工程造價管理前沿

nthestageoftheprojectcostmanagementAbstractProjectcostmanagementisthebasiccontentstodeterminereasonableandeffectivecontroloftheprojectcost.Describedthecurrentstageoftheprojectcostmanagementsituationonthestrengtheningofthevariousstagesofconstructioncostmanagementoftheimportanceofandraisedanumberofkeyinitiatives.Keywords：costoftheconstructionprojectcostmanagementstatusinvestmentdecisionphaseofthedesignphaseoftheimplementationphaseofthecostmanagementinamarketeconomy,EvenundertheWTOandChina'saccessiontotheworldcommunity,China'sconstructionindustryhowtoeffectivelycontrolconstructioncostoftheconstructionandmanagementofanimportantcomponentpart.However,thecurrentbudgetfortheconstructionprojects-estimate,budget,Superbudgetaccountsforthe"superthree"isstillwidespreadandthateventuallyledtoaseriouslossofcontrolofprojectinvestment.Projectcostmanagementisthebasiccontentstodeterminereasonableandeffectivecontroloftheprojectcost.Astheprojectcosttotheprojectrunsthroughtheentireprocess,stagebystagecanbedividedintoInvestmentDecisionstage,thedesignandimplementationphases.Theso-calledProjectCosteffectivecontrolistheoptimizationoftheconstructionplansanddesignprogramsonthebasisofinthebuildingprocessatallstages,useofcertainmethodsandmeasurestoreducethecostoftheprojectshaveareasonablecontrolonthescopeandcostoftheapprovedlimits.Engineeringandcostmanagementworkofthecurrentstatusofprojectcostmanagementsystemwasformedinthe1950s,1980sperfecttogether.Performanceofthecountryanddirectlyinvolvedinthemanagementofeconomicactivities.Provisionsinthedesignstagetodifferentestimatesorbudgetpreparationaswellasgovernment;Nothingrelevantdepartmentstoformulateabudget,content,methodsandapproval,thebudgetwillprovidethefixedcostofequipmentandmaterialsandfixedpriceofthebudgetpreparation,approval,managementauthority,andsoon.Withthehistoricalprocess,afterrecovery,reformanddevelopment,formedarelativelycompletebudgetestimateofquotamanagementsystem.However,asthesocialistmarketeconomicdevelopment,thesystem'smanyproblemshavealsoexposed.Generallyspeaking,thebudgetestimateisbasedondirectparticipationinthemanagementofnationaleconomicactivityasaprecondition.enterpriseisnottheactualeconomicentities.Duetothecharacteristicsoftheplannedeconomy,and,atthetimeundertheconditionsofproductivity,willinevitablybecomeashortageintheeconomy.Insevereshortageofcommoditiesundertheconditions,aslongasacertainlevelofinvestment,willbecertainoutputs.Inthisenvironment,theprojectplanningandtechnicalargumentationtherecanbenoeconomicanalysis.Statecontroloftheprojectcostconstitutekeyfactorsequipmentandmaterialsprices,wagesandtaxesofartificialdistribution.Inthisrelativelystableeconomicenvironment,thebudgetestimateforthesystemapprovedprojectcost,helpthegovernmenttocarryoutinvestmentplanstoplayamajorrole.Asthesocialistmarketeconomicsystemestablished,requiresustopredictprojectinvestmentandcontrol.Inrecentyears,internationalinvestmentprojectdevelopedtotherequirementsofpriorpre-controlandinthemiddleofcontrol.China,thetraditionalpracticeinanobjectivelightonthecausedecision-making,implementationheavy,lighttheeconomyandtechnology,First,theconsequencesofvictimization,Duetothetechnicalpersonneloftheprojecttechnicalandeconomicconceptsandaweakawarenessofcostcontrol,costmanagementmakesthequalitydifficulttoraise.ProjectCostcontrolisdifficulttoachievelong-termgoals.Second,thevariousstagesoftheprojectmanagementviewoftheabovecircumstances,Myfirstacademiainthe1980smadethewholeprocessofcostmanagementandcontrolconcept,buildingdepartmentswillstudythefeasibilityofprojectsandthebudgetsandfinalaccountstotwoextendedattherequestofthecorrespondingregulationsputourcostmanagementconceptsandmethodsreferredtoanewheight.OurtasknowistobemodernandcostmanagementinlinewithChina'snationalconditionsofthemarketeconomysystemgoal,learnfromtheadvancedexperienceofthedevelopedcountries,andestablishsoundmarketeconomiclawsofprojectcostmanagementsystem,effortstoincreasetheprojectcostlevels.Aninvestmentdecision-makingphaseoftheprojectcostmanagementconstructionprojectinvestmentdecision-makingstageisproposedprojectproposals;conductafeasibilitystudytodetermineinvestmentestimationandthefinalpreparationofdesigntask.Atthisstage,theproject'stechnicalandeconomicdecision-making,oftheconstructionprojectcostoftheprojectafterthecompletionoftheeconomicbenefitshaveadecisiveinfluence,Theconstructioncostisanimportantstagecontrol.China'scurrentstageoftheprojectcostfortheprojectmanagementforthepurposeofclearingprice,andfocusingonlyontheconstructionprocessofcostcontrol,neglectedbeforethestartoftheprojectinvestmentdecision-makingstageofcostcontrol.Investmentdecision-makingphaseofinvestmentprojectsisestimatedanimportantbasisfordecision-making.Ithasadirectimpactonnationaleconomicandfinancialanalysisoftheresultsofthereliabilityandaccuracy.Becauseofthisphaseisthepreliminaryworkofprojects,theinformationcannotbefully,comparableworksmoreorlessthatinformationaccumulatedrelativelysmall,estimatedinadequateandunscientific.Makesprojectcostmanagementandcostworkersisdifficultatthisstagedosomething.Thevariousstagesoftheprojectcostcontrolinthedecision-makingphaseprojectcostcontrol.Rightprojectplanningphaseofthecost,manyownershavethewrongunderstandingthatthelowerthecostthebetter.Costcontrolisnotaunilateralissue,andshouldbeanumberoffactors,acombinationofpractical,comprehensiveconsideration.Theconstructionprojectinvestmentdecision-makingstage,theproject'stechnicalandeconomicdecision-making,Costoftheprojectafterthecompletionoftheprojectandtheeconomicbenefits,withadecisiveroleinprojectcostcontrolisanimportantstage,rationallydefineandcontrolthedirectionoftheprojectcostofaccuratepositioningandbuildingOptimizationguidingrole.Inthedecision-makingphaseofthemostimportantistodoagoodjobfeasibilitystudy,theworkisdonewell,returnsoninvestmentandcanformagoodproportion.Otherwise,investmore,lesseffective,resultinginlossofcontrolandwasteofinvestment.Atpresent,someoftheprojectsplannedtheownersofdeparturefromthesubjectivedesiresofafeasibilitystudyonthelackofscientificproof.FeasibilityStudyuntrue,falseorengineeringfunctionsobtainingtheapprovaloftheirsuperiors,actuallyputintothefeasibilitystudywillbeawardedinthestudyfortheprojectafterthesmoothfunctioningburiedalotofhiddenproblems,leadtoinsufficientfollow-upfundsfortheprojectandhadtoextendthetimelimitsothattheprojectcouldnothaveplannedtheuseofcost-effective,evenbecomehopelesscompletionofthebeardworks.Therefore,inordertophaseintheinvestmentdecision-makingeffectivelycontrolconstructioncosts,wemustdothefollowingaspects:ⅰImplementationoftheconstructionprojectandcorporateaccountability,Constructionoftheprojectfromplanningtoimplementationoftheentireprocessandtheuseofthefundstorepayresponsibilitiestothepeople.inadditiontoestablishingalegalsystemandtheprojectsupervisionmatchingmechanismbythedepartmentsinchargeoftheindustryandsupervisiondepartmentsforsettingupamonitoringgrouptooverseetheuseoffunds.沃ⅱ映Are躁alis膠tic沿appr蟻oach斬to知mark潤eta企naly籃sis,籃to吵avoi賀dth然ebl繁indn奶ess黃oft掏hep榴roje哨ctd渴ecis桃ion-擁maki壇ng,宿redu移ces雀and黃redu疲ces跡inve茫stme勿ntr蔽isk.椒Ful東lyc費onsi繡der拋buil積ding父pro鞠ject雕sin濕the蠻fut扁ure鎖mark竄etc怪ompe至titi禁vene壓ss,埋desi勞gnt壩ask本more晝sci說enti紗fic頌and仔reli飼abil虎ity.槳耍ⅲ教Cap而ital述fin盼anci始ngm寸ust駕have嘗af喇orma達lco藝mmit難ment荒doc巖umen飾t,t叮hep桌arti邪esm劉ust密doi蛇nves遙tmen典tfu芝nds還inp皂lace旁,an必dfu漿nds辦must把hav經edo未cume嗓nts陡toe拋nsur戴eth狡att需hep眨roje部ctc迅anb線eap召prov濃eda愈fter北the班sch盜edul局edi誤mple永m(xù)ent攔atio荷n.T奔oth豆eva尚riou擁slo避anc軟ondi畏tion左ssh袖ould花be吩car絕eful班l(xiāng)ya炸naly鼻zed樸tom爸inim早ize串the律burd茅eno方fin場tere銅sta帶ndr護epay秧ment動pre產ssur遲e.?、づo喇stre嘩ngth亞ent氣hee段ngin忍eeri春ngg柔eolo兼gy,唱hydr舉olog藏y,g禿eolo命gya筆ndl木and,離wat挎er,斑elec怪tric司ity,針tra泛nspo否rt,縣envi約ronm聲enta殖lpr塔ojec渡tss離uch繼ase伙xter伴nal禾cond注itio肥nsf降ort守hew蠻ork灘ofd聚epth葵to證make躲the賤inv覺estm謊ent注esti濤mate筐the嗽rea頌res袍uffi鈔cien籌tgr腹ound彎s.賽Taki蒸nge護xten售sive鞏inv繪esti腰gati臣ona求ndr微esea突rch,過com偉pari嚷son委ofs溉imil欠arp追roje到cts,懸ser啟ious勵lyf象unct耐iona暗lan銹alys與is,核mult談i-pr知ogra幼mco妻mpar飄ison箭and弱cho法ice.榮Aft扔erf芬ull員tech經nica叨lap搬prai跌sal坊and執(zhí)econ唇omic足eva熱luat歌ion,節(jié)and好the恨fin牛alt航echn秧olog希ical難lya確dvan肯ced,剩fun拉ctio赤nal仙and據reli琴able崗.Re淡ason呆able播eco謀nomi扛cpr常ojec微ts,添thus需cal瑞cula瓣tea此mor案eac伍cura箏tea摧ndr毀eali相stic銷est民imat級ion累oft榨hea賢moun進tof忙inv疑estm軌ent,慶so巾that啦the掌pro羅ject惠cos惜tfr書omt鑰hes賠tart首pos小itio濤ning時in杯amo剃rer候easo稠nabl贊ele棄vel.聰仰The跪desi涼gnp等hase尸of緒the膽proj戶ect括cost和con抵trol承for妻al朵ong熱t(yī)ime車,Ch叢ina'酷sbu鳳ildi莊ngc訴ontr筆olv免ery確effe迎ctiv蝴e,-叼inv罩estm斯ent頑proj趨ects昌is摟not屯unco片mmon脊,th茶isw汪ill植affe活cto她wner餃sof泳inv刃estm寨ent終retu釀rns,浮it區(qū)adds劇to阻the添owne記rsa傷ndw拐ithi買nbu蝕dget乎,as處wel喊l(fā)as補dif略ficu鹽ltie搏sin服fun伴dow蒜ners役,th饞eim峰pact雀on凈the賓futu價rem杰anag值emen傍tor棕the錘own版ers逮make徑pay逗ment壟sin該arr傳ears倡,an膠dso診on.碎Hen吳ce,丟the授cont拾rol梅oft惱hep厭roje嚴ctc黑ost番iso銷fgr娛eat中sign借ific刃ance鴿,ho源weve猜rth悲epr值ojec本tco屠sti困sth森epr盯imar臂yme困ans常ofc號ontr設old叫esig請n,征Curr邊entl纖ymo緊sto菜fth絹epr怎oper超tyo番wner托sin貸the失des籠ign蟲stag竹ese堪l(fā)dom涌wor恩kso耗nco假stc晴ontr匆ol,厭and夜they爆fou戶ndt給hat蕉the癥cost吼of兆the律desi梳gnw狡ill魄not摧have凝ag直reat瓜imp娃act,唉it響isw鎖rong并,on摟the帥con擺trar塊y,D她esig鼠nph詞ase邪oft喉hep蒜roje踩ctc努ost支cont羊rol裹ist棚hem桿ost甩impo吹rtan脆tst妨ep.肚Beca后use起itd和eter昆mine消sen瞎gine獸erin制gde恭sign驚,co炕nstr伏ucti耽onm管etho窩ds,輝mate父rial像san罩deq星uipm揉ent禁type電s,m譯odel坐sof逢the沒pro渡ject愿cos羊tis極of運crit雨ical虜sig與nifi梳canc衛(wèi)e,d呀esig期nop亦timi稱zati恐onp偷hase氣of唉the良prog箏ram拋orm俯inor豈cha床nges哪,pr愧ojec烘tco躬stw肌ill余have腫as暈igni姓fica百nti昌mpac凳t,D靈esig雄nph千ase荒oft享hep同roje歪ctc凳ost勢cont例rol悠oft鞏het郊otal止pro斬ject授cos零tof允70%錄.Fo論llow榆ing咱ish元owt扮oco最ntro深lth則epr伍ojec稻tfr載omd因esig塑nto族cre器ate宿the朋Law:沉傾1.凝Ast氣heo賣wner線smu纖std產esig歌n,t急hed系esig琴nse恥lect詠edo秘nth嶺equ凝alit景yle子vel翁isa柳dir凱ect岡impa乖cto濱nth豐equ型alit墻yof診pro憤duct隆des親ign視leve銜l,a貍ndt關hed鞭esig遍nqu塊alit診ypr健oduc黎tsi斷nth榨ele駕vel及ofd隸irec屈tin子flue接nce腹ont幟hep源rici陽ngo挪fth油ewo喉rks.燕Dif錯fere蠶ntd臉esig然nun此its悔ont線hes懸am期epr干ojec棉tde腦sign丹are督dif傷fere蔑nt.然the障same援ite慌mof喪dif椅fere根ntd向esig章nin封stit便ute守work芽sbe尋twee斜nce定rtai筋nas仇pect銅sof貧the拒pro按ject碗cos急ton禍the提exi晴sten個ceo栗fdi寄ffer地ence股sbe除twee場n,W忽eas雜sume腔tha倚twi廣tha烈des橡ign寨from刪two川dif危fere汗ntd冒esig載nin凡stit偵ute乳tod爭esig體n,C甜onst仆ruct折ion且plan致saf藥ter虜the依comp恢leti穴ono個fa按requ調este憑dad雪viso琴ryu康nit暫cost防to抓dot燕heb處udge釘t,c諸erta趟inly記dif扶fere扣ntd創(chuàng)esig誦nin夢stit維ute埋the認tota僚lco裝sto遷fth障epr秘ojec牌tis蘇abs艷olut風ely那not漂the瞎same棄,an廟dmo頓sto粗fth絨edi甘ffer團ence梁bet青ween資the碌two例ove霜r10壇%ev狂enm桂ore察than栗30%尿,an撞dno炒tne橫cess揪aril社yhi很ghc證ost墓than態(tài)the膝des沙ign蓋ofl托owc牛ost,豪and拐goo響dde睜sign遼is死ofte顫nlo患wco贈st,巾Wea戚llk執(zhí)now家that她dif啞fere華ntp導eopl緣eha雄ved規(guī)iffe默rent傻des哨ign蜂styl層esa摸ndd梯iffe刊rent搞lev盤els,頂the或des臂ign瓦work江sna掏tura經lly,葡the悲refo爬rec債hose蠅nto完des院ign煙unit斃sis易the燥con蠟trol羽on掘the鈴firs目tst奴ep.術Thro刑ugh萬tend榜ert哈ose譽lect哀the敵des皺ign返oft驕heu斬nits悠is飛ago軍odm劑etho凱d,t辭het柱ende雹rdo駕cume兇nts巾toe鐵labo噴rate植on屠this批par娘ticu拜lar贏aspe鍵cto職fth累ere烏quir欣emen號ts,跌cost容con嗚trol員tar今gets慰,an譯dso傷on.墊些Othe壯rwis榴e,i嶼nth撫esu繼bseq宣uent腦des壩ign流proc壯ess憑desi胞gnu蹄nits舞wil諷lpu病tan編inc麻reas速ein宜the脅cos榆tof絹the山des啦ign臺requ磁irem曠ents園;th浴roug早hte肚nder振ing愛the楚proj降ect序desi翻gni鬼nto的the錘mark允et,議comp卷ared霜to它sele周ctt火heb罷est欣desi葡gnu欲nits聯(lián).婆2.他Prom閑otin物gth煩ede良sign父bid甘ding墻and攝des鑰ign飲opti馳miza礙tion岡cam四paig閘nmo晃ded惱esig是nun彼its述asse某ssed帥by些expe始rts首usin拿gsc按ient峽ific栗gro哀upF侮ranc櫻e,i櫻nac團cord育ance成wit衫hap筍plic晚able冊,ec戀onom怠ic,躺aest寺heti慎cpr灣inci謎ples淘and頭adv地ance積dte犧chno穗logy戚,re還ason堆able逃str撲uctu璃ret慣ome行etb冠uild泳in繭gen府ergy訊eff輛icie雅ncy渣and很envi欲ronm肉enta號lre牧quir牛emen探ts,續(xù)comp勤rehe段nsiv型eas征sess秩ment尤of霸the遵meri意tso允fth消epr熔ogra極mde部sign光,se提lect雁ion耐oft展heb曠est鴿dete雕rmin放atio角nof而the咐suc百cess擴ful獲prog敘ram.氏真Succ鏡essf浙uli威nves麻tmen局tpr惹ogra敞mes監(jiān)tima征ted繡tob雹ecl駝ose渴tot勿heg月ener下alc摘onst瓣ruct膨ion仇proj強ect浮scop投eof貼inv體estm鄭ent.拖Thi期sme征ans徹two駐desi淘gnc認ontr散acts解wil叫l(wèi)he鑄lpd剖esig朵nth飲epr奪ogra散mof擠cho陪ice且and檔comp歉etit衡ion撇toe糠nsur狠eth停att水hes炭elec固ted零desi章gna返dvan僑ced眨tech六nolo貌gy,側uniq猾uen虜ovel增ty,衛(wèi)adap揪tabi不lity鎮(zhèn),as警wel孤las符to尸cont迷rol級the差cost踢of寇the餓proj暖ect.偵Des晨ign宿unit仙ssh棕ould夢str布ive誘toi磁mpro介vet跌heir扔qua傻lity快of容the燃proj慰ect膠desi曾gnc赤l(xiāng)eve剩rid些ea,透cont添empo哭rary食red餡ucin壘gth辟epr雁ojec葵tco擊sto挺nto鳴rac碼kth夏eir國brai最nst壁oim落prov李ede晉sign征qua都lity竟,st區(qū)rive志to淘put叼the民desi驢gnp族hase堡of占the求proj敏ect補cost訊con簽trol堤app映rova雞lof機the君inv俱estm濟ent句ceil民ing.水皮3.S撈tren飽gthe婚ning保the懼des態(tài)ign偷stag巾eof歐the揚des爸ign忍phas宇eto階str證engt拴hen現(xiàn)supe天rvis恨ion蔽oft窗heC盞ommi煙ssio炒ner難tod郵eter浪mine盲ar惱easo馳nabl翠ede怪sign英,ma傭ture版tec號hnol吳ogy,夕red知ucti洞oni細nth注eco昆nstr或ucti躍onp飾hase震maj悄ord怨esig伍nch酷ange棉san膚dch危ange佩sin蜜the星pro士gram狹,in母the蛾eff剛ecti宜vec輛o耐ntro們lof聾the師pro塘ject鍋cos哨twi求llp銹lay鍛aro嘆le.抓1to脈the揚des沫ign污oft敗hep派roje屋cti影fth嫁epr泊ojec須tsu屯perv炕isio勞nto微get屬inv呀olve多d,e查xclu庭ding拿unf賴avor耐able奴fac耽tors拔may諷gen玉eral邊lyi然sex設clud腰edf纖rom敬the朵80%敗erro隔rs.逮Int究hee析ntir談epr斤oces蠶sof鮮bui紅ldin況gco樹stc勿ontr輸ol,符cons以truc于tion筋beg完ana耀tbe域stt拜osa吼vea譜ndi漲nves督t20投%,t露hek啞eyl杰ies蛇int綱hec樓onst療ruct嬸ion絡phas妨eof色the刪ide毯ntif息icat神ion暴and敗cont親rol器cost刊s.S閑uper皮visi層ono灑fth曬ede饒sign部pha草sei擴nclu沿de:書Des背ign缺Inst思itut祥eun奴der籌the撈desi遺gnd貫rawi加ngs朱and尊note呼she澆lpo怪wner鑄sde效alw厭ith稱diff寬eren大tde地sign雖opt聾ions被for根the扭eco凍nomy訊,ca靈pita備lex境pend備itur袍eto躍dev據elop稱the伴pre繼limi捕nary扎est叛imat包es,竊toe激nsur辜eth舅att禍hei跳nves躬tmen譜tca謝nbe午mos喝tef夠fect壯ivel診yut乎iliz疑ed.悲With胡the逐own垃ers染oft漲heC夸ommi乘ssio足ner泛incl完ude:姑傻Acco遷rdin博gto棕the漁Des奸ign餅Inst瓶itut跟eto更pro諷vide浴des梳ign宰draw緩ings車and袋not秋est澆o金help恒own斧ers規(guī)deal趴wit樓hdi楊ffer事ent山desi暑gno州ptio朱nsf問ort棋hee衡cono偽my,幼capi痕tal囑expe翻ndit陡ures涼to戴deve舍lop草the怖prel躁imin蹈ary嶄plan盯to鼻ensu隆ret眠hat博inve虧stme定ntc勾anb刪emo俊ste渠ffec率tive惕lyu傳sed;胳wit估hth接eow賊ners浙of堆diff側eren儀tde蝶sign胃opt瓜ions改,th爸ene題edt經oca辱lcul辨ate鈴thei醒row白nma偽teri弦als括and寒equi雁pmen駐tto宴con恢duct違ac萄ost奏anal叨ysis填and云stu滴dy,筋tot仆hed飽esig峰nst稻aff帽cost法s,t虎oas羽sist項the柔min貫the業(yè)inv唇estm響ent導limi次twi猴thin喚lim產its栽desi布gned脫to霸save秀and旅inv慶est.貸To駁seek球ao濁ne-t幕ime集smal比lin藝vest厲ment爭and硬eco跌nomi梅cgo奔odd翻esig亮npr匪ogra硬mma黃det附hem笛ost啦rati土onal邊eco倒nomi銅cin遍dica燕tors富.伐4.據Desi介gna壟ctiv幻ely粗prom至ote教the旬so-c膽alle博dca求pli勝mit另desi膚gn,撤even熔wit皂hth雁eap招prov殲alo膝fth廉ede格sign習tas緞kan核din哄vest瞞ment羞est旦imat伶es,希guar設ante三eth壟efu瀉ncti女onal肌req托uire堅ment挺sof畝the戰(zhàn)pre悔mise級.Th型epr捉elim澤inar肅yde漏sign落and豐con乓trol歐bud延get,日acc胡ordi嶺ngt楊oth楚epr命elim芝inar帶yap鏡pr姓oval持of趣the悄tota喊l(fā)bu和dget路for爪the毯des炭ign格and地cons貌truc仁tion采des史ign挪cont擺rol.號Lim印its,計and勒eve啦ryo邪nep悔rofe當ssio蔥nal,新eac壩hof敲who悉mha區(qū)vea炒des郊ign爽thre哥shol親dof井at余arge盾t.I岡nth渡ede唯sign樓pro罰cess傍,de劉sign楊ers體shou革ldp晴rogr讓ess喬tom搏ore侄prog芝rams不,de輕sign理opt末imiz愚atio誓n,e罪nsur疫ing斬that本the熊des讓ign卵ist站echn測ical吳lya稼dvan否ced鞋and參reas堡onab麻le,賊inno杰vati進ve,浩styl鋤ish,甩and繭do石not處brea歐kth律eli融mit蘆inve為stme身nto蒼bjec剪tive擦s,t近hus首elim桌inat白ing傳the脹engi鼠neer打ing扁desi呀gnr衣aise告the如fac蛾tor主ofs禿afet音yan熊dde窮sign筆sta塑ndar吐ds,公oro撕nly份cons包ider科the傷tec啄hnic歸alf卸easi師bili秒tyo嗎fth驅epr遭ogra糟m,r芝athe棄rth皇ane妥cono匙mic步rati儉onal習ity作phen掙omen蠢on,而the熄proj有ect寄cost季to楊ensu百ree捆ffec掙tive根con均trol掛.論Also騰kno悄wna首sth巷eva床lue鵲ofv綁alue減eng挖inee知ring摔ana裁lysi劍s,i耕sa魂mode底rns乏cien飛tifi輛cma鴨nage杰ment舒tec巾hniq躺ue,崗isa那new核tec筒hno-候econ殼omic首ana旺lysi垂s,i蟲sth懶epr橡oduc宜tof愉fun陜ctio計nal捉anal濟ysis障to技cons塞erve絡res編ourc禁esa淚ndr預educ核eth參eco撒sto禿fth槍epu歇rpos特eof縮an懷effe睜ctiv聚eme西thod谷.It尚mad恥eup集for林the國tra陜diti體onal石cos皺tma揮nage兼ment塘sim能ply梯focu借son縫cos宮tre漠duct俘ion撒and像qual挽ity它mana朵geme雀nto泉nly泡emph扶asiz看esi盼mpro暖ving常the駕qua技lity恩def童icie筐ncie匯s,c惜onst帖ruct賢ion泰isc華ondu濟cive母to囑reso慨lvin悶gth御elo貫ng-s騎tand恥ing值long繪per螞iod,踩al沾oto臟fwa掛stag穴e,p確oor敵qual疾ity,噴hig繳h-co替stp筋robl餅ems.辯Val毒ueE礦ngin陸eeri界ngl幼aws食gene牧rall測ydi怨vide喉din至tot錢hree收ste番ps:機asse谷ssme勤nto背fth園ede腳sign檔of役obje喬ctt淚echn花olog咽yan蓬dec遮onom檢icS氏core磁;Ca鳥lcul擠atio罵nof部the耕tar友get幫grou另pof銷tec壽hnic舉ala弱nd惠econ強omic英ind岔icat是ors;捎cal牲cula切tet教heg蔽eome稿tric威des葉ign嫌oft直heo聚bjec纖t,o驢nav都erag布e;f汗rom逗comp霞aris演onc輕hoos啟eth雪ebe嬸std腰esig年n.副Cons擊truc換tion凱pha營seo拘fth誰epr傅ojec各tim淹plem掀enta仰tion綠uni事tco籠nstr就ucti眉onc恥ost何mana攔geme炭ntt弄oco努ntro戰(zhàn)lth踢eco出sto蓋fth弊epr創(chuàng)ojec句tis偵rea囑sona襯ble顧int棟hep暫roje魄ctt尖ome從etq塊uali冤tys虜tand怕ards籍pre鴉mise西,in雁the西inv遍estm堵ent禮deci牢sion呆-mak伯ing丹stag竹e,t搖hed律esig盆nph著ase說and槍cons企truc哥tion剪pha剛seo證fth除epr眨ojec柔t(yī)pu膽tth悔epr督ojec盾tap樣prov洽alo岸ccur華red融int厚hec緣ontr溝oll估imit或s,s掀triv對ein永var崇ious團con膀stru斬ctio春npr喘ojec模tsr脫atio亂nal催use期ofh任uman城,ma轎teri疲ala話ndf饑inan鄉(xiāng)cial輩res油ourc具est薄oac陽hiev叼ego級odi寨nves納tmen流tre系turn逐san認dso幟cial濱ben破efit像s.波The枯proj篇ect殼cost勇con厲trol老and瞧man松agem信ent懇isa順dyn單amic遙pro效cess隨.Th斗edy肺nami憐cma揀rket案eco舉nomy挽,to音mak獨eth舉ein悉vest匆ment插in黃the磚iden詞tifi培cati鏡ona久ndc榆ontr遭olb諷ecom朱emo倡rec眠ompl駝ex,匹this僻wil毒lre搜quir如eth基eco斑nstr甘ucti釀onu粗nits惜to百the累mana肅geme押nto錯fpr宗ojec崖tco萄stt假oth該epr知ojec耐tru必nst鄰hrou蚊ght恭hee炎ntir饞epr醒oces共s,i仿tis繭nec例essa箱ryt糧oha單vea籮com嗚preh誠ensi儲vef講ocus心.Th僚eim泄plem瞎enta挨tion配pha坐seo漸fth行epr應ojec森ts.勻The鎖impl鞭emen蓬tati寒onp副hase巷of討the檔proj伸ect默cost誰man竹agem丘ent泛ist及hei索mple般ment真atio燥nof星the擱ent花ire固proc垃ess增ofp毅roje勾ctm掏anag螺emen叨t.P鞋roje最cti拔mple舉ment家atio醒nph咬ase區(qū)oft胖hep旱roje觸ctc破ost誠mana宗geme崗ntc具anb蜻edi臟vide迎din亂tot尊hree對par平ts:主the礎tend輕erm艘anag礦emen碌t,c壽onst菌ruct魔ion多mana桑geme狗nta弊nds脈ettl及emen遭tma汪nage裕ment柄.盲Bidd佛ing巧for透the庫cons撕truc蕉tion輩pha死seo租fth揪eco慌nstr傻ucti屠onu紅nits農Bid棕ding有sys盞tem須cont嫂rol齡engi櫻neer道ing訪cost吼eff雪ecti紡vem害eans助,bi泳dor割gani鳴zati坐onc昌ani顛mpro預vet紙hec菠ost-蝕effe跨ctiv表enes猾sof體con優(yōu)stru宋ctio材npr喉ojec央tsa雄nde碎nsur窩eth攻equ絮alit加yof禍con醫(yī)stru添ctio籮npr薄ojec欄ts,然shor訓teni箭ngt齡hec鮮onst機ruct寺ion綁cycl沒ere懶turn涉on蹄the棵inve腎stme稼nt,途cons宇truc損tion扛uni扭tsc件ant夾ake趁full馳adv辛anta喜geo缸fbi股ddin蔑gfo伯rth悅eef躺fect課ive譯mean嚴sof況cos繭tco挖ntro麻l.洋Cons口truc左tion乖No.管10魄ont廉he7我thm俗inis許teri曲ald償ecre底eis田sued倉a"魄cont婦ract睛wit室hth懲eCo牙nstr云ucti綿onC飽ontr蝕act勇Pric據ing投Mana銹geme漁nt."繪cle捏arly席poi環(huán)nted射out偶in雁bidd暖ing即for膊proj鋒ects參usi彼ngi匹nven窯tori翅es.航This第req斃uire畢sth排ebu妄ildi顫ngo搏fun伐its優(yōu)cond彩ucti蒙ngt時het劫ende蒜rex虛erci教se,罪int坊het濾ende純rdo天cume遺ntt旅oin甘clud錦eno火ton洋lyt陷heu講sual羊con卸tent釘,屠like椒ten襖der嗽note秒sbe般fore植sch是edul慧e,t板ende隸rno幟tes,勤the敢con腎diti耍ons嘩oft候hec絞ontr庭act,山the壟con注trac你tte度rms皺oft驅hea德gree殃ment跌,co便ntra惡ctf仗orma悠t,t魔echn耽ical抵spe羊cifi妙cati挺ons,粗dra嫁wing流s,t細ende雙rdo份cume雀nts講and飛othe土rre盼fere控nce替form恥at,融iti禍sal帖son雷eces穴sary景to去prov聞ide爬the曉engi提neer炭ing叛inve繞ntor撐y,B委iddi背nga霉sa忍refe撥renc冊edo糖cume市nto煮fth再eim息port練ant的comp鈔onen強ts.襪Cons密truc板tion既uni稠tsi匠nth勝ete四nder就doc崇umen怕tfo念rth歷epr炕ojec牙tin析vent圾ory,也in閱acco挽rdan由cew蠢ith隨stat扮eor置loc半alr礎ules滑pro飲mulg角ated被by屬the石calc肢ulat師ion美that愧the撿reu落nifi樣cati喬ono率fth貍edi涉vide勝dpr拐ojec月ts,顆unif央ied狼meas作urem盛ent扯unit潑san遲dth鋒ere床unif多icat揚ion諸oft偏hee朗ngin然eeri柿ngc嶺alcu嗽lati瞇onr業(yè)ules拉,ac圣cord潛ing貪tod做esig鵲ndr穗awin乳gst鍋obe內cal飽cula丈ted趨and驢stat促isti市cal湊arra牙nged越,ob董tain厚the鴉lis離t.Q鍋uant鎮(zhèn)itie順sto挑be當foll老owed持in職the溜prep垃arat傅ion楊ofa檔nob癢ject蹦ive,館imp糖arti安al,琴scie飯ntif釀ic,激and兄rati華onal行pri銳ncip增le.煌Comp文iler脾smu匹sth痰ave結stro戚ngm雀anly依bud甚get,慨and劉sho因uld田have暴cer佩tain仗kno膀wled思geo忍fth風een胳gine只erin唇gde鋒sign暢and不con枕stru勉ctio析nex撐peri判ence擁,an腸dth音ema旁teri凍ala憐ndm液echa甜nica腰lco棵nstr射ucti筋ont捎echn魔olog扣yfo忌rco兵mpre選hens建ive記scie巷ntif協(xié)ick均nowl誕edge梳,in主ord拴ert效oca刪lcul栗ate骨the蠢volu佛meo泥fth冰ewo岔rks貧with拒out碰heav獅ymi升ssed膀.Th型eba岔sis欠ofw落hich菌mus別tbe躁in尾acco鼻rdan壤cew枝ith壞stat梢ere儉gula舉tion辟sen搞gine早erin鍛gca棕lcul旅atio撥nru火les,屑and頓the位sub吹-pro絲ject哭sdi汗visi鑰one敢ngin拍eeri蟲ngu臟nits嬸,an拌din險acc圍orda刮nce孤with榜des榨ign舉draw展ings蓄,de陷sign妹ess股enti螺alL盲ove昆tend余erd鳴ocum軋enta去tion尤req佩uire直ment熄sar倍eca居lcul抓ated屢.蕉Quan辜titi霉eso碑fth燙epr跑ojec姓tsh披ould屢hav宿ea笨test糊ing均gene抖ral,饑the秧ent狹ries細mus態(tài)tbe價sim溪ple,勝whi憶len賓ota踢ppea所rLo挨usin卷gwr茫ong怎item岡sPr顧icin英gsh癢ould摸gua株rant沈eet蜓hec少orre合ctne釀sso旨fth懷epr疼ojec頑t.S捆houl緒dth聞ere崗quir臘emen脫tso迷fth登edi籠ffer倡ent幅grad販ess時epar被ate蘿engi糊neer頃ing信divi頁sion狗,th忘esi宣tuat辨ion混was腎diff珍eren否t;w蝴ema尋yha路ved親iffe紛rent該pri塞ces息for可the襖item慚sse震para航tely妹.Th跪isr鄙equi銀res慮the熄prep欲arat氣ion覆oft帖hel晶ist械comp晃iler孔s,s削erio孫usly焰stu去dyd工esig散ndr尚awin霉gs,悉Anal栗ysis直of閘the張tend糊erd野ocum掉ents苦inc光lude迅the鹿ele草ment窯sof商the稀wor筑kan果dth批edi原ffer誓ent酸t(yī)ech牽nica塌lre嶄quir得emen睛ts,取all謀fami照liar醬wit吸hth呢epr蜂oces臟s,a犧ndt姜oth沸esc牢ene滴ofs膠erio謹usi棄nves低tiga誦tion紋,is葵for礦ecas送tto核mak凳epo意ssib舞let移hec港onst昆ruct奸ion勤oft程hec殊ase,障rig松htw哥ill敵have法an添impa乏cto村nth匆e伴Pric廢eof彈pro吹ject軌sto勁be混brok迎end扇own.圈In施addi現(xiàn)tion葡,be袍caus棗eth鐘epr即ojec腹tin沿vent民orie脖sto暖cal蠟cula合tet憲hea業(yè)moun漂tof煙the盈pro僚ject作is渴not冊comp考lete諷eng魄inee組ring迅and牌con圾side凳rth田ein石tere葵sts凝oft奪hec戴onst飯ruct辰ion合unit茄s,c寸lear鑼lyp取ayin搶gth柄epr幸ice興for指the瞎same練ove基rall易pri望ce,種the鬼quan茶tity綿lis譜tby蓮the浪num逢ber韻ofa快ctua撓lco撒nstr苦ucti聽oni昌sa螺prac瓦tica刮lte述rms.蔽刊Int屬hee綁valu飼atio里nan菌dre跌view富of幕the積tend腔ero妄ffer尼sho版uld躁dot捷heu猛nits笨tot婚ali旁ndiv還idua籃lPr參ice急quot誰atio帽nsa忌ndt世hec真ompr奴ehen去sive亡ass能essm賢ent.李Pri終ced也oes賓not湊meet凝the私req志uire綱ment陽sof迷ind漲ivid行ual路show圍sPr礎ice違meet佩sth習ere侍quir押emen診ts,況and換the憶lowe默stt懇otal計Pri刊cec企ould鵝not齒exp愉lain凍the吩sin時gle刪lowe寨stb儀idde董r.B尸idde柔rso卵ften躍kno仗wth船eto葡tal醒cost地to拳main冶tain蜂the凱sam餃eci臟rcum咳stan通ces;快the蚊pro禽ject隨is狂like棒lyt桐och福ange債sma徑ller慧pro騙ject委sto醫(yī)low牲ert釘hep受rice簡.勢Chan崖ges拍may窗bel往arge壯rpr夫ojec授tsp繩rice畜inc浮reas宏est碰oac鞠hiev當eth害eco潮mple蛋tion抗of完clea媽ring旱wor甲ksw貢ill賊bea醫(yī)dded道for康the比pur業(yè)pose窩.We邁wou躬lda伍lso我dop頸rice勒and財the競cor修resp良ondi筑ngq叮uant預ity蔽ofc仔ompr忌ehen宵sive栽eng映inee監(jiān)ring激ass凈essm浸ent弦oft耽hel削arge凡vol用ume井ofp陪roje現(xiàn)cts修tof裙ocus拖on捕the受pric眾ean粉alys銅is.頁Pric蠶ewi粗lld倘owi播tht般hec懲onte眉nts花oft雪hew估ork,須con勻stru炮ctio弊npr華ogra累m,a小com撥preh溪ensi盼vet腔echn懲ical采eva矛luat旱ion持proc滾ess,芳the此reby敞pre繪ferr行edc俱hoic丈eof庭ac吐onst禮ruct宰ion寇unit雖.Co熊nstr灣ucti慕ono爐fth雅eco勇nstr熄ucti漁onp退hase唯of壯the猛cont筐ract苗cos劃tco叫ntro籌lba領sis.特Sig質ned尾tigh復tco雙nstr笑ucti宰onc識ontr鐵act,殃whi袖les崇tren誕gthe問ning巴the銀con黑stru躺ctio群nco谷ntra裙ctm魂anag牌emen羽tca船ngu歡aran沿tee扭that磚the芹con嘗trac燈tpr搞ice迷isr屢easo稍nabl訪e,l婆egit跌imac御yan屑dre槳duce沿the窯per播form角ance摘of桃the題cont迎ract綁A,造Bin腸dis斷pute財san標dsa宇fegu秋ard吳the蓄inte幫rest杯sof疑bot子hth投eco秩ntra戴ct,范effe趁ctiv亡eco繁ntro幟lof都the壯wor個ksi句nves忍tmen萬tco檢sts.熟滴Afte殖rth虹esi偏gnin花gof橋the卵con夜trac蠢t,t舒odo網the只man顧agem凝ent宇cont扣ract助doc陶umen宅tati怒on,稻cont榆ract島and喚the弄sup嶺plem謎enta萍ryc飯ontr飼act嗎agre煉emen送tun缸til孕the妖regu筑lar游meet坐ing武site漁in預minu蠟tes.劫Wor賭kco偏ntac麥tss爭uch扣asa甩sin約gle凳cont裁ent輛ofa器con火trac甩tex宋tens勇ion科and漠expl叉aine厲dth顆att倉hei踢nteg鏈rity喂mus竹tbe駁pre赤serv挪ed,借ina箭ddit每ion端toe榨stab稈lish新ing斑ate鵲chni浮cal銅file頃s,I責mple陽ment罰atio苗nof宋the肝con笑trac匹tfo判rdy稠nami狀can才alys秤is,寒resu斃lts票oft賤hea打naly普sis濕tot挺ake疤proa至ctiv估eme止asur役es.林Cons婦truc南tion棟pha屈sei睡nth當eco撿nstr國ucti魚onp傷hase移con齊stru毯ctio呈npl頁ani殃sba滅sed區(qū)ont啦heb困udge億tor寨Ken宜wor鴉ksc碰ontr癢act夏pric帽eof弱the惠tar樸get,留Ken柿con央trol球the漏cos輸tof飄the載pro驚ject結.At績thi局sst細age嗓ofc趣onse徑rvat冒ion鍬has峽room揚for賤as列mall肌,bu話tth置epo享ssib招ilit依yof赴was韻tei夸sgr矛eat.菜The套reby殊to地cont宅rol笛the孔cost橡of婦the蝕proj裙ect誕tog姓ive街suff稀icie暑nta縣tten爭tion賤.軟1.C沙onst裂ruct圍ion并prog魔ram棟tos曉tren倒gthe富nth估eco洋mpar拒ativ姜ete并chni甜cal憶and雹econ巨omic焦con巧stru替ctio虜npr柿ogra腳mis托con焰stru湯ctio僑nde壩sign圈of瓶are塌-t被oth證eco胡nten海tso秒fth術ewo們rk,冒are并ason蝶able脫con銅stru笨ctio庸npl休an,陶shor辱ten到the翅cons劫truc誼tion研per旁iod粒and挺ensu旋ret我heq付uali饅tyo椒fth熱epr栽oj燕ect,吧imp撞rovi堆nge蒜cono陳mic爐effi欄cien私cy,鉤Cons逆truc沿tion瓜of濱the耐prog迫ram裳righ絲tfr伏omt紫het序echn筍ical寧and秘eco邀nomi紡cev蹤alua塑tion潔wer頃eco僵mpar崇ed,制thro艇ugh透qual衣itat奶ive旦and紫quan惜tita師tive督ana裕lysi期s,t北heq俯uali六ty,鬧time衰,Co棕stt玻hree新tec竿hnic熊ala昏nde校cono組mic辦indi維cato煙rs,六ber神atio若nal,鳥and身eff罷ecti友veu曲seo陸fma包npow仰er,昂mate廣rial浴and鹿fin剝anci羽alr洋esou娛rces粘,ac箱hiev凡ebe括tter蒸eco拼nomi芹cef規(guī)fici廟ency毅,go遭odc這onst迎ruct毒ion鋪mana炕geme跟ntr室