2022年遼寧省鞍山市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級重點(diǎn)匯總（含答案）

2022年遼寧省鞍山市大學(xué)英語6級大學(xué)英語六級重點(diǎn)匯總（含答案）學(xué)校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

Onesolutiontofreshwatershortageistotousedripirrigation.

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2.

Bunoventurecemeterycannotbeseenthereanymore;itwasremovedbecausetoomanyvisitorswantedto______ofit.

3.

Wewanttobuildahybridcarpartlybecauseithaslower______thanagasoline-poweredone.

4.

AccordingtoMichaelTwery,whydon'tthosepeoplewithsnoringproblemsgotosectheirdoctor?

A.Becausetheyarcafraidtobelaughedatbyothers.

B.Becausetheyarcnotawareoftheproblemsduetotheirslowprogress.

C.Becausetheyarctoobusytogotohospital.

D.Becausetheyareunwillingtotalkaboutsnoringproblems.

5.BesurenottousebirthdatesoryourphonenumbersasyourPINbecausethey______.

6.

OneoftheeducationalactivitiesinEastHarlemHealthyHeartprogramis____________________.

7.

In1930,TheGreenPastures,amusicalperformedbyjustblackactorsandactresses,opensonBroadway,February26.

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8.WhereDoDreamsComefrom?

Doyouoftendreamatnight?Mostpeopledo.Whentheywakeinthemorningtheysaytothemselves,"WhatastrangedreamIhad!Iwonderwhatmademedreamthat."

Sometimesdreamsarefrightening.Terriblecreaturesthreatenandpursueus.Sometimes,indreams,wishescometree.Wecanflythroughtheairorfloatfrommountain-tops.Atothertimeswearetroubledbydreamsinwhicheverythingisconfused.Wearelostandcan'tfindourwayhome.Theworldseemstohavebeenturnedupside-downandnothingmakessense.

Indreamsweactverystrangely.Wedo,thingswhichwewouldneverdowhenwe'reawake.Wethinkandsaythingswewouldneverthinkandsay.Whyaredreamssostrange?Wheredodreamscomefrom?

Peoplehavebeentryingtoanswerthissincethebeginningoftime.ButnoonehasproducedamoresatisfyinganswerthanamancalledSigmundFreud.One'sdream-worldseemsstrangeandunfamiliar,hesaid,becausedreamscomefromapartofone'smindwhichonecanneitherrecognisenorcontrol.Henamedthisthe"unconsciousmind".

SigmundFreudwasbornaboutahundredyearsago.HelivedmostofhislifeinVienna,Austria,butendedhisdaysinLondon,soonafterthebeginningoftheSecondWorldWar.

Freudwasoneofthegreatexplorersofourtime.Butthenewworldsheexploredwereinsidemanhimself.Fortheunconsciousmindislikeadeepwell,fullofmemoriesandfeelings.Thesememoriesandfeelingshavebeenstoredtherefromthemomentofourbirth—perhapsevenbeforebirth.Ourconsciousmindhasforgottenthem.Wedonotsuspectthattheyarethereuntilsomeunhappyorunusualexperlencecausesustoremember,ortodreamdreams.Thensuddenlyweseeafacewehadforgottenlongago.Wefeelthesamejealousfearandbitterdisappointmentswefeltwhenwewerelittlechildren.

ThisdiscoveryofFreud'sisveryimportantffwewishtounderstandwhypeopleactastheydo.Fortheunconsciousforcesinsideusareatleastaspowerfulastheconsciousforcesweknowabout.Whydowechooseonefriendratherthananother?Whydoesonestorymakeuscryorlaughwhileanotherstorydoesn'taffectusatall?Perhapsweknowwhy.Ifwedon't,thereasonsmayliedeepinourunconsciousminds.

WhenFreudwasachildhewantedtobecomeagreatsoldierandwinhonourforhiscountry.AtthattimeAustriaandGermanywereatwarwitheachother.HisfatherusedtotakeSigmunddowntotherailwaystationtowatchthetrainscomeinfromthebattle-fields.Thetrainswerefullofwoundedsoldiers.Thereweremenwhohadlostalleye,anarmoralegfightingintilewar.Manyofthesoldiersweresufferinggreatpain.

YoungSigmundwatchedthewoundedmenastheyweremovedfromthetrainsintothehay-cartsthatcarriedthemtothehospital.Hewasverysorryforthem.Hepitiedthemsomuchthathesaidtotheteacherathisschool,"Letusboysmakebandagesforthepoorsoldiersasoursistersinthegirls'schooldo."

Eventhen,Freudcaredaboutthesufferingsofothers,soitisn'tsurprisingthathebecameadoctorwhenhegrewup.Likeotherdoctorshelearnedallaboutthewayinwhichthehumanbodyworks.Buthebecamemoreandmorecuriousaboutthehumanmind.HewenttoPadstostudywithafamousFrenchdoctor,Charcot.Charcot'sspecialstudywasdiseasesofthemindandnerves.

Atthattimeitseemedthatnooneknewverymuchabouttilemind.Ifapersonwentmad,or"outofhismind",therewasnotmuchthatcouldbedoneaboutit.Therewaslittlehelporcomfortforthemadmanorhisfamily.Peopledidn'tunderstandatallwhatwashappeningtohim.Hadbebeenpossessedbyadevilorevilspirit?WasGodpunishinghimforwrongdoing?Oftensuchpeoplewereshutawayfromthecompanyofordinarycivi

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9.

Undergraduatesdonotknowhowtotalktopeoplewhohaveaverydifferenttrainingfromthem,andhowtocarry______whenplansforactionofvitalimportancetothemaremade.

10.WhenYourChildHatesSchool

Withjustafewminutesleftbeforeschoolwastostart,mysix-year-old,Dustin,wasunhappy."Idon'twanttogo",hesaid;Eversincehe'denteredfirstgrade,hehatedschool.What'sgoingon?Ithoughtashetrudged(沉重吃力地走)outthedoor.Ifhehatesschoolthismuchnow,howbadwillitbelateron?

Everykidoccasionallygrumblesaboutschool.Butfivetotenpercentofkidsdislikeitsomuchthattheydon'twanttoattend,saysChristopherKearney,directoroftheChildSchoolRefusalandAnxietyDisordersClinicattheUniversityofNevada,LasVegas.

Ifachildseemsdepressedoranxiousaboutschool,fakesillnesstostayhome,repeatedlywindsupinthenurse'sorprincipal'soffice,orrefusestotalkaboutlargechunksoftheschoolday,youshouldbeconcerned,sayschoolpsychologistsMichaelMartinandCynthiaWaltman-Greenwood,co-editorsofSalveYourChild'sSchool-RelatedProblems.

Fortunately,youcanusuallysolvetheproblem—sometimesveryeasily.Inourcase,myhusbandandIvisitedDustin'sclassandnoticedthattheteacher,freshoutofcollege,calledonlyonkidswhoscrambledtositrightunderhernose.Dustin,whogenerallysatneartheback,wasignored.Wesimplytoldhimtomoveupfront.Hedid,andhisenthusiasmreturned.

Herearesomeofthemostcommonreasonsthatkidshateschool—andstrategiestoputthemback:

Anxiety

Onefearthatkeepschildrenfromenjoyingschoolisseparationanxiety.Itmostfrequentlyoccursduringtimesoffamilystressorwhenachildisabouttoenteranewschool.

Unfortunately,parentscanfeedachild'sanxietiesbythewaytheyrespond.Withyoungerkidswatchhowyousaygood-byethosefirstfewdaysofschool.Afirm"Haveagreatday,andI'llpickyouupat2:30!"ismoreconfidence-inspiringthan"Don'tworry,Icanbethereintenminutesifyouneedme."

ThomasOllendick,headofananxiety-disordersclinicforchildrenandadolescentsatVirginiaPolytechnicInstitute,treatedoneboywhowasanxiousaboutenteringmiddleschool.Heworriedabouteverythingfromgettinglustinthenewschooltogettingbeatenup.Hismothertooktimeofffromworksoshecouldstayhometo"bethere"forhim"unconsciouslysendingthemessagethatsomethingdreadfulmightindeedhappen",Ollendickrecalls.

Oncethemotherrealizedshewascontributingintheproblem,shebeganfosteringherson'sindependencebytakinghimtotheschoolsohecouldlearnhiswayaroundandmeethishomeroomteacher.Hisfearsdiminished,andnowhe'sawell-adjustedstudent.

Youcanhelpyourchildhandlefearfulsituations—fromspeakingupinclasstotakingtests—byrehearsingathome.Helpmakelargeprojectslessdaunting(使用畏縮的)bybreakingthemintomanageablepieces.Teachyourchildtoreplacethoughtssuchas"I'mgoingtofail."With"Icanhandlethis."

Loneliness

Somekidsdislikeschoolbecausetheyhavenofriends.ThismaybethecaseifyourchildisalwaysMane,orgivesawaytreasuredpossessionsinanattempttobeliked.

Oftenlonelinessproblemscanbesolvedbysocialskills."Achildmayneedtolearnhowtolookothersintheeyewhenhespeaks,orhowtotalkaboveawhisper—orbelowayell,"Ollendicksays.Youmightteachayoungchildafew"friendshipopeners,"suchas"Myname'sTom.What'syours?Doyouwanttoplaytag?"

"Alotofkidswhoareverylonelyhaveneverbeentoldanythinggoodaboutthemselves,"saysMiamiteacherMattyRodriguez-Walling."Ifalonelykidisskilledinsomearea—computers,forexample—I'lloftenhaveotherstudentsworkwithhim.Thatdoesalotforself-esteemandhelpsthelonelychildmakefriends."

Bullies

Studentssometimeshateschoolbecausetheyareafraidtoatten

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11.

Kellyhasallthelatest______aboutthejobhuntingmarket.

A.marketdataonsalariesandtrendstohand

B.dataonquestionsthattheemployeraskduringinterviews

C.dataonthesuccessfulexampleswiththehelpofKelly

D.recordsofthecompaniesnewlysetup

12.

Laptopsequippedwith___________________canallowtheirownerstotemporarilydealwithofficeworkinsomepublicplaces.

13.

Oneoftheadvantagesofapeace-keepinglieisaimedatavoidingtroubleorargument.

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14.Rivers

Byoriginalusage,ariverisflowingwaterinachannelwithdefinedbanks.Modernusageincludesriversthataremultichanneled,intermittent,orephemeralinflowandchannelsthatarepracticallybankless.Theconceptofchanneledsurfaceflow,however,remainscentraltothedefinition.

Riversarenourishedbyprecipitation,bydirectoverlandrunoff,throughspringsandseepages,orfrommeltwaterattheedgesofsnowfieldsandglaciers.Thecontributionofdirectprecipitationonthewatersurfaceisusuallyminute,exceptwheremuchofacatchmentareaisoccupiedbylakes.Riverwaterlossesresultfromseepageintoshallowordeepaquifers(沙石含水層)andparticularlyfromevaporation.Thedifferencebetweenthewaterinputandlosssustainssurfacedischargeorstreamflow.TheamountofwaterinriversystematanytimeisbutatinyfractionoftheEarth'stotalwater;97percentofallwateriscontainedintheoceansandaboutthree-quartersoffreshwaterisstoredaslandice;nearlyalltheremainderoccursasgroundwater.Lakesholdlessthan0.5percentofallfreshwater,soilmoistureaccountsforabout0.05percent,andwaterinriverchannelsforroughlyhalfasmuch,0.025percent,whichrepresentsonlyaboutonefour-thousandthoftheEarth'stotalfreshwater.

Waterisconstantlycycledthroughthesystemsoflandice,soil,lakes,groundwater(inpart),andriverchannels,however.Thedischargeofriverstotheoceansdeliverstothesesystemstheequivalentofthewatervapourthatisblownoverlandandthenconsequentlyprecipitatedasrainorsnow,e.,some7percentofmeanannualprecipitationontheglobeand30percentofprecipitationonlandareas.

Thehistoricalrecordincludesmarkedshiftsintheappreciationofrivers,numerousconflictsinusedemand,andanintensificationofusethathasrapidlyacceleratedduringthe20thcentury.Externalfreighttradebecameconcentratedinestuarineports(河口港)ratherthanininlandportswhenocean-goingvesselsincreasedinsize.

Demandonopen-channelwaterincreasesaspopulationandpercapitawateruseincreaseandasundergroundwatersuppliesfallshort.Irrigationuseconstitutesacomparativelylargepercentageofthetotalsupply.

Present-daydemandsonriversaspowersourcesrangefromthefloatingoftimber,throughtheuseofwaterforcooling,tohydroelectricgeneration.Logginginforestsreliesprimarilyonflotationduringtheseasonofmelt-waterhighflow.Largepowerplantsandotherindustrialfacilitiesareoftenlocatedalongrivers,whichsupplytheenormousquantitiesofwaterneededforcoolingpurposes.Manufacturersofpetrochemicals,steel,andwoolenclothalsomakelargedemands.Hydroelectricpowergenerationwasintroducedmorethan100yearsago,butthemajorityoftheexistinginstallationshavebeenbuiltsince1950.

Theever-increasingexploitationofrivershasgivenrisetoavarietyofproblems.Extensivecommercialnavigationofrivershasresultedinmuchartificialimprovementofnaturalchannels,includingincreasingthedepthofthechannelstopermitpassageoflargervessels.Insomecases,thisloweringoftheriverbottomhascausedthewatertableofthesurroundingareatodrop,whichhasadverselyaffectedagriculture.Also,canalization,withitsextensivesystemoflocksandnavigationdams,oftenseriouslydisruptsriverineecosystems.

Anevenmorefar-reachingproblemisthatofwaterpollution.Pesticidesandherbicidesarenowemployedinlargequantitiesthroughoutmuchoftheworld.Thewidespreaduseofsuchbiocidesandtheuniversalnatureofwatermakesitinevitablethatthetoxicchemicalswouldappearasstreampollutants.Biocidescancontaminatewater,especiallyofslowflowingrivers,andareresponsibleforanumberoffishkillseachyear.

Inag

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15.Whatarepeopleadvisedtodoafterajobloss?

A.Arguewiththeemployeraboutthereasonforthelayoff.

B.Remaineven-temperedandavoidradicalbehaviors.

C.Makeafaircommentontheirjobperformance.

D.Sendthecompanye-mailstoaskforcompensation.

16.HowdoesRobertFeldmanseelittlewhitelies?

A.Theydoharmtobothpeopleandthesociety.

B.Theyaremoreacceptablethanhabituallies.

C.Theyarenecessaryinthesocialrelationships.

D.Theyaregood-intentionedandthusharmless.

17.

Mr.Bellavance,wasalwaysoptimisticduringtheperiodofunemployment.

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18.

Writingavisualmentalscript.tobefollowedinthecontesttocomebuildsmoreaggressivenessthan______.

19.

Alternativesentencingisalsocalled______.

20.

Amongthecollegestudents"smartenough"tograduate,onlyfewcouldsucceedin______.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.

【B4】

22.

【B8】

23.(16)

A.Sciencecourses.

B.Mathematics.

C.Liberalarts.

D.Literature.

24.

【B10】

25.聽力原文：W:Jackseemstohaveafancyforpaintings.Onthewallsofhisbedroom,therearesomanyfamouspictures.Someofthemarepriceless.

M:However,hedoesnotlikevisitingtheartmuseumbecauseheconsidersitanoisyplace.

Q:WhatcanweconcludeaboutJackfromtheconversation?

(19)

A.Heisgoodatdrawingpictures.

B.Helikespaintingsverymuch.

C.Helikesvisitingtheartmuseumverymuch.

D.Hethinkstheartmuseumisaveryquietplace

26.(26)

A.Lotsofstudentsdon'ttakehealthinsuranceseriously.

B.Manystudentsthinkabouthealthinsurancerightbeforetheygoabroad.

C.Thewomanshouldn'tconsiderhealthinsuranceuntilshegetsillinhospital.

D.Thewomandoesn'thaveenoughmoneyfortuition.

27.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

Inthelate1960s',manypeopleinNorthAmericaturnedtheirattentiontoenvironmentalproblems,andnewsteel-and-glassskyscraperswerewidelycriticized.(36)______pointedoutthataclusteroftallbuildingsinacityoften(37)______publictransportationandparkinglot(38)______.

Skyscrapersarealsoextravagant(39)______,andwasters,ofelectricpower.Inonerecentyear,the(40)______of17millionsquarefeetofskyscraperofficeinNewYorkcityraisedthe(41)______dailydemandforelectricityby120000kilowatts—enoughtosupplytheentirecityofAlbany,NewYork,foraday.Glasswalledskyscraperscanbeespeciallywasteful.Theheatlossthroughawallofhalf-inchplateglassismorethantentimesthatthroughatypicalstonewallfilledwith(42)______board.Tolessenthestrainonheatingandair-conditioning(43)______,buildersofskyscrapershavebeguntousespecialglassthatreduceglareaswellasheatgain.(44)____________.

Ontopofraisingthetemperatureoftheatmosphere,skyscrapersputaseverestrainonacity'ssanitationfacilities,too.(45)____________—asmuchasacitythesizeofStamford,Connecticut,whichhasapopulationofmorethan109000.

(46)____________.InBostoninthelate1960's,somepeopleevenfearedthatshadowsfromskyscraperswouldkillthegrassonBostonCommon.Still,peoplecontinuetobuildskyscrapersforallthereasonsthattheyhavealwaysbuiltthem—personalambitionandthedesireofownerstohavethelargestpossibleamountofrentablespace.

28.(29)

A.Sally.

B.Hisgrandma.

C.BothSallyandhisgrandma.

D.BothSallyandhisgrandpa.

29.聽力原文：W:Hi,Tom.Haveyoubeenplayingmuchbasketballlately?

M:IplayasoftenasIcangetoutoftheclassroom.Andthegameismywaytobesomebody.Itismylife,youknow?

Q:WhatdoesTomtellthewoman?

(13)

A.Heoftencutsclassestoplaybasketball.

B.Hehasnochancetoplaybasketball.

C.He'slookingforsomebodytoplaythegamewith.

D.Helovesplayingbasketballverymuch.

30.(24)

A.25pence.B.50pence.C.75pence.D.95pence.

31.聽力原文：W:Goodmorning.Thisishousingoffice.HowcanIhelpyou?

M:Hi.I'mcallingaboutthenewsubsidizedlow-costhousingforgraduatestudents.

W:Areyouawarethatit'sonlyavailabletomarriedgraduatestudentsandtheirfamilies?

M:Yes.IthinkmywifeandImayqualifysinceshe'sstillingraduateschool.ButIwaswonderingwhethertherewereanyotherrequirements.

W:Well,unlessyouhavemorethanonechild,youhavetohaveacombinedannualincomethat'slessthan5000dollars.

M:I'mworkingasapart-timeresearchassistantsothat'snoproblem.Butrightnowwe'relivingwithmywife'sparents.Doesthatmeanwehavetoincludetheirincometoo?

W:Notnecessarily.Whydon'tyoustopbyourofficesoIcangiveyousomeformstofilloutandexplaineverythinginmoredetail?

M:Thatsoundslikeagoodidea.Wouldtomorrowmorningbeallright?

W:Ithinktheafternoonmightbebetter.YouknowitcanbeprettycrazyaroundhereonaFridaymorning.

M:Allrightthen.I'lltrytomakeitintheafternoon,IsthereanyonespecialIshouldaskfor?

W:Youcanaskforme,SusanDavidson,ormyassistantBillBrown.We'llbegladtogiveyouanyhelpyouneed.

M:OK.Thanksalot.Seeyouthen.

(20)

A.Inhisownapartment.

B.Withhiswife'sparents.

C.Withhisgrandparents.

D.Instudenthousing.

32.(47)

33.

【B5】

34.(28)

A.Thetelescope.

B.Theharmonica.

C.Thepiano.

D.Thelightbulb.

35.聽力原文：Ecologyisthestudyoftheinterrelationshipoflivingthingstotheirenvironment.Thisevenincludesthestudyofnonlivingthings.Inrecentyears,ecologyhasbecomeasourceofgreatinteresttomanypeoplewholiveintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Theinteresthasbeenincreasingbecausesomeexpertsfeelthatwearedestroyingthelandonwhichwelive.Theyalsofeelthatwecanstopthisdestructionbybeingmorecareful.

Someoftheenvironmentalproblemsarecausedbyindustry.Wastespollutethewaters.Gasesandfumespoisontheair.Whenairandwaterarepolluted,thenfish,birds,andotherlivingcreamdie.Humanlifeisalsoaffectedbyindustrialneglect.Peoplebecomepoisonedinmanywayswhileworkingonandaroundunsafeplantsandfactories.Nuclearpowerplantshavecausedgreatcontroversy.

Peoplealsocausesomeoftheproblems.Carsthatpeopledrivepourfumesintotheairwebreathe.Garbageissometimesdumpedintostreamsthatsupplydrinkingwater.Forestfiresareoftencausedbycarelesscampers.Beachesandcitystreetsarelitteredwithrubbish.

(30)

A.Livingthings.

B.Livingthingsandnonlivingthings.

C.Theenvironmentalproblemscausedbyindustryandpeople.

D.Theinterrelationshipoflivingthingstotheirenvironment.

36.

【B11】

37.(36)

A.Mostequipmentwasdesignedforrighthanders.

B.Theirmentalstressledtotheirlackofconcentration.

C.Theywerecareless.

D.Theywereslowinresponding.

38.(14)

A.Shethinksbigpartiesaretooimpersonal.

B.Shewouldliketoinvitefriendstoabigparty.

C.Shefeelsshehastospendalotofmoneyinholdingbigparties.

D.Shewouldliketobeinvitedtosmallparties.

39.【B6】

40.聽力原文：W:Haveyoubeentothatnewrestaurantyet?

M:Youmeanthecampuscomer?

W:Yeah.That'stheone.It'srightacrossthestreetfromtheentrancetotheschool.

M:No.I'venevereatenthere.Iusuallyhave6metogohomeforlunchbetweenclasses.

W:Areyouagoodcook?

M:I'mquitehandyinthekitchenmyself.LastsemesterItookacourseinChinesecooking.AndImustsayIthinkIdidratherwell.

W:Well,inthatcaseI'llcertainlyhavetotaketheadvantageofouracquaintance.DoyouthinkyoucouldteachsomethingaboutChinesecooking?

M:That'sagreatidea.Say,whydon'tyoucomehomewithmeaftergeometryclass?I'llmmdinnerintoacookinglesson.

W:OK.Ifyouaresureit'snottoomuchtrouble.

M:Notatall.I'llteachyouwhatI'velearntinthecookingclass.Justremindmctostopbythegrocerystoreafterclass.Ihavetopickupacoupleofingredients.

W:Ihopethisisn'tturningintoahugeproject.

M:Noway.Iliketocook.Besideswehavetoeatanyway,right?

W:Youarefight.IguessIhaven'tthoughtofitthatway.

M:Oh,thereistheprofessor.You'dbettergositdown.

W:OK.Seeyouafterclass.

(20)

A.Attheoffice

B.Inthestreet

C.Inaclassroom

D.Inarestaurant

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

Fromthepassage,itcanbeinferredthat______.

A.rewardsarehighlyeffectiveinAmerica

B.rewardsarenotmuchsought-afterinacademiccircles

C.rewardshavelonglosttheirappealinAmericansociety

D.Americansareaddictedtorewards

42.Theeconomicdeclineforceswomentogiveupthedesirefor______athome.

43.Whenwillmelatoninbemadeinthebrainaccordingtothepassage?

44.

Thesecondmainreasonfortheirunhappinessisthat______.

A.theyhavebeenworkinginacompanyfortoolong

B.theyarenotpermittedtochangeajob

C.theyhavenootherwayoutthankeepworking

D.theyhavetoworkontopayofftheirdebts

45.

Judgingfromthecontext,thispassageisprobablywritten______.

A.in2004B.between2003—2004C.in2005D.between2004—2005

46.Whatdoyouthinkofwhenyouthinkaboutdrugs?Heroin?Cocaine?Usuallywethinkabouttheseillegal,harddrugs,butwhataboutthosebeingusedarounduseveryday?Theyaffectourlivesmorethanwethinkandinmorewaysthanone.Alcoholandtobaccoaresocommonthatweneverremindourselvesthattheyaredrugs,too;theyareaddictive,andharmful.

WhenImention,Iamtalkingaboutsmokelesstobaccoaswellascigarettes.Manypeoplefeelchewingisn'tnearlyasbadassmoking,butIthinkitis.Certainbrandsofchewingtobaccohaveasmuchnicotineinonecanasapackofcigarettes.Youknowwhatreallyupsetsme?.Peoplecriticizethosewhosmokebutcan'tgothroughadaywithoutadipthemselves.However,I'mnotsayingitisokaytosmoke.Smokingnotonlyhurtsthesmoker,butalsothepeoplearoundthembecauseofsecond-handsmoke.

Anothersubjectthatgetstomeisalltheathletes,bothamateurandprofessional,whousethesedrugs.High-schoolstudentshavetrainingrules;whentheybreakthembygoingtoapartyanddrinking,orsittingaroundathomesmokingacigarette,theyarenotonlyhurtingthemselvesbuttheirteamaswell.Whataboutthoseathleteswhofollowtherulesandchoosetogiveupthat"goodtime"everyonetellthemtheyaremissingouton?Isitreallyfairtothem?

Thenthereisalwaystheotherside.Athletesarelookeduptoagreatdeal.Theyarerolemodels.Whetheryouareahigh-schoolbasketballplayerinasmalltownoraprofessionalfootballplayer,therearekidsouttherewholookuptoyou.Youractionscouldhaveamajoreffectontheirlives.Manyathletesarguethattheydidn'taskforittobethisway,butitis.Itisn'tsomethingyousimplydecideon.

Really,whatdothesedrugshavetooffer?Let'sjustthinkaboutitforasecond:smokingcauseslungcancer,teethdiscoloration,andbadbreath.Chewingtobaccocausesmouthcancerandgumdisease.Alcoholcancausecirrhosis(destructionoftheliver).Thenervoussystemisaffectedalso.Blurredvisionandslowreflexescanresultwhileyouareundertheinfluenceofalcohol.Itscaresmetothinkaboutthepricewepay,andforwhat—agoodtime,fittingin?Whydowedothisto.ourselves?Weallhaveachoiceabouthowdrugswillaffectourlives.Itisyourjobtodecidehowtheywillaffectyours.

Drugsmentionedbytheauthorinclude______.

A.heroin,cocaine

B.alcohol,cigarettes

C.chewingtobacco

D.alloftheabove

47.Wecanbeginourdiscussionof"populationasglobalissue"withwhatmostpersonsmeanwhentheydiscuss"thepopulationproblem":toomanypeopleonearthandatoorapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.Thefactsarenotindispute;itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikeneddemographicgrowthto"along,thinpowderfusethatburnssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes".

Tounderstandthecurrentsituation,whichischaracterizedbyrapidincreasesinpopulation,itisnecessarytounderstand.thehistoryofpopulationtrends.Rapidgrowthisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon.Lookingbackatthe8,000yearsofdemographichistory,wefindthatpopulationshavebeenvirtuallystableorgrowingveryslightlyformostofhumanhistory.Formostofourancestors,lifewashard,oftennasty,andveryshort.Therewashighfertilityinmostplaces,butthiswasusuallybalancedbyhighmortality.Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whileinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.Often,societieswereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheirbirthrates.Thus,thepopulationproblemthroughoutmostofhistorywashowtopreventextinctionofthehumanrace.

Thispatternisimportanttonotice.Notonlydoesitputthecurrentproblemsofdemographicgrowthintoahistoricalperspective,butitsuggeststhatthecauseofrapidincreaseinpopulationinre