2023年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學考試歷年真題摘選含答案解析

2023年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學考試歷年真題摘選含答案解析第1卷一.綜合題(共15題)1.單選題Aboutacenturyago,theSwedishphysicalscientistArrheniusproposedalawofclassicalchemistrythatrelateschemicalreactionratetotemperature.AccordingtotheArrheniusequation,chemicalreactionsareincreasinglyunlikelytooccurastemperaturesapproachabsolutezero,andatabsolutezero(zerodegreesKelvin,orminus273degreesCelsius)reactionsstop.However,recentexperimentalevidencerevealsthatalthoughtheArrheniusequationisgenerallyaccurateindescribingthekindofchemicalreactionthatoccursatrelativelyhightemperatures,attemperaturesclosertozeroaquantum-mechanicaleffectknownastunnelingcomesintoplay;thiseffectaccountsforchemicalreactionsthatareforbiddenbytheprinciplesofclassicalchemistry.Specifically,entiremoleculescan‘"tunnel”throughthebarriersofrepulsiveforcesfromothermoleculesandchemicallyreacteventhoughthesemoleculesdonothavesufficientenergy,accordingtoclassicalchemistry,toovercometherepulsivebarrier.Therateofanychemicalreaction,regardlessofthetemperatureatwhichittakesplace,usuallydependsonaveryimportantcharacteristicknownasitsactivationenergy.Anymoleculecanbeimaginedtoresideatthebottomofaso-calledpotentialwellofenergy.Achemicalreactioncorrespondstothetransitionofamoleculefromthebottomofonepotentialwelltothebottomofanother.Inclassicalchemistry,suchatransitioncanbeaccomplishedonlybygoingoverthepotentialbarrierbetweenthewells,theheightofwhichremainconstantandarecalledtheactivationenergyofthereaction.Intunneling,thereactingmoleculestunnelfromthebottomofonetothebottomofanotherwellwithouthavingtoriseoverthebarrierbetweenthetwowells.Recentlyresearchershavedevelopedtheconceptoftunnelingtemperature:thetemperaturebelowwhichtunnelingtransitionsgreatlyoutnumberArrheniustransitions,andclassicalmechanicsgiveswaytoitsquantumcounterpart.Thistunnelingphenomenonatverylowtemperaturessuggestedmyhypothesisaboutacoldprehistoryoflife:theformationofrathercomplexorganicmoleculesinthedeepcoldofouterspace,wheretemperaturesusuallyreachonlyafewdegreesKelvin.Cosmicrays(high-energyprotonsandotherparticles)mighttriggerthesynthesisofsimplemolecules,suchasinterstellarformaldehyde,indarkcloudsofinterstellardust.Afterwardcomplexorganicmoleculeswouldbeformed,slowlybutsurely,bymeansoftunneling.AfterIofferedmyhypothesis,HoyleandWickramasinghearguedthatmoleculesofinterstellarformaldehydehaveindeedevolvedintostablepolysaccharidessuchascelluloseandstarch.Theirconclusions,althoughstronglydisputed,havegeneratedexcitementamonginvestigatorssuchasmyselfwhoareproposingthatthegalacticcloudsaretheplaceswherethepre-biologicalevolutionofcompoundsnecessarytolifeoccurred.1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.2.Accordingtothepassage,classicalchemicalreactionsandtunnelingreactionsarealikeinwhichofthefollowingways?3.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthetheoryofacoldpre-historyoflifecanbestbedescribedat（

）.4.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthehypothesisofHoyleandWickramasingheasitispresentedinthepassage?5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirsttwoparagraphsofthepassage?問題1選項A.initiatingadebateaboutthekindsofchemicalreactionsrequiredforthedevelopmentoflifeB.explaininghowcurrentresearchinchemistrymayberelatedtobroaderbiologicalconcernsC.reconcilingopposingtheoriesaboutchemicalreactionsD.clarifyinginherentambiguitiesinthelawofclassicalchemistry問題2選項A.Inbothtypesofreactions,reactingmoleculeshavetoriseoverthebarrierbetweenthewells.B.Inneithertypeofreactiondoestherateofachemicalreactiondependonitsactivitiesenergy.C.InneithertypeofreactiondoestheheightofthebarrierbetweenthewellsremainconstantD.Inbothtypesofreaction,atransitionismadefromthebottomofonepotentialwelltothebottomofanother.問題3選項A.skepticalB.mildlypositiveC.verysupportiveD.pointedlycritical問題4選項A.Cosmicrayscandirectlysynthesizecomplexorganicmolecules.B.Moleculesofinterstellarformaldehydecanevolveintocomplexorganicmolecules.C.Thegalacticcloudsaretheplaceswherepre-biologicalevolutionofcompoundsnecessarytolifeoccurred.D.Complexorganicmoleculescanbesynthesizedfromstablepolysaccharidessuchascelluloseandstarch.問題5選項A.Theauthorpresentsalawofclassicalchemistryinordertointroduceakindofchemicalreactionthatdiffersfromitandthenexplainstheessentialdifferencebetweenthetwo.B.Theauthorcitesanapparentcontradictiontotheprinciplesofclassicalchemistryandthenexplainstheprocessofachemicalreactiontoshowthereisinfactnocontradiction.C.Theauthorcitesabasicprincipleofclassicalchemistryandthendescribestheresearchfromwhichthatprinciplewasdeveloped.D.Theauthorpresentsthefundamentalrulesofclassicalchemistryinordertointroduceanexplanationofaspecificchemicalreaction.2.單選題Comparedwiththeimmediatepracticalresponsibilityofthescientist,theresponsibilityoftheartistmustseempuny.Thedecisionwhichfaceshimisnot,Ithinkoneofpracticalaction:ofcoursehewilltrytothrowhisweightintothescale,andthatweight,ifheisawriterorevenapainterofgenius,mayhaveitseffect.Forthenovelist—inoursocietytheonlyartistwhohasamassaudienceandatthesametimeeffectiveeconomiccontrolofmeansofaddressing—thehopeofsomedecisiveinfluenceisareasonableone.Forhim,sincehetakesofallartistswhatisprobablethelargestportionofhiscultureasmaterial,thereisnomoreescapefromthenecessityfortreatingthecontentofhisworkseriouslythanthereisforthesocialpsychologistheiscomingsocloselytoresemble.Thedichotomywhichpeoplehavetriedtoestablishbetweenartisticproficiencyandartisticcontentisbecomingunbearabletoalmostallsensitiveminds.Idoubtifithasevenbeenreal——wemighthaveadmiredShelleyasmuchifhehadbeenindifferenttosuchthingsaswarandtyranny,thoughIdoubtit,certainlyhadhebeenindifferentweshouldneverhavebeenledbyhim.AlbertCamusseemstometobethefirstmodemwriter,thoughIamcertainhewillnotbethelast,toputtheproblemofresponsibilityinspecificterms:“Ionlyknow”,hewrote,“thatinthisworldtherearepestilencesandtherearevictims,anditisuptousnottoallyourselveswiththepestilences.Forthemedicalscientist,whoknowsthathemayquitewellbecalledupontodaytouseliteralpestilences,ofmindandofbodyinpsychologicalandbacteriologicalwarfarethatstatementhasmeaningclearer,Ithink,andmoreimperativethanitsauthorintended.Butforthescientistasgeneralenemyofpestilences,andtheartistasgeneralrepresentativeofhumanity,thebasicpestilencewhich,byitsepidemicspreadinourtimechallengeshisallegianceisthesame---itisthepestilencewhich,throughthespreadofirrationalfearsandirrationalhatreds,throughtheacceptanceofcoercion,throughtheneglectofwhatonecanonlycallsocialandpersonalsanitationorabiologicalhumanobligationinourattitudestosociety,leadsustoforgetwhoweareandwhoourfellowmenare;thepestilencewhichexterminates‘gooks’ordissidents,whichapologizesfortortureandmassacreinanyshapeorform,whetheritbecalledforthemomentrevolutionorcollectivesecurity,thepestilenceofatombombsandconcentrationcamps.Inthelastresort,thereisonlyoneethicallysatisfactoryreplytothatpestilence:anunqualifiedandunargued‘No’.This‘No’doesnotspring.Ithink,fromanyidealisticormetaphysicalimperative,butsimplyfromthefactthatbysayinganythingelseweshouldceasetobehumanbeings.”1.Whattheauthorarguesforinparagraph1is（

）.2.ThequotationheretakenfromAlbertCamushelpsustoillustrate（

）.3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsiswrongaccordingtothisselection?4.Theword“allegiance”inthisselectionmeans（

）.5.Generallyspeaking,theidealreaderofthisselectionis（

）.問題1選項A.totellthereadersomenewideaB.thatthewritershouldundertakehissocialresponsibilityandinsistontheunitybetweenartisticproficiencyandartisticcontentC.thatsomedecisiveinfluenceofanovelistnosocietyisareasonableoneD.thatanartisthaseffectonsociety問題2選項A.thatthepestilenceisthetargetenemyB.thathowweshallfightagainstthepestilenceC.thesocialresponsibilityofboththescientistandtheartistD.whatthepestilenceis問題3選項A.Althoughanovelistcannotproduceimmediatepracticalinfluenceonsociety,hecanthrowhisweighintothescale.B.Becauseoftheexistingpestilence,wehaveto,byhookorbycrook,fightagainstitwhiletotallyforgettingthataswewipeoutthepestilence,weareunconsciouslyexterminatingmankind.C.ThefallacyofdichotomybetweenartisticproficiencyandartisticcontentisrefutedD.Boththescientistandtheartistexistinsocietyashumanbeings,andtheiractionswillcertainlybringagreatinfluenceonsociety.問題4選項A.dutyB.supportC.devotionD.allowance問題5選項A.theartistB.thescientistC.thepoliticianD.thesociologist3.單選題Coralreefsareoneofthemostfragile,biologicallycomplex,anddiversemarineecosystemonEarth.Thisecosystemisoneofthefascinatingparadoxesofthebiosphere:howdoclearandthusnutrient-poorwaterssupportsuchprolificandproductivecommunities?Partoftheanswerlieswithinthetissuesofthecoralsthemselves.Symbioticcellsofalgaeknownaszoozanthellaecarryoutphotosynthesisusingthemetabolicwastesofthecoraltherebyproducingfoodforthemselves,fortheircorals,hosts,andevenforothermembersofthereefcommunity.Thissymbioticprocessallowsorganismsinthereefcommunitytousesparsenutrientresourceefficiently.Unfortunatelyforcoralreefs,however,avarietyofhumanactivitiesarecausingworldwidedegradationofshallowmarinehabitatsbyaddingnutrientstothewater.Agriculture,slash---and---bumlandclearing,sewagedisposalandmanufacturingthatcreateswasteby-productsallincreasenutrientloadsinthesewaters.Typicalsymptomsofreefdeclinearedestabilizedherbivorepopulationsandanincreasingabundanceofalgaeandfilter-feedinganimals.Declinesinreefcommunitiesareconsistentwithobservationsthatnutrientinputisincreasingindirectproportiontogrowinghumanpopulations,therebythreateningreefcommunitiessensitivetosubtlechangesinnutrientinputtotheirwaters.1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.2.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutcoralreefcommunities?3.Theauthorrefersto“filter-feedinganimals”(line17)inorderto（

）.4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisafactorthatisthreateningthesurvivalofcoralreefcommunities?5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthordescribescoralreefcommunitiesasparadoxicalmostlikelyforwhichofthefollowingreasons?問題1選項A.describingtheeffectsofhumanactivitiesonalgaeincoralreefsB.explaininghowhumanactivitiesareposingathreattocoralreefcommunitiesC.discussingtheprocessbywhichcoralreefsdeteriorateinnutrient-poorwatersD.explaininghowcoralreefsproducefoodforthemselves問題2選項A.Coralreefcommunitiesmayactuallybemorelikelytothriveinwatersthatarerelativelylowinnutrients.B.Thenutrientsonwhichcoralcommunitiesthriveareonlyfoundinshallowwaters.C.Humanpopulationgrowthhasledtochangingoceantemperatures,whichthreatenscoralreefcommunities.D.Thegrowthofcoralreefcommunitiestendstodestabilizeunderwaterherbivorepopulations.問題3選項A.provideanexampleofacharacteristicsignofreefdeteriorationB.explainhowreefcommunitiesacquiresustenanceforsurvivalC.identifyafactorthathelpsherbivorepopulationsthriveD.indicateacauseofdecreasingnutrientinputinwatersthatreefsinhabit問題4選項A.Thewaterstheyinhabitcontainfewnutrientresources.B.Adeclineinnutrientinputisdisruptingtheirsymbioticrelationshipwithzooxanthellae.C.Thedegradedwatersoftheirmarinehabitatshavereducedtheirabilitytocarryoutphotosynthesis.D.Wasteby-productsresultinanincreaseinnutrientinputtoreefcommunities.問題5選項A.Theyarethrivingeventhoughhumanactivitieshavedepletedthenutrientsintheirenvironment.B.Theyareabletosurviveinspiteofanover-abundanceofalgaeinhabitingtheirwaters.C.Theyareabletosurviveinanenvironmentwithlimitedfoodresources.D.Theyaredecliningevenwhenthewatersurroundingthemremainsclear.4.單選題GeothermalenergyisnaturalheatfromtheinterioroftheEarththatisconvertedtoheatbuildingsandgenerateelectricity.TheideaofharnessingEarth’sinternalheatisnotnew.Asearlyas1904,geothermalpowerwasusedinItaly.Today,Earth’snaturalinternalheatisbeingusedtogenerateelectricityin21countries,includingRussiaJapan,NewZealand,IcelandMexico,Ethiopia,GuatemalaElSalvador,thePhilippines,andtheUnitedStates.Totalworldwideproductionisapproaching9,000MW(equivalenttoninelargemodemcoalburningornuclearpowerplants)---doubletheamountin1980.Some40millionpeopletodayreceivetheirelectricityfromgeothermalenergyatacostcompetitivewiththatofotherenergysources.InELSalvador,geothermalenergyissupplying30%ofthetotalelectricenergyused.However,atthegloballevel,geothermalenergysupplieslessthan0.15%ofthetotalenergysupply.Geothermalenergymaybeconsideredanonrenewableenergysourcewhenratesofextractionaregreaterthanratesofnaturalreplenishment.HowevergeothermalenergyhasitsorigininthenaturalheatproductionwithinEarth,andonlyasmallfractionofthevasttotalresourcebaseisbeingutilizedtoday.Althoughmostgeothermalenergyproductioninvolvesthetappingofhighheatsources,peoplearealsousingthelow-temperaturegeothermalenergyofgroundwaterinsomeapplications.TheaverageheatflowfromtheinterioroftheEarthisverylow,about0.06W/m2.Thisamountistrivialcomparedwiththe177W/m2

fromsolarheatatthesurfaceintheUnitedStates.However,insomeareas,heatflowissufficientlyhightobeusefulforproducingenergy.Forthemostpart,areasofhighheatflowareassociatedwithplatetectonicboundaries.Oceanicridgesystems(divergentplateboundaries)andareaswheremountainsarebeingupliftedandvolcanicislandarcsareforming(convergentplateboundaries)areareaswherethisnaturalheatflowisanomalouslyhigh.Theenvironmentalimpactofgeothermalenergymaynotbeasextensiveasthatofothersourcesofenergy,butitcanbeconsiderable.Whengeothermalenergyisdevelopedataparticularsite,environmentalproblemsincludeon-sitenoise,emissionsofgas,anddisturbanceofthelandatdrillingsites,disposalsites,roadsandpipelines,andpowerplants.Developmentofgeothermalenergydoesnotrequirelarge-scaletransportationofrawmaterialsorrefiningofchemicals,asdevelopmentoffossilfuelsdoes.Furthermore,geothermalenergydoesnotproducetheatmosphericpollutantsassociatedwithburningfossilfuelsortheradioactivewasteassociatedwithnuclearenergy.However,geothermaldevelopmentoftendoesproduceconsiderablethermalpollutionfromhotwaste-waters,whichmaybesalineorhighlycorrosive,producingdisposalandtreatmentproblems.1.Inparagraph1,theauthorintroducestheconceptofgeothermalenergyby（

）.2.Inparagraph2,theauthorstatesthatgeothermalenergyisconsideredanonrenewableresourcebecause（

）.3.WhatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedsentenceinPara.2(’’Althoughmostgeothermalenergy---insomeapplications"?4.Inparagraph4,theauthormentionstheatmosphericpollutionandwasteproductsforfossilfuelandnuclearpower（

）.5.Whatistrueaboutgeothermalenergyproductionworldwide?問題1選項A.describingthealternativesforgeneratingelectricpowerB.arguingthatthisenergysourcehasbeentriedunsuccessfullyC.comparingtheproductionwiththatofotherenergysourcesD.explainingthehistoryofthisenergysourceworldwide問題2選項A.theproductionofgeothermalenergyisanaturalprocessB.geothermalenergycomesfromtheEarthC.wecouldusemoregeothermalenergythanisnaturallyreplacedD.wearenotusingverymuchgeothermalenergynow問題3選項A.Highheatisthesourceofmostofthegeothermalenergybutlowheatgroundwaterisalsousedsometimes.B.Eventhoughlowtemperaturesarepossible,highheatisthebestresourceforenergy-productionforgroundwater.C.Bothhighheatandlowheatsourcesareusedfortheproductionofgeothermalenergyfromgroundwater.D.Mosthighheatsourcesforgeothermalenergyaretappedfromapplicationsthatinvolvelowheatingroundwater.問題4選項A.tointroducethediscussionofpollutioncausedbygeothermalenergydevelopmentandproductionB.tocontrastpollutioncausedbyfossilfuelsandnuclearpowerwithpollutioncausedbygeothermalenergyC.toarguethatgeothermalproductiondoesnotcausepollutionlikeothersourcesofenergydoD.todiscouragetheuseofrawmaterialsandchemicalsintheproductionofenergybecauseofpollution問題5選項A.Becauseitisanewidea,veryfewcountriesaredevelopinggeothermalenergysourcesB.OnlycountriesintheSouthernHemisphereareusinggeothermalenergyonalargescale.C.Untilthecostofgeothermalenergybecomescompetitive,itwillnotbeusedgloballyD.Geothermalenergyisalreadybeingusedinanumberofnations,butitisnotyetamajorsourceofpower.5.翻譯題Theirrationalfearspeopleexpresstodayaboutcloningparallelthosesurroundingroboticshalfacenturyago.SoIwouldliketoproposeThreeLawofCloningthatalsoclarifythreemisunderstandings:1.Ahumancloneisahumanbeingnolessuniqueinhisorherpersonhoodthananidenticaltwin.2.Ahumanclonehasalltherightsandprivilegesthataccompanythislegalandmoralstatus.3.Ahumancloneistobeaccordedthedignityandrespectdueanymemberofyourspecies.Althoughsuchsimplificationsriskerasingtherichdifferencesfoundinethicaldebatesoverpioneeringresearch,theydoaidinreducingridiculousfearsoftenassociatedwithsuchadvances.6.單選題Inacountrythatdefinesitselfbyideals,notbysharedblood,whoshouldbeallowedtocome,workandlivehere?InthewakeoftheSept11attacksthesequestionshaveneverseemedmorepressing.OnDec.11,2001,aspartoftheefforttoincreasehomelandsecurity,federalandlocalauthoritiesin14statesstaged“OperationSafeTravel”一raidsonairportstoarrestemployeeswithfalseidentification.InSaltLakeCitytherewere69arrests.Butthosecapturedwereanythingbutterrorists,mostofthemillegalimmigrantsfromCentralorSouthAmerica.Authoritiessaidtheundocumentedworkers’illegalstatusmadethemopentoblackmailbyterrorists.ManyimmigrantsinSaltLakeCitywereangeredbythearrestsandsaidtheyfeltasiftheywerebeingtreatedlikedisposablegoods.MayorAndersonsaidthosefeelingswerejustifiedtoacertainextent,“We’resayingwewantyoutoworkintheseplaces,we’regoingtolooktheotherwayintermsofwhatourlawsare,andthenwhenit’sconvenientforus,orwhenwecantrytomakeapointintermsofnationalsecurity,especiallyafterSept.11,thenyou’redisposable.Therearewholefamiliesbeinguprootedforallofthewrongreasons,”Andersonsaid.IfSept.11hadneverhappened,theairportworkerswouldnothavebeenarrestedandcouldhavegoneonquietlylivinginAmerica,probablyindefinitely.AnaCastro,amanagerataBen&Jerry’sicecreamshopattheairporthadbeenworking10yearswiththesamefalseSocialSecuritycardwhenshewasarrestedintheDecemberairportraid.Nowsheandherfamilyarelivingunderthethreatofdeportation,Castro’scaseiscurrentlywaitingtobesettled.Whilesheawaitstheoutcome,thegovernmenthasgrantedherpermissiontoworkhereandshehasreturnedtoherjobatBen&Jerry’s.1.Accordingtotheauthor,theUnitedStatesclaimstobeanation（

）.2.HowdidtheimmigrantsinSaltLakeCityfeelabout“OperationSafeTravel?3.Undocumentedworkersbecamethetargetof“OperationSafeTravel”because（

）.4.Bysayingwe’regoingtolooktheotherwayintermsofwhatourlawsare”(Line2,Para.4),MayorAndersonmeans“（

）5.WhatdowelearnaboutAnaCastrofromthelastparagraph?問題1選項A.composedofpeoplehavingdifferentvaluesB.encouragingindividualpursuitsC.sharingcommoninterestsD.foundedonsharedideals問題2選項A.GuiltyB.OffendedC.DisappointedD.Discouraged問題3選項A.evidencewasfoundthattheywerepotentialterroristsB.mostofthemworkedatairportsunderthreatofterroristsC.terroristsmighttakeadvantageoftheirillegalstatusD.theywerereportedlyhelpinghideterroristsaroundtheairport問題4選項A.wewillturnablindeyetoyourillegalstatusB.wewillexaminethelawsinadifferentwayC.thereareotherwaysofenforcingthelawD.theexistinglawsmustnotbeignored問題5選項A.Shewillbedeportedsoonerorlater.B.Sheisallowedtostaypermanently.C.HercasehasbeendroppedD.Herfateremainsuncertain.7.單選題Aboutacenturyage,theSwedishphysicalscientistArrheniusproposedalawofclassicalchemistrythatrelateschemicalreactionratetotemperature.AccordingtotheArrheniusequation,chemicalreactionsareincreasinglyunlikelytooccurastemperaturesapproachabsolutezero,andatabsolutezero(zerodegreesKelvin,orminus273degreesCelsius)reactionsstop.HoweverrecentexperimentalevidencerevealsthatalthoughtheArrheniusequationisgenerallyaccurateindescribingthekindofchemicalreactionthatoccursatrelativelyhightemperatures,attemperaturesclosertozeroaquantum-mechanicaleffectknownastunnelingcomesintoplay;thiseffectaccountsforchemicalreactionsthatareforbiddenbytheprinciplesofclassicalchemistry.Specifically,entiremoleculescan*tunnel'throughthebarriersofrepulsiveforcesfromothermoleculesandchemicallyreacteventhoughthesemoleculesdonothavesufficientenergy,accordingtoclassicalchemistry,toovercometherepulsivebarrier.Therateofanychemicalreaction,regardlessofthetemperatureatwhichittakesplace,usuallydependsonaveryimportantcharacteristicknownasitsactivationenergy.Anymoleculecanbeimaginedtoresideatthebottomofaso-calledpotentialwellofenergy.Achemicalreactioncorrespondstothetransitionofamoleculefromthebottomofonepotentialwelltothebottomofanother.Inclassicalchemistry,suchatransitioncanbeaccomplishedonlybygoingoverthepotentialbarrierbetweenthewells,theheightofwhichremainsconstantandiscalledtheactivationenergyofthereaction.Intunneling,thereactingmoleculestunnelfromthebottomofonetothebottomofanotherwellwithouthavingtoriseeverthebarrierbetweenthetwowells.Recentlyresearchershavedevelopedtheconceptoftunnelingtemperature:thetemperaturebelowwhichtunnelfromthebottomofonetothebottomofanotherwellwithouthavingtoriseovermebarrierbetweenthetwowellsRecentlyresearchershavedevelopedtheconceptoftunnelingtemperature(刪除)thetemperaturebelowwhichtunnelingtransitionsgreatlyoutnumberArrheniustransitions,andclassicalmechanicsgiveswaytoitsquantumcounterpart.Thistunnelingphenomenonatverylowtemperaturessuggestedmyhypothesisaboutacoldprehistoryoflife:theformationofrathercomplexorganicmoleculesinthedeepcoldofouterspace,wheretemperaturesusuallyreachonlyafewdegreesKelvinCosmicrays(high-energypro-tonsandotherparticles)mighttriggerthesynthesisofsimplemolecules,suchasinterstellarformaldehyde,indarkcloudsofinterstellardust.Afterwardcomplexorganicmoleculeswouldbeformed,slowlybutsurely,bymeansoftunneling.AfterIofferedmyhypothesis,HoyleandWickramasinghearguedthatmoleculesofinterstellarform-aldehydehaveindeedevolvedintostablepolysaccharidessuchascelluloseandstarch.Theirconclusions,althoughstronglydisputed,havegeneratedexcitementamonginvestigatorssuchasmyselfwhoareproposingthatthegalacticcloudsaretheplaceswheretheprebiologicalevolutionofcompoundsnecessarytolifeoccurred.1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.2.Accordingtothepassageclassicalchemicalreactionsandtunnelingreactionsarealikeinwhichofthefollowingways?3.AccordingtotheArrheniusequationasdiscussedinthepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutchemicalreactionsistrue?4.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthetheoryofacoldpre-historyoflifecanbestbedescribedas（

）.5.Theauthor’shypothesisconcerningbecoldprehistoryoflifewouldbemostweakenedifwhichofthefollowingweretrue?6.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthehypothesisofHoyleandWickramasingheasitispresentedinthepassage?7.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirsttwoparagraphsofthepassage?問題1選項A.describinghowtheprinciplesofclassicalchemistryweredevelopedB.initiatingadebateaboutthekindsofchemicalreactionsrequiredforthedevelopmentoflifeC.explaininghowcurrentresearchinchemistrymayberelatedtobroaderbiologicalconcernsD.reconcilingopposingtheoriesaboutchemicalreactions問題2選項A.Inbothtypesofreactions,reactingmoleculeshavetoriseoverthebarrierbetweenthetwowells.B.Inbothtypesofreactions,atransitionismadefromthebottomofonepotentialwelltothebottomofanother.C.InneithertypeofreactiondoestheheightofthebarrierbetweenthewellsremainconstantD.Inneithertypeofreactiondoestherateofachemicalreactiondependonitsactivationenergy問題3選項A.Chemicalreactionsarelesslikelytooccurattemperaturesclosetoabsolutezero.B.Insomecasestherateofachemicalreactionisrelatedtotemperatureandinothercasesitisnot.C.Chemicalreactionsfrequentlyoccuratafewdegreesaboveabsolutezero,buttheyareveryunpredictable.D.Therateofachemicalreactiondependsonmanyotherfactorsbesidestemperature.問題4選項A.neutralB.skepticalC.mildlypositiveD.verysupportive問題5選項A.Cosmicraysareunlikelytotriggertheformationofsimplemolecules.B.Tunnelingoccursonlyin