaith,'ithasgottobethere'."MHowever,Mooneytreatsallreportsonfacevalue."Inevertrytoembarrasspeople,ormakefoolsofthem.ButthefactthatIdon’tpackthecarimmediaytheyringcanoftenbetakenasridicule.Obsessivecharactersgetiratethatsomeoneinmypositionisnotouttherewhentheythinkthethylacineisthere."ButHansNaarding,whosesightingofastripedanimaltwodecadesagowasthehighlightof"alifeofanimalspotting",remainsbemusedbythetimeandmoneypeoplewasteontigersearches.HesaysresourceswouldbebetterappliedtosavingtheTasmaniandevil,andhelmigratorybirdpopulationsthataredecliningasaresultofshrinkingwetlandsacrossAustralia.OCouldthethylacinestillbeoutthere?"Sure,"Naardingsays.Buthealsosaysdiscoveryofsurvivingthylacineswouldbe"ratherpointless"."Howdoyousaveaspeciesfromextinction?Whatcouldyoudowithit?Iftherearethylacinesoutthere,theyarebetteroffrightwheretheyare.題型分布與6題+4題+4Inathree-partseriesforBusinessInsider,Sherwin,theCOOofleadershipconsultancyZengerFolkman,examineswomen'sleadershipeffectiveness,representationincorporateAmerica,andsolutionsforincreasingtheirranks,buildinguponthefirm'sresearchfirstpublishedina2012HarvardBusinessReviewarticle.Intoday'slargeorganization,aswomenclimbupthecorporateladdertheyvanish.Whilethestatisticsvaryslightlyaroundtheworld,thisisanextremelyconsistentpattern.Atthelowestlevels,morethanhalfoftheemployeesinorganizationsarefemale.Asyoumovetoeachsuccessivelyhigherlevelintheorganization,thenumberofwomensteadilyshrinks.AttheCEOlevel,worldwide,thereareonly3%to4%whoarewomen.Wefindthistobeapuzzling,evenmysteriousphenomenonwhenyouexaminetheharddatathatdescribestheoverallsuccessthatwomenhavewhencedinsuccessiv