對外漢語-了的位置及用法

對外漢語-了的位置及用法對外漢語-了的位置及用法/NUMPAGES28對外漢語-了的位置及用法對外漢語-了的位置及用法

了

forcompletedactions

Exercises

Otherterminology:aspectualparticle"了"

1.WhenshouldIuseit?

Whenyouwanttoexpressthatanactioniscompleted.Normally

了

shouldbeplacedaftermainverbsorattheendofsentences.tā他HE

m?i

le

買

了

BUY

LEsān

zhāng

piào三

張

票THREE

ZHANG

TICKETSHehasbought3tickets.tā她SHE

b?

ji?

ná

lái

le

把

酒

拿

來

了

BA

WINE

TAKE(TOWARDS)

LEShehasbroughtthewine.

2.WhenshouldIplacethe

了

attheendofasentence,andwhenshouldIplaceitafterthemainverbofasentence?

1.

Iftheobjectofasentenceisasimpleonei.e.anoun,whichisnotattachedtoanumberandmeasureword,andnotattachedtoadescriptiveclause(的

clause),

了

canbeplacedattheendofthesentence.Inthiscasetheparticle

了

hasmanyfunctions:itmayindicatethecompletedaction,orachangeofsituation,itmayalsoindicateanimminentaction.s.

v.

o.

lew?menchī

fàn

le我

們

吃

飯

了.WE

EAT

MEALLEWe

haveeaten..

[Completedaction]Nowweareeating.

(Wedidn'teatbefore.)[Changeofsituation]Weareabouttoeat.

(我

們

要

吃

飯

了.)

3.IsitincorrectifIplace

了

aftertheverbinasimple-objectsentence?

No,itisnotincorrect,butitseemsasifthesentenceisnotyetfinished.Itmaylooklikethefirstclauseofthe

verb了...就...construction.Forexample(Alsoseepattern5.),tā

chī

le

fàn...

(jiù

qùkàn

diàny?ng)他

吃

了

飯

...

(就

去

看

電

影.)HE

EAT

LE

MEAL...

(JIUGO

SEE

FILM)Afterhefinishesthemeal...(he'llgotoseeafilm.)

4.CanIplace

了

attheendofasentencethathasacomplexobject?

No.Iftheobjectofasentenceisacomplicatedone,i.e.itisprecededbyanumberwordandmeasureword,oradescriptiveclause,

了

isplacedafterthemainverbofthesentence.s.

v.

le

num.

mw.

o.tā

chī

le

li?ng

w?n

fàn

他

吃

了

兩

碗

飯.HE

EAT

LE

TWO

BOWLS

RICEHehaseatentwobowlsofrice.

5.WhereshouldIplace

了

ifasentencehasatimemeasure?

Ifanactionisattachedtoatimemeasure(e.g.,duration,lengthoftime)oranactionmeasure(e.g.,manytimes),

了

isplacedafterthemainverb.Thefollowingthreealternativepatternssharethesamefeature,thatis,theyhave

了

afterthemainverbs.s.

v.

letm.(am.)

de

o.

(le)tā他HExué

leli?ngnián

de

zhōngwén

(le)學(xué)

了

兩

年

的

中

文

(了\o""*)STUDY

LE

TWO

YEAR

DE

CHINESE

(LE)HestudiedChinesefor2years.s.

v.

o.

v.

le

tm.(am.)

(le)tā

xué

zhōngwén

他

學(xué)

中

文

xué

leli?ngni?n(le)

學(xué)

了

兩

年

(了)o.

s.

v.

le

tm.(am.)

(le)zhōngwén

tā

中

文

他nàgediàny?ngw?那個

電

影

我

xué

le

li?ngni?n

(le)學(xué)

了

兩

年

(了)kànle

li?ngbiàn

(le)看

了

兩

遍

(了\o""**)Ihavewatchedthatfilmtwice.

nà

shìw?niánqiándeshì

le

w?men

shìduō

nián

de

l?opéngyoule那

是五

年

前

的

事

了.

我們

是

多

年

的

老

朋

友

了.THATISFIVEYEARAGODEMATTERLE

WE

AREMANYYEARS

DE

OLDFRIEND

LEThatincidenthappened5yearsago

Wehavebeenoldfriendformanyyears.

6.Isatimemeasureplacedafter

了

inanegativesentence?

No,negativesentencesofthiskindarenormallyinadifferentwordorder.Thetime-measureshouldbeplacedbeforethenegation沒.Forinstance,ifyouwanttosay:"Ihaven'teatenChinesefoodforages."Itshouldbeinthefollowingwordorder:s.

tm.

neg.

v.

o.

le

w?

我I

h?oji?

好

久

LONGTIME

méi

沒NOT

chī

zhōngguócài

le

吃

中

國

菜

了EAT

CHINESE

FOOD

LEIhaven’teatenChinesefoodforalongtime.

7.DoIhavetoputthetime-measuresbefore

沒

inallnegativesentences?

No.Ifyouwanttodenyanaffirmativestatementwhichhasatime-measure,thenthetime-measureshouldbeplacedafterthemainverb.s.

neg.

v.

tm.

o.

w?méixuésānniánzhōngwén,

w?zh?

xué

leli?ngnián我

沒

學(xué)

三

年

中

文,

我

只學(xué)

了

兩

年.I

NOT

LEARN

3

YEAR

CHINESE,

I

ONLY

LEARNLE

2

YEAR)

Ididn'tlearnChinesefor3years,Ionlydidfor2years.

8.DoIhavetoput

了

aftereveryverbinasentence,ifthesentencehasasequenceofactions?

Ifasequenceofactionsinthesentencearecompleted,

了

isusuallyplacedafterthelastverbofthesentence.s.

v.1

o.1

v.2

le

(tm.

)

o.2tā

他HEqù

zhōngguó

去

中

國

GO

CHINA

xué

le

sì

nián

jīngjù學(xué)

了

四

年

京

劇STUDY

LE

FOURYEAR

PEKINGOPERA

HewenttoChinatostudyPekingoperafor4years.

tā

他HEqù

zhōngguó

去

中

國

GO

CHINA

m?i

le

cíqì買

了瓷器BUY

LE

CHINAHewenttoChinaandboughtsomeChina.

Ifyouleave

了

attheendofsentences,itnormallyindicatesachangeofthesituation.Let'scomparethefollowingtwosentences:

1.(Completedaction)

tāqùzhōngguóxué

lezhōngwén

他去中

國

學(xué)

了中

文.

HEGO

CHINA

STUDYLE

CHINESE

HewenttoChinaandstudiedChinese.

2.(Changeofsituation)

tāqùzhōngguóxuézhōngwén

le

他去中

國

學(xué)

中

文

了.

HEGO

CHINA

STUDYCHINESE

LE

HehasgonetoChinatostudyChinese.(He'snothere)

9.DoIalwayshavetoplace

了

afterthelastverbofasentencewhendescribingasequenceofactions?

No.Thereisanothersentencepattern,whichindicatessequenceofactions,butthefirstsequenceinthesentenceisconditional.Inthissentence

pattern

了

isplacedafterthefirstverbwhichisintheconditionalclause,andtheadverb

就

isplacedbeforethesecondverbofthesentence.Thiskindofconstructionhasasenseofurgency,whichmeansthattheactioninthe

就

clausetakesplaceimmediatelyafterthecompletionofthefirstaction.s.

v.1le

o.1

jiuv.2

o.2tā

dàole

zhōngguójiùzh?o

péngyou.他

到

了

中

國

就

找

朋

友

.HE

ARRIVELE

CHINA

JIU

LOOKFORFRIENDHe'lllookforfriendimmediatelyafterhearrivesinChina.Asyoucansee,thatsentencedescribestheactioninfuture,butifyouplaceanother

了

attheendofthesentence,thenitmeansthatbothactionshavetakenplace.

10.DoIalwayshavetouse

了

toindicateacompletedaction?

No,notalways.Firstofall,theparticle

了

forcompletedactionisnotusedinnegativesentences.Instead

沒

shouldbeplacedbeforethemainverbofthesentence.s.mei

v.

o.tā

méi

chīfàn.他

沒

吃

飯.HE

NOT

EATMEALHedidn'teatthemeal.

11.Apartfromthenegation,arethereanycircumstancesinwhich

了

isnotused?

Inthefollowingsituationstheparticle

了

forcompletedactionsisnotused.1.了

isnotusedforprolongedandregularactionsinthepast.Inotherwords,ifthesentencecontainswordssuchas

每天,年年,常常...

theparticle

了

forthecompletedactionisnotused.

w?y?qián

zàizhōngguójiāoshū我以

前

在

中

國

教

書.I

INTHEPAST

IN

CHINA

TEACHItaughtinChinainthepast.

qùnián

w?chángcháng

gēn

w?nǚ

péngyou

qùkàndiàny?ng去年

我

常

常

跟

我

女

朋

友

去

看

電

影.LASTYEAR

I

OFTEN

WITHMYGIRLFRIEND

GOSEE

FILMSLastyearIoftenwenttoseefilmswithmygirlfriend.

2.

了

isnotusedinsentenceswhichhavemodalverbssuchas

應(yīng)該,

得(dei),

可以,

能,

會,

要,

想,orforverbswhichindicatefeelingssuchas

愛,喜歡,

覺得,

知道,

愿意,

肯.zuótiān

n?

yīnggāi

qùkàn

tā昨天

你

應(yīng)該

去

看

他.YESTERDAY

YOU

SHOULDGOSEEHIMYoushould'vegonetoseehimyesterday.

shíniány?qián

tā

h?n

x?ihuān

chī

f?guó

cài十年

以前

她

很

喜

歡

吃

法國

菜.TENYEARAGO

SHE

VERY

LIKE

EATFRENCH

FOODTenyearsagoshelikedeatingFrenchfoodverymuch.

3.

了

isnotusedwhen

是,

在,

有*arethemainverbsofsentences.shàngxīnqī

tā

zài

b?ijīng上

星期

他

在

北

京.LAST

WEEK

HE

WAS(IN)BEIJINGHewasinBeijinglastweek.

y?qián

tā

y?u

h?n

duō

qián以前

他

有

很

多

錢.BEFORE

HE

HAD

VERY

MUCHMONEYInthepasthehadalotofmoney.

If

有

(toposses)isusedasthemainverbofasentence,

了(forcompletedaction)isnotused.However,

了

canbeusediftheobjectofasentenceisanabstractonewhichhasanimplicationofaction,suchas“development”,“improvement”

他的學(xué)習(xí)有了很大的進步.

Hehasimprovedgreatlyinhisstudies.

4.

了

isnotusedfordirectandindirectspeeches.dir.speech

zuótiān

tāwènw?:

"n?

yào

qùzhōngguóma"

昨天

他問

我:

"你

要

去

中

國

嗎?"

YESTERDAY

HEASKME:

"YOUWANT

GOCHINA

MA?"

Yesterdayheaskedme:"WouldyouliketogotoChina?"indir.speech

zuótiān

tāwènw?:

yào

qùzhōngguóma

昨

天

他

問

我

要

去

中

國

嗎.

YESTERDAY

HEASK

ME

WANTGO

CHINA

MA

YesterdayheaskedmeifIwouldliketogotoChina.

Asyoucansee,inthesituationswhenthecompletedaction

了

isnotused,time-wordsareusedtoindicatetheactionshappenedinthepast.

12.IsittruethatifIuseatime-wordIdon'thavetouse

了?

No.Time-wordsareneededwhenthecompletedaction

了

cannotbeused.Buttime-wordshavenoeffecton

了

whenthecompletedaction

了

isapplicable.

zuótiān

w?

qùm?i

le

li?ngb?nshū昨

天

我

去買

了

兩

本

書.TESTERDAY

I

GOBUY

LE

TWO

BENBOOKYesterdayIwentoutandboughttwobooks.Youcan'tsay:zuótiān

w?qùm?ili?ngb?nshū昨

天

我

去買

兩

本

書.

Theabovesentencesoundsuncompleted.Thelistenerwouldexpectmoreandwouldask,"andthenwhat?"

13.Arethereanyconstructionsthatcannottakeanaspectualparticle

了?

Thecompletedaction

了

isnotapplicabletothefollowingconstructions.

1.TheV+得

construction(thecomplementofdegree)zuótiān

tāfàn

zuò

deh?n

búcuò昨

天

他

飯

作

得

很

不

錯YESTERDAYHEMEALCOOKDE

VERY

NOTBADYesterdayhecookedmealverywell.

2.Description+的

(Theverbsinthedescriptiveclausedon'ttake

了,astheyarenotthemainverbsofsentences.)

zuótiān

w?m?ide

nà

b?n

shū

h?n

y?uyìsi昨天

我

買

的

那

本

書

很

有

意思.YESTERDAYI

BUY

DE

THAT

BEN

BOOKVERY

INTERESTINGThebookwhichIboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.

14.DoIalwayshavetoconsidertheuseof

了

whenIseeapasttenseinanEnglishsentence?

No,notalways.Remember:the

了

inthissectionisforcompletedactions,whichisdifferentfromthepasttense.HereisanotherexampleofapasttenseEnglishsentencewhichdoesnotusethecompletedaction

了:qùnián

w?fēichángmáng.去年

我

非

常

忙

.LASTYEAR

I

VERY

BUSYLastyearIwasverybusy.

Theword

busy

actsasastativeverbwhichdoesnottaketheparticle

了

ofcompletedaction.

Exercises

YoucansubmityourworkonlinehereClickhereforanswers

A.Place"了"intherightinthefollowingsentences,andgiveyourreasonsif

了

isnotneeded.

1.

昨天我去____大使館辦____簽證____.

2.

我已經(jīng)請____小王看____兩次電影

,可是他還是那么不客氣____.

真氣人____!

3.

上星期我去____北京看____朋友____.

4.

去年我常常在____路口的那家書店看____書.從來沒有人管____我____.

5.

前天晚上我在____你那兒吃____飯的時候,我聽見____她拉____小提琴拉____得真好聽____.

6.

十年前我在____中國住____

.

7.

我研究____計算機研究____四年____.

8.

那本書我已經(jīng)看____三次____.

B.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.

1.

Yester