大學(xué)英語四級考前快速訓(xùn)練題

大學(xué)英語四級考前快速訓(xùn)練題Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.

Forquestions1-7,mark

Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;

N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;

NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

Ourdreamscombineverbal,visualandemotionalstimuliintoasometimesbroken,nonsensicalbutoftenentertainingstoryline.Wecansometimesevensolveproblemsinoursleep.Orcanwe?Manyexpertsdisagreeonexactlywhatthepurposeofourdreamsmightbe.Aretheystrictlyrandombrainimpulses,orareourbrainsactuallyworkingthroughissuesfromourdailylifewhilewesleep--asasortofcopingmechanism?Shouldweevenbothertointerpretourdreams?Manysayyes,thatwehaveagreatdealtolearnfromourdreams.

WhydoweDream?

Forcenturies,wevetriedtofigureoutjustwhyourbrainsplaythesenightlyshowsforus.Earlycivilizationsthoughtdreamworldswerereal,physicalworldsthattheycouldenteronlyfromtheirdreamstate.Researcherscontinuetotossaroundmanytheoriesaboutdreaming.Thosetheoriesessentiallyfallintotwocategories:

●Theideathatdreamsareonlyphysiologicalstimulations

●Theideathatdreamsarepsychologicallynecessary

Physiologicaltheoriesarebasedontheideathatwedreaminordertoexercisevariousneuralconnectionsthatsomeresearchersbelieveaffectcertaintypesoflearning.Psychologicaltheoriesarebasedontheideathatdreamingallowsustosortthroughproblems,eventsofthedayorthingsthatarerequiringalotofourattention.Someofthesetheoriststhinkdreamsmightbeprophetic.Manyresearchersandscientistsalsobelievethatperhapsitisacombinationofthetwotheories.

DreamingandtheBrain

Whenwesleep,wegothroughfivesleepstages.Thefirststageisaverylightsleepfromwhichitiseasytowakeup.Thesecondstagemovesintoaslightlydeepersleep,andstagesthreeandfourrepresentourdeepestsleep.Ourbrainactivitythroughoutthesestagesisgraduallyslowingdownsothatbydeepsleep,weexperiencenothingbutdeltabrainwaves--theslowestbrainwaves.About90minutesafterwegotosleepandafterthefourthsleepstage,webeginREMsleep.

Rapideyemovement(REM)wasdiscoveredin1953byUniversityofChicagoresearchersEugeneAserinsky,agraduatestudentinphysiology,andNathanielKleitman,Ph.D.,chairofphysiology.REMsleepisprimarilycharacterizedbymovementsoftheeyesandisthefifthstageofsleep.

HowtoImproveYourDreamRecall

Itissaidthatfiveminutesaftertheendofadream,wehaveforgotten50percentofthedreamscontent.Tenminuteslater,weveforgotten90percentofitscontent.Whyisthat?Wedontforgetourdailyactionsthatquickly.Thefactthattheyaresohardtoremembermakestheirimportanceseemless.

TherearemanyresourcesbothontheWebandinprintthatwillgiveyoutipsonhowtoimproveyourrecallofdreams.Thosewhobelievewehavealottolearnaboutourselvesfromourdreamsarebigproponentsofdreamjournals.Herearesomestepsyoucantaketoincreaseyourdreamrecall:

●Whenyougotobed,tellyourselfyouwillrememberyourdreams.

●SetyouralarmtogooffeveryhourandhalfsoyoullwakeuparoundthetimesthatyouleaveREMsleep--whenyouremostlikelytorememberyourdreams.(Or,drinkalotofwaterbeforeyougotobedtoensureyouhavetowakeupatleastonceinthemiddleofthenight!)

●Keepapadandpencilnexttoyourbed.

●Trytowakeupslowlytoremainwithinthemoodofyourlastdream.

CommonDreamThemesandTheirInterpretations

●Beingnakedinpublic

Mostofushavehadthedreamatsomepointthatwereatschool,workorsomesocialevent,andwesuddenlyrealizeweforgottoputonclothes!Expertssaythismeans:

◆Weretryingtohidesomething(andwithoutclotheswehaveahardtimedoingthat).

◆Werenotpreparedforsomething,likeapresentationortest(andnoweveryoneisgoingtoknow--wereexposed!).

Ifwerenakedbutnoonenotices,thentheinterpretationisthatwhateverwereafraidofisunfounded.Ifwedontcarethatwerenaked,theinterpretationisthatwerecomfortablewithwhoweare.

●Falling

Yourefalling,falling,falling...andthenyouwakeup.Thisisaverycommondreamandissaidtosymbolizeinsecuritiesandanxiety.Somethinginyourlifeisessentiallyoutofcontrolandthereisnothingyoucandotostopit.Anotherinterpretationisthatyouhaveasenseoffailureaboutsomething.Maybeyourenotdoingwellinschooloratworkandareafraidyouregoingtobefiredorexpelled.Again,youfeelthatyoucantcontrolthesituation.

●Beingchased

Theever-popularchasedreamcanbeextremelyfrightening.Whatitusuallysymbolizesisthatyourerunningawayfromyourproblems.Whatthatproblemisdependsonwhoischasingyou.Itmaybeaproblematwork,oritmaybesomethingaboutyourselfthatyouknowisdestructive.Forexample,youmaybedrinkingtoomuch,andyourdreammaybetellingyouthatyourdrinkingisbecomingarealproblem.

●Takinganexam(orforgettingthatyouhaveone)

Thisisanotherverycommondream.Yousuddenlyrealizeyouaresupposedtobetakinganexamatthatverymoment.Youmightberunningthroughthehallwaysandcantfindtheclassroom.Thistypeofdreamcanhaveseveralvariationsthathavesimilarmeanings.(Maybeyourpenwontwrite,soyoucantfinishwritingyouranswers.)Whatexpertssaythismaymeanisthatyourebeingscrutinizedaboutsomethingorfeelyourebeingtested--maybeyourefacingachallengeyoudontthinkyoureupto.Youdontfeelpreparedorabletoholduptothescrutiny.Itmayalsomeanthereissomethingyouveneglectedthatyouknowneedsyourattention.

●Flying

Manyflyingdreamsaretheresultofluciddreaming(糊涂夢).Notallflyingdreamsare,however.Typically,dreamingthatyouareflyingmeansyouareontopofthings.Youareincontrolofthethingsthatmattertoyou.Or,maybeyouvejustgainedanewperspectiveonthings.Itmayalsomeanyouarestrongwilledandfeellikenooneandnothingcandefeatyou.Ifyouarehavingproblemsmaintainingyourflight,someoneorsomethingmaybestandinginthewayofyouhavingcontrol.Ifyouareafraidwhileflying,youmayhavechallengesthatyoudontfeelupto.

●Running,butgoingnowhere

Thisthemecanalsobepartofthechasingdream.Youretryingtorun,buteitheryourlegswontmoveoryousimplyarentgoinganywhere--asifyouwereonatreadmill(踏車).Accordingtosome,thisdreammeansyouhavetoomuchonyourplate.Youretryingtodotoomanythingsatonceandcantcatchuporevergetahead.

1.Thispassagemainlydiscussesdifferenttheoriesaboutwhywehavedreamsatnight.

2.Earlytheoriesheldthatdreamswerereflectionofpeople’sreal,physicalworlds.

3.Accordingtophysiologicaltheories,dreamingallowsustosortthroughproblemsoreventsofthedaythatrequireouratte