土木建筑工程鋼筋混凝土畢業(yè)論文中英文資料外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

中英文資料外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)外文翻譯1Hydrationofthecementtakesplaceinthepresenceofmoistureattemperaturesabove50°F.Itisnecessarytomaintainsuchaconditioninorderthatthechemicalhydrationreactioncantakeplace.Ifdryingistoorapid,surfacecrackingtakesplace.Thiswouldresultinreductionofconcretestrengthduetocrackingaswellasthefailuretoattainfullchemicalhydration.Itisclearthatalargenumberofparametershavetobedealtwithinproportioningareinforcedconcreteelement,suchasgeometricalwidth,depth,areaofreinforcement,steelstrain,concretestrain,steelstress,andsoon.Consequently,trialandadjustmentisnecessaryinthechoiceofconcretesections,withassumptionsbasedonconditionsatsite,availabilityoftheconstituentmaterials,particulardemandsoftheowners,architecturalandheadroomrequirements,theapplicablecodes,andenvironmentalreinforcedconcreteisoftenasite-constructedcomposite,incontrasttothestandardmill-fabricatedbeamandcolumnsectionsinsteelstructures.Thetrial-andadjustmentproceduresforthechoiceofaconcretesectionleadtothe22.EarthworkThecheapestwayofmovingearthistotakeitdirectlyoutofthecutanddropitasfillwiththesamemachine.Thisisnotalwayspossible,butwhenitcanbedoneitisideal,beingbothquickandcheap.Draglines,bulldozersandfaceshovelsandothis.Thelargestradiusisobtainedwiththedragline,andthelargesttonnageofearthismovedbythebulldozer,thoughonlyovershortdistances.Thedisadvantagesofthedraglinearethatitmustdigbelowitself,itcannotdigwithforceintocompactedmaterial,itcannotdigon3steepslopws,anditsdumpinganddiggingarenotaccurate.Theprincipalscopeofspecificationsistoprovidegeneralprinciplesandcomputationalmethodsinordertoverifysafetyofstructures.The“safetyfactor”,whichaccordingtomoderntrendsisindependentofthenatureandcombinationofthematerialsused,canusuallybedefinedastheratiobetweentheconditions.Thisratioisalsoproportionaltothe4inverseoftheprobability(risk)offailureofthestructure.56基礎(chǔ)，大體積混凝土水壩或者繼續(xù)延長已澆筑完畢并且已經(jīng)凝固的混凝土等。對于7水泥的水化作用發(fā)生在有水分存在，而且氣溫在50°F以上的條件下。為了保這將有損與混凝土的強(qiáng)度，同時(shí)也會影響到水泥水化作用的充分進(jìn)行。配筋的面積，鋼筋的應(yīng)變和混凝土的應(yīng)變，鋼筋的應(yīng)力等等。因此，在選擇混凝土截面時(shí)需要進(jìn)行試算并作調(diào)整，根據(jù)施工現(xiàn)場條件、混凝土原材料的供應(yīng)情況、業(yè)主提出的特殊要求、對建筑和凈空高度的要求、所用的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范以及建筑物周圍環(huán)境條件等最后確定截面。鋼筋混凝土通常是現(xiàn)場澆注的合成材料，它與在工廠中制度是否足以承受所作用的計(jì)算荷載。由于經(jīng)常需要進(jìn)行多次試算，才能求出所需的截面，因此設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)第一次采用的數(shù)值將導(dǎo)致一系列的試算與調(diào)整工作。當(dāng)試算截面選定后，每次設(shè)