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1:TheamountofairexchangedisevenlowerinREMthan

NREMbecause,althoughbreathingismorerapidinREM,

itisalsomoreirregular,withbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorabsenceofbreathing.

○B(yǎng)ecausebreathingismoreshallowandirregularinREMthaninNREM,lessairisexchangedinREM.

○B(yǎng)reathinginNREMislesseffectivethanbreathinginREMbecauseofirregularepisodesofrapidbreathingduringNREM.

○B(yǎng)ecausebreathingismorerapidinNREMsleepthanin

REMsleep,breathingoftenbecomesshallow.

○AlthoughREMhasbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorlackofbreathing,breathingismorerapidthaninNREM.

2:Fladmark’shypothesisreceivedadditionalsupportform

fromthefactthatthegreatestdiversityinnativeAmerican

languagesoccursalongthewestcoastoftheAmericas,suggestingthatthisregionhasbeensettledthelongest.

○B(yǎng)ecausethisregionhasbeensettledthelongest,italsodisplaysthegreatestdiversityinNativeAmericanlanguages.

○Fladmark'shypothesisstatesthatthewestcoastoftheAmericashasbeensettledlongerthananyotherregion.

○ThefactthatthegreatestdiversityofNativeAmericanlanguagesoccursalongthewestcoastoftheAmericanslendsstrengthtoFradmark'shypothesis.

○AccordingtoFladmark,NativeAmericanlanguageshavesurvivedthelongestalongthewestcoastoftheAmericas.

3:Thetraditionofreligioussculptureextendsovermost

historicalperiodsbutislessclearlydelineatedthanthatof

stonewaresorporcelains,foritembracestheoldcustomof

earthenwareburialceramicswithlaterreligiousimagesandarchitecturalornament.

○Whilestonewaresandporcelainsarefoundthroughoutmosthistoricalperiods,religioussculptureislimitedtotheancientperiod.

○Religioussculpturewascreatedinmostperiods,butitshistoryislessclearthanthatofstonewaresorporcelains

becausesomeoldformscontinuedtobeusedevenwhennewonesweredeveloped.

○Whilestonewaresandporcelainschangedthroughouthistory,religioussculptureremaineduniforminformanduse.

○Thehistoricaldevelopmentofreligioussculptureisrelativelyunclearbecausereligioussculpturessometimesresembleearthenwarearchitecturalornaments.

4:Manyplantsandanimalsdisappearabruptlyfromthe

fossilrecordasonemovesfromlayersofrock

documentingtheendoftheCretaceousupintorocks

representingthebeginningoftheCenozoic(theeraaftertheMesozoic).

○ThefossilrecordsuggeststhattherewasanabruptextinctionofmanyplantsandanimalsattheendoftheMesozoicera.

○FewfossilsoftheMesozoicerahavesurvivedintherocksthatmarktheendoftheCretaceous.

○FossilsfromtheCretaceousperiodoftheMesozoicuptothebeginningoftheCenozoicerahavebeenremovedfromthelayersofrockthatsurroundedthem.

○PlantsandanimalsfromtheMesozoicerawereunabletosurviveintheCenozoicera.

5:Sociologistsviewprimarygroupsasbridgesbetween

individualsandthelargersocietybecausetheytransmit,

mediate,andinterpretasociety'sculturalpatternsand

providethesenseofonenesssocriticalforsocialsolidarity.

○Sociologiststhinkthatculturalpatternsestablishconnectionsbetweentheindividualandthelargersociety.

○Sociologistsbelievethatindividualswithasenseofonenessbridgethegapbetweensocietyandprimarygroups.

○Sociologiststhinkprimarygroupscontributetosocialsolidaritybecausetheyhelpmaintainasociety'sculturalpatterns.

○Sociologistsbelievethattheculturalpatternsthatprovidesocialsolidarityariseasbridgesfromprimarygroups.

Glaciersmoveslowlyacrossthelandwithtremendous

energy,carvingintoeventhehardestrockformationsand

therebyreshapingthelandscapeastheyengulf,push,drag,

andfinallydepositrockdebrisinplacesfarfromitsoriginallocation.

eq\o\ac(○,As)

eq\o\ac(○,)

aglaciermoves,itleavesbehindrockformationsthathavebeenengulfed,pushed,anddraggedbytheglacier.

○Glaciersreshapethelandscapebycarvingintorockandtransportingtheresultingdebristodistantlocations.

○Glacierscarvethehardestrockformationswithgreatenergyandslowlyreshapethemintodebris.

○Thetremendousenergyofslowlymovingglacierstransportsandfinallydepositsrockdebrisintolargerockformations.

Thoughitmaybedifficulttoimaginefromalater

perspective,astrainofcriticalopinioninthe1920s

predictedthatsoundfilmwouldbeatechnicalnoveltythat

wouldsoonfadefromsight,justashadmanyprevious

attempts,datingwellbackbeforetheFirstWorldWar,tolinkimageswithrecordedsound.

eq\o\ac(○,It)

eq\o\ac(○,)

wasdifficultforsomecriticsinthe1920stoimaginewhytheideaofsoundfilmhadfadedfromsightwellbeforetheFirstWorldWar.

eq\o\ac(○,As)

eq\o\ac(○,)

surprisingasitseemstoday,somecriticsinthe1920sbelievedthatthenewattemptsatsoundfilmswouldfade

justasquicklyastheattemptsmadebeforetheFirstWorldWar.

○Thoughsomeearlycriticsthoughtthatsoundfilmwouldfade,itspopularityduringtheFirstWorldWarprovedthatitwasnotsimplyatechnicalnovelty.

○AlthoughsomecriticspredictedwellbeforetheFirstWorldWarthatsoundfilmwouldbeanimportant

technicalinnovation,itwasnotattempteduntilthe1920s.

Indeed,stabilityofthebiologicalclock'speriodisoneofits

majorfeatures,evenwhentheorganism'senvironmentis

subjectedtoconsiderablechangesinfactors,suchas

temperature,thatwouldbeexpectedtoaffectbiologicalactivitystrongly.

○Stability,afeatureofthebiologicalclock'speriod,

dependsonchangeablefactorssuchastemperature.

eq\o\ac(○,A)

eq\o\ac(○,)

majorfeatureofthebiologicalclockisthatitsperioddoesnotchangedespitesignificantchangesintheenvironment.

eq\o\ac(○,A)

eq\o\ac(○,)

factorsuchastemperatureisanimportantfeatureintheestablishmentofthebiologicalclock'speriod.

○B(yǎng)iologicalactivityisnotstronglyaffectedbychangesintemperature.

Inequalitiesofgenderhavealsoexistedinpastoralist

societies,buttheyseemtohavebeensoftenedbythe

absenceofsteephierarchiesofwealthinmost

communities,andalsobytherequirementthatwomen

acquiremostoftheskillsofmen,including,often,theirmilitaryskills.

○Despitethefactthatwealthisrelativelyevenlydistributedinpastoralsocieties,genderinequalitystill

existsbecauseonlymencanacquiremilitaryskillsandsocialstatus.

○Inequalitiesofgenderexistedinpastoralistsocietiesuntilmostcommunitiesbegantorequirewomento

possessthesameskillsasmenandtakepartinthemilitary.

○Inequalitiesofgenderinpastoralistsocietieswerecausedbysteephierarchiesofwealthanddifferencesinmilitarytrainingbetweenmenandwomen.

eq\o\ac(○,In)

eq\o\ac(○,)

pastoralsocieties,genderinequalityiscomparativelymildbecausewealthisrelativelyevenly

distributedandwomenhavetolearnmostofthesameskillsthatmendo.

Contrarytotheargumentsofsomethatmuchofthe

pacificwassettledbyPolynesiansaccidentallymarooned

afterbeinglostandadrift,itseemsreasonablethatthis

featwasaccomplishedbydeliberatecolonization

expeditionsthatsetoutfullystockedwithfoodanddomesticatedplantsandanimals.

○SomepeoplehavearguedthatthePacificwassettledbytraderswhobecamelostwhiletransportingdomesticatedplantsandanimals.

○TheoriginalPolynesiansettlerswereprobablymaroonedontheislands,buttheymayhavebeenjoinedlaterbycarefullypreparedcolonizationexpeditions.

○Althoughitseemsreasonabletobelievethatcolonizationexpeditionswouldsetoutfullystocked,thisiscontradictedbymuchoftheevidence.

○ThesettlementofthePacificislandswasprobablyintentionalandwellplannedratherthanaccidentalassomepeoplehaveproposed.

Physiologicalimmaturitymaybepartofwhyinfantsand

toddlersdonotformextremelyenduringmemories,even

whentheyhearstoriesthatpromotesuchrememberinginpreschoolers.

○Incompletephysiologicaldevelopmentmaypartlyexplainwhyhearingstoriesdoesnotimprovelong-termmemoryininfantsandtoddlers.

○Onereasonwhypreschoolersfailtocomprehendthestoriestheyhearisthattheyarephysiologicallyimmature.

○Giventhechancetohearstories,infantsandtoddlersmayformenduringmemoriesdespitephysiologicalimmaturity.

○Physiologicallymaturechildrenseemtohavenodifficultyrememberingstoriestheyheardaspreschoolers.

Butdetractorsmaintainthattheterracescouldalsohave

beencreatedbygeologicalactivity,perhapsrelatedtothe

geologicforcesthatdepressedtheNorthernHemisphere

farbelowthelevelofthesouth,inwhichcasetheyhavenothingwhatevertodowithMartianwater.

○B(yǎng)utdetractorsarguethatgeologicalactivitymaybe

responsibleforthewaterassociatedwiththeterraces.

○B(yǎng)utdetractorsarguethattheterracesmayhavebeenformedbygeologicalactivityratherthanbythepresenceofwater.

○B(yǎng)utdetractorsarguethattheterracesmayberelatedtogeologicalforcesintheNorthernHemisphereofMars,ratherthantoMartianwaterinthesouth.

○B(yǎng)utdetractorsarguethatgeologicalforcesdepressedtheNorthernHemispheresofarbelowthelevelofthesouth

thattheterracescouldnothavebeenformedbywater.

Hethensetupexperimentswithcagedstarlingsandfound

thattheirorientationwas,infact,inthepropermigratory

directionexceptwhentheskywasovercast,atwhichtimes

therewasnocleardirectiontotheirrestlessmovements.

○Experimentsrevealedthatcagedstarlingsdisplayedalackofdirectionalsenseandrestlessmovements.

○Experimentsrevealedthatcagedstarlingswereunabletoorientthemselvesinthedirectionoftheirnormalmigratoryroute.

○Experimentsrevealedthattherestlessmovementofcagedstarlingshadnocleardirection.

○Experimentsrevealedthatcagedstarlings'orientationwasaccurateunlesstheweatherwasovercast.

Thereappeartobemanyunexploredmattersaboutthemotivationtoreflect–forexample,thevalueofexternally

motivatedreflectionasopposedtothatofteacherswhomightreflectbyhabit.

○Thepracticeofbeingreflectiveisnolongersimplyahabitamongteachersbutsomethingthatisexternallymotivated.

○Mostteachersneedtoexplorewaystoformthehabitofreflectionevenwhennoexternalmotivationexists.

○Manyaspectsofthemotivationtoreflecthavenotbeenstudied,includingthecomparativebenefitsofexternallymotivatedandhabitualreflectionamongteachers.

○Therehasnotbeenenoughexplorationofwhyteacherspracticereflectionasahabitwithorwithoutexternalmotivation.

Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrength

necessarytomeetitspurpose,architectureemploys

methodsofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedon

physicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem—evenwh