跨文化交際復(fù)習(xí)綱要

跨文化交際復(fù)習(xí)綱要Unit1CultureDefinedfromtheInterculturalPerspectiveCultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behavioursandartifactsthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.ThreeIngredientsofcultureartifacts人造物品concepts(beliefs,values,worldviews...)behaviorTheCharacteristicsofCultureCultureisNotInnate,itisLearned.CultureisDynamicCultureispervasiveFacetsofCultureareInterrelatedCultureisEthnocentricCultureisadaptiveThedefinitionofcommunicationComponentsofcommunication(第一課課件P66-71)InterculturalCommunicationInterculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgrounds(perceptionandsymbolsystem)aredistinctenoughtoaltertheircommunication(課本p.10).co-culturecultureswhichexistside-bysidethefollowingwouldbesomegoodexamples:TheculturesofyouthandthecultureofolderpersonsTheculturesofmedia-worshipersandmainstreamAmericancultureUnit2Verbalinterculturalcommunication“verbal”means“consistingofwords”.Language,spokenorwritten,isameansofverbalcommunication.Verbalcommunicationreferstothecommunicationthatiscarriedeitherinoralorinwrittenformwiththeuseofwords.Verbalinterculturalcommunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguage.Individualismandcollectivism1Individualism:BeingIndependent1[nindividualistsocieties,iiisbelievedthateachpersonisseparatefromothersandthatchildrenleamtothinkintermsofffr.—CoHectivjsm:BeingDependent，EtiwllcWivid itisknowntlutcuchpersonispartMagroupandlhafchildmilearntothinkintermsof1lwcIR.**Pcnpk5!senxeoftheirnwnsctT:iindept-ndenlPtsploplace th&irrolftritiiisii.irlh槌I ―th仍-plflet gnth^irownutlirrjsu-rli family —板Inil^rdcpondunl印團(tuán)』|暨gu公勢mn勺旺|Culturesaretypicallydividedintotwocategories:collectivistandindividualist.Individualistcultures,suchasthoseoftheUnitedStatesandWesternEurope,emphasizepersonalachievementattheexpenseofgroupgoals,resultinginastrongsenseofcompetition.Collectivistcultures,suchasthoseofChina,Korea,andJapan,emphasizefamilyandworkgroupgoalsaboveindividualneedsordesires.Unit3Powerdistance權(quán)力差距Powerdistanceis“theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationswithinacountryexpectandacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally”.(Hofstede)一個國家內(nèi)的機(jī)構(gòu)和組織的弱勢成員期望和接受權(quán)力分配不均的程度。它能反映社會中弱勢成員和強(qiáng)勢成員的價值觀。Culturesthatendorselowpowerdistanceexpectandacceptpowerrelationsthataremoreconsultativeordemocratic.Peoplerelatetooneanothermoreasequalsregardlessofformalpositions.Subordinatesaremorecomfortablewithanddemandtherighttocontributetoandcritiquethedecisionmakingofthoseinpower.Inhighpowerdistancecountries,lesspowerfulacceptpowerrelationsthataremoreautocraticandpaternalistic.Subordinatesacknowledgethepowerofotherssimplybasedonwheretheyaresituatedincertainformal,hierarchicalpositions.Assuch,thepowerdistanceindexHofstededefinesdoesnotreflectanobjectivedifferenceinpowerdistribution,butratherthewaypeopleperceivepowerdifferences.ComplimentsandresponseComplimentsandpraisesareofgreatsocialfunctions.Concerningcomplimentsandcomplimentresponses,thepragmaticrulesarevariousindifferentcultures.InAmericanculture,thetopicofcomplimentscanbevaried.Theirresponsetocomplimentsispositive.Chinesepeopleareshytocomplimentothersandalsomodestytoacceptcompliments.DifferencesBetweenChineseandEnglishCompliments(P51-54)SemanticandsyntacticformulaCulturalAssumption文化設(shè)定(pg.56)Aculturalassumptioniswhenweassumethatapersonhasparticularvaluesandattitudesbasedontheirculturalbackgrounds.5.Stereotype:Aconventional,formulaic,andoversimplifiedconception,opinion,orimage.Theyrefertonegativeorpositivejudgmentsmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.(文化定勢：文化定勢指基于明顯的或受到認(rèn)可的群體身份，對目標(biāo)群體中的個體成員所持有的正面或反面的判斷。)Astereotypeisanassumptionmadeaboutapersonbasedonsuperficial(surface)criteria.Youmustbecarefulnottousestereotypesandrememberthateachpersonisanindividual,thereforetheirpersonalityisnotdefinedbytheirethnicity,genderorage.Givingpeoplecharacteristicsbasedonraceisracismandthroughgenderissexism.Beawareofhowcomposersusestereotypesandbeabletoidentifythem.EthnocentrismEthnocentrismisjudginganotherculturesolelybythevaluesandstandardsofone'sownculture.Theethnocentricindividualwilljudgeothergroupsrelativetohisorherownparticularethnicgrouporculture,especiallywithconcerntolanguage,behavior,customs,andreligion.Theseethnicdistinctionsandsubdivisionsservetodefineeachethnicity'suniqueculturalidentity.Itreferstonegativelyjudgingaspectsofanotherculturebythestandardsofone’sownculture.(民族優(yōu)越感/民族中心主義：民族優(yōu)越感指從本國文化的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出發(fā)，消極地審視另一文化。)Assumingsimilarityinsteadofdifference:Itreferstotheideathatpeoplecomingfromanotherculturearemoresimilartoyouthantheyactuallyareorthatanotherperson’ssituationismoresimilartoyoursthanitinfactis.(假定一致性：假定一致性是指認(rèn)為來自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的處境與自己的處境相似，而事實(shí)上卻并非如此。)Unit4RelationshipbetweenLanguageandCultureLanguageispartofcultureandplaysaveryimportantroleinit.Somesocialscientistsconsideritthekeystoneofculture.Withoutlanguage,theymaintain,culturewouldnotbepossible.Ontheotherhand,languageisinfluencedandshapedbyculture;itreflectsculture.Inthebroadestsense,languageisthesymbolicrepresentationofapeople,anditcomprisestheirhistoricalandculturalbackgroundsaswellastheirapproachtolifeandtheirwaysoflivingandthinking.Languageisambiguous.Theremaybedifferentinterpretationstothesamewords.Therefore,itisimportanttomakeinferencesaboutthemeaningofwordsfromthecontext.Denotation:theprimary,surfacemeaning,orexplicitmeaning.字面意思Connotation:theimplicitmeaning,theimplicationofaword,apartfromitsprimarymeaning.隱涵意義MajorsemanticdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseterms(P73)Aterminonelanguagedoesnotnecessarilyhaveacounterpartintheotherlanguage.(absenceofcounterpart)Somewordsortermsappeartorefertothesameobjectorconcept,butactuallyrefertoquitedifferentthings.(samewords,differentmeaning)Thinsorconceptscouldberepresentedbymanymoretermsintheotherlanguage.(sameconcept,variousterms)Termswithsimilarprimarymeaningmighthavedistinctivesecondarymeaning.(sameprimarymeaning,differentsecondarymeaning)CulturalReflectionsonProverbsProverbsmayprovideinterestingglimpsesorcluestoapeople’sgeography,history,socialorganization,socialviews,etc.(P74)DiscoursePatternsTheoriginalmainfocusofdiscourseanalysiswasonhowweformunitsofcommunicationthatarelargerthanjustwordsorsentences.Butourinterestisincommunicationbetweenmembersofdifferentgroups.Aspokendiscourserepresents

thejointproductofalltheparticipantsinthesituation,whileawrittendiscourserepresentstheone-sidedproductofadiscoursebytheparticipantswhocomposethetext.ThoughtpatternsAtleastpartofthereasonwhypeoplehavedifferentdiscoursepatternsisduetotheirdifferencesinpatternsofthinking,whichareimportantissuesforstudentsofinterculturalcommunication.AnalyticalthinkingcharacterizesthethoughtpatternofAmericans(andmanyotherWesterners).Theytendtoanalyzeanddissectthingsintoelementsinordertounderstandthemproperly.Theiremphasisisuponthepartsratherthanuponthewholeofthings.Theytendtobequitestronginclassificationandcategorizationandtopursueabsolutedichotomies二分法suchasgoodandbad,Godandthedevil,theindividualandthewhole,inaword,"A"or"not-A".WeChinesemoreoftenemploysyntheticthinkingpatterns.Wetendtosynthesizeelementsintoaunit,withtheemphasisonthe"whole".5DifferencesinCulturalThoughtPatternsA▲Linear&5DifferencesinCulturalThoughtPatternsA▲Linear&Tangentialdirect&semi-direct直接的、線性的間接相關(guān)與半直接相結(jié)合東方人：循環(huán)、迂回論證CircularConsistentlyDirect&CircuitousCircuitous俄羅斯人：羅曼人：固守的直接中又帶迂回 著隱晦和迂回Unit5Hall'sdefinitionofpersonalspaceIntimatespace—theclosest"bubble"ofspacesurroundingaperson.Entryintothisspaceisacceptableonlyfortheclosestfriendsandintimates.Socialandconsultativespaces—thespacesinwhichpeoplefeelcomfortableconductingroutinesocialinteractionswithacquaintancesaswellasstrangers.社交Publicspace—theareaofspacebeyondwhichpeoplewillperceiveinteractionsasimpersonalandrelativelyanonymous.公眾場所Culturalexpectationsaboutthesespacesvarywidely.Studyareasofnon-verbalcommunication課本P95Timelanguage(chronemics)Spacelanguage(proxemics)bodylanguage(kinesics)paralanguageChronemics(第5課課件P38-41)Chronemicsisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.Itincludesthesenseoftime

MonochronicandpolychronicviewsoftimeProxemics人際距離學(xué)Proxemicsreferstothestudyofspatialrelations.Thestudyofproxemicsincludesthreeaspectsofspace:（a）fixedfeaturesofspace.（b）semifixedfeaturesofspace,and（c）personalspacehaptics觸覺行為Hapticsortouchreferstocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact.kinesics身勢學(xué)Kinesicsisthetermusedforcommunicatingthroughvarioustypesofbodymovementsincludingfacialexpressions,gestures,posture（體位）andstance（站立姿勢），andothermannerismsthatmayaccompanyorreplaceoralmessages.OtherCategoriesofNonverbalCommunicationocuelsics（目光語）:Thestudyofcommunicationssentbytheeyesistermedoculesics.olfactics（嗅覺）：ThestudyofcommunicationviasmelliscalledOlfactics.Aperson’ssmellcanhaveapositiveornegativeeffectontheoralmessage.chromatics（色彩學(xué)）：Chromaticsreferstothestudyofcoloruseinaffectingpeople’smood,emotions,andimpressionofothers.attire（月艮飾）：Peopleinallculturesuseclothingandotherformsofbodilyadornmenttocommunicatestatus,intentions,andothermessages.Thevocabularyofdressthatwelearnincludesnotonlyitemsofclothingbutalsohairstyles,jewelry,makeup,andotherbodydecorationsuchastattoos.ParalanguageThesetofnonphonemicpropertiesofspeech,suchasspeakingtempo,vocalpitch,andintonationalcontours,thatcanbeusedtocommunicateattitudesorothershadesofmeaning.見課件P92-93，P95-96I.Paralanguage.Voaivoaceeset音thecontextinwhichthespeakerisspeaking:genderagethesituationmoodperson’sculturegenderagepitch音高rhythmresonance洪亮，嘹亮accentpitch音高rhythmresonance洪亮，嘹亮accentvolumetempoarticulationnasalityvocalization:speechproduction,howtospeakcharacterizers語音韻律特征qualifiers修飾特征segregates語音分隔符oAndrewsUniversity:NonverbalCommunicationModeso/~tidwell/bsad560/NonVerbal.htmlSilenceisaformofnonverbalcommunicationthatmaybeinterpretedinvariouswaysdependinguponthesituation,thedurationofthesilence,andtheculture.Theuseofsilenceincommunicationisalsoimportant.Unit6TheoriesonCGC（crossgendercommunication）SexandgenderGenderculture

GenderroleGenderbiasCross-gendercommunicationSexandGenderSexreferstothebiologicaldifferencesbetweenmalesandfemales.Sexisstaticandcannotbechanged.Genderconcernsthepsychological,socialandculturaldifferencesbetweenmalesandfemales.Genderisasocialandculturalcreation.Genderemphasizesmoreondifferentrolesmalesandfemalesplayinsociety.Genderismoredynamicandcanbeconstructedinthelifetime.Gender=sex+culture+roleinsocietyGenderandsexarenotsynonymousHowisgenderdifferentfromsex??Sex?SexOBiologicalOPermanentOWithanindividualproperty?GenderOsociallyconstructedOvariedovertime

andacrosscultureOwithasocialandrelationalqualityGenderCultureGenderculturereferstothedifferentsystemsofbeliefs,valuesandbehaviorsheldbypeopleofdifferentsexinasociety.Malesandfemalesaretreateddifferentlysincetheearlystageoflife.GenderRoleGenderrolereferstotheexpectedroleforamaleorfemaletoplayinasociety.TheshapingofgenderrolesinmostAsianculturesareheavilyinfluencedbyConfucianphilosophy.Whathasinfluencedthegendersocialization?ThereareTwoprimaryinfluences:oneisfamilycommunication,theotherisrecreationalinteraction.RootsofgenderdifferencesMalesandfemalesareinborndifferentfromeach媯TOC\o"1-5"\h\zother. 於Familycommunication,particularlybetween §項(xiàng)mothersandchildren/parentalinfluence 窈、playhouse;jumpropeRecreationalinteractionamongchildrenplayhouse;jumpropeFootball;Basketball;Interactionswithotherpeoplesuchaspeers,teachers...Learnfrommedias,books,history,culture.sexismSexismisdefinedasprejudiceordiscriminationbasedonsex;orconditionsorattitudesthatfosterstereotypesofsocialrolesbasedonsex.Sexistattitudesarefrequentlybasedonbeliefsintraditionalstereotypesofgenderroles.Sexismisnotjustamatterofindividualattitudes,butisbuiltintomanysocietalinstitutions.Thetermsexismismostoftenusedinrelationtodiscriminationagainstwomeninthecontextofpatriarchy.Unit7ContextAccordingtoHall,contextreferstothestimuli,environment,ambience['&mbins](周圍環(huán)境)surroundinganevent.InhisbookBeyondCulturespublishedin1976byAnchorPress/Doubleday,inNewYork),Halldistinguishesamongculturesonthebasisoftheroleofcontextincommunicationandclassifyculturepatternsintohigh-contextcultureandlow-contextculture.Inhigh-contextculturesmostoftheinformationisinthephysicalcontextorisinternalizedinthepeoplewhoareapartoftheinteraction.Verylittleinformationisactuallycodedintheverbalmessage.Highcontexttransactionsfeaturepre-programmedinformationthatisinthereceiverandinthesetting,withonlyminimalinformationinthetransmittedmessage.Lowcontexttransactionsarethereverse.Mostoftheinformationmustbeinthetransmittedmessageinordertomakeupforwhatismissinginthecontext.Inlow-contextcultures,mostoftheinformationiscontainedintheverbalmessage,andverylittleisembeddedinthecontextorwithintheparticipantsNegotiationNegotiationisadiscussionbetweentwoormoredisputantswhoaretryingtoworkoutasolutiontotheirproblem.Thisinterpersonalorinter-groupprocesscanoccuratapersonallevel,aswellasatacorporateorinternational(diplomatic)level.Win/winnegotiatorsseedealmakingasacollaborativeandproblem-solvingprocess.CulturaldifferencesinnegotiationstylesCulturesthatemphasizecommunicationasatoolforarticulatingspecificgoalsinordertoaccomplishthemtendtolookuponnegotiationsasaseriesofpointsto"settle".Theirlanguageinnegotiationsisexplicitandzeroesinonwhathasyettobeagreed.Butculturesthatusecommunicationtoencourageharmony,preserveface,anddeveloplong-termrelationshipsarenotcomfortablewithdirectandexplicittalk.Gettingstraighttosomepointmightresultinconfrontationandnegativeemotions--evenanger.Inshort,Westernersnegotiateacontract,mostOrientalsandLatinsnegotiatearelationship.Theformeristask-oriented,directandtothepoint,emphasizingtheshot-term,whilethelatterisrelationship-oriented,indirectandambitious,wantingtoknowwhatthelong-termeffectswillbe.Unit8ExplainingHumorComparisonofSyllogismandEnthymemeSyllogism三段論法 Enthymememajorpremise(s) minorpremise(s) minorpremise(s)Conclusion deductivereasoninginwhichaconclusionisderivedfromtwopremisesEnthymemesarealsocalled“truncated截短，省略的syllogisms”sincethey’reshortened.Oneormorepremiseis“heldinthemind.”Iexplainthemlikethis:“theconclusionshouldnotbedrawnfromfarback,norisitnecessarytoincludeeverything...thelattertiresomebecauseofstatingwhatisobvious.”Unit9LnterculturalcommunicationcompetenceInterculturalcommunicationcompetencereferstotheabilitytoaccomplisheffectiveandappropriateinterculturalcommunicationbetweencommunicatorsofdifferentcultures.AcculturationAcculturation(文化適應(yīng))referstoanindividual’slearningandadoptingthenormsandvaluesofthenewhostculture.ModesofacculturationAssimilationisaprocessinwhichmembersofanethnicgroupareabsorbedintothedominantculture,losingtheircultureintheprocess.Integrationisaprocessofdesiringahighlevelofinteractionwiththehostculturewhilemaintainingidentitywiththeirnativeculture.Separationandsegregation:Separationiswhenindividualspreferlowlevelsofinteractionwiththehostcultureandassociatedmicroculturalgroupswhiledesiringacloseconnectionwith,andreaffirmationof,theirnativeculture.Ifsuchseparationisinitiatedandenforcedbythedominantsociety,thisiscalledsegregationMarginalization(邊緣化)Marginalizationoccurswhentheindividualchoosesnottoidentifywithhisorhernativecultureorwiththehostculture.CultureShock“CultureShock”，firstidentifiedin1958byanthropologistKalveroOberg,isalongtermpsychologicalstressandItreferstothetraumaticexperiencethatallhumanbeingsmayencounterwhenenteringadifferentcultureorwhentheymovetoacompletelynewculturalenvironment.Cultureshockusuallysetsinthefirstfewweeksofmovingtoanewenvironment,thoughsometimescantakelongertosurface.Cultureshock,likeadisease,hascauses,symptomsandcures.SymptomsofcultureshockPhysicalsymptomsareover-concernaboutcleanlinessoffood,bedding,anddishes,extremestressonhealthandsafety;fearorphysicalcontactwithanyoneinthenewcountry;greatconcernoverminorpainsandskineruptions;craving“homecooking”；useofalcoholanddrugs;andadeclineinworkquality.Psychologicalsymptomsareinsomnia,fatigue,isolationandloneliness,disorientation,frustration,criticismofnewcountry,depression,nervousness,self-doubt,irritability,anger,andemotionalandintellectualwithdrawal.PhasesofCulturalShockCultureshockcanbedescribedasconsistingofatleastoneoffivedistinctphases:Honeymoon,Negotiation,Adjustment,Masteryandtheinterdependence.Honeymoonphase:Duringthisperiod,thedifferencesbetweentheoldandnewcultureareseeninar