Chapter-3-Objective-Test教學(xué)講解課件

ChapterThree

ObjectiveTesting

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6/4/202313.ObjectiveTesting

(withspecialreferencetomultiple-choicetechniques)3.1Subjectiveandobjectivetesting

Subjectiveandobjectivearetermsusedtorefertothescoringoftests.Alltestitems,nomatterhowtheyaredevised,requirecandidatestoexerciseasubjectivejudgment.Thatistosay,eithersubjectiveorobjectivetestneedsasubjectivejudgment.

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Furthermore,alltestsareconstructedsubjectivelybythetester,whodecideswhichareasoflanguagetotest,howtotestthoseparticularareas,andwhatkindofitemstouseforthispurpose.Thus,itisonlythescoringofatestthatcanbedescribedasobjective.Thismeansthatatesteewillscorethesamemarknomatterwhichexaminermarksthetest.

6/4/20233Theadvantagesofobjectivetests:1)Haveonlyonecorrectanswer(oratleast,alimitednumberofcorrectanswers);2)Canbescoredmechanically;3)Bemarkedbycomputerfortestinglargenumbersofcandidates.6/4/20234Thinkingaboutthetestsyou’vetaken,whatpartofthetestareusuallytestedbyobjectivemethodsofassessment?ListeningComprehension,ReadingComprehension,

StructureandVocabulary,ClozeandevenErrorCorrection6/4/20235

“Certainskillsandareasoflanguagemaybetestedformoreeffectivelybyonemethodthanbyanother.”

Readingandvocabularyoftenlendthemselvestoobjectivemethodsofassessment.

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Theabilitytowritecanonlybesatisfactorilytestedbyasubjectiveexaminationrequiringthestudenttoperformawritingtasksimilartothatrequiredinreallife.

Oralfluencyarealsooftentestedbysubjectivetests6/4/20237e.g.Youcameheretwoyearsago.Someoneasksyouhowlongyouhavelivedhere.Whatwouldyousay?Thisitemislargelysubjectivesincetheresponsemaybewhateveryouwishtosay.A.I’vebeenlivingheresince2010.B.Ididn’tleaveheresince2010.C.Ihavelivedhereforabout2years.D.From2010.E.Icameherebefore2010andIstilllivehere.F.since2010myhomeishere.

6/4/20238Soitismoredifficulttoachievereliabilitysimplybecausetherearesomanydifferentdegreesofacceptabilityandwaysofscoringallthepossibleresponses.6/4/20239Sometimesinobjectiveitems,reliabilitywillnotbedifficulttoachieve,however,thequestionofhowvalidsuchanitemismaynowbeofconsiderableconcern.6/4/202310Completethesentencesbyputtingthebestwordineachblank.“IsyourhomestillinXiangtan?”“Yes,I’vebeenlivinghere___2010.”A.forB.onC.inD.atE.since

6/4/202311Infact,languagesimplydoesnotfunctioninthiswayinreal-lifesituations.Consequently,thepreviousitemtestsgrammarratherthancommunication:itisconcernedwithstudents’knowledgeofformsoflanguageandhowlanguageworksratherthanwiththeirabilitytorespondappropriatelytorealquestions.6/4/202312Tosumup,objectivetestsrequireformorecarefulpreparationthansubjectivetests.Inaobjectivetestitisadvisableforatestertospendagreatdealoftimeconstructingeachtestitemascarefullyaspossible,attemptingtoanticipatethevariousreactionsofthetesteesateachstage.Theeffortisrewardedintheeaseofthemarking.6/4/2023133.2Objectivetests

Criticismaboutobjectivetests:1)Objectivetestsaresimplertoanswerthansubjectivetests.

Itemsinanobjectivetest,however,canbemadejustaseasyorasdifficultasthetestconstructorwishes.

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Theymaylookeasierbutinrealitytheyarenoteasier.

Theconstructorofastandardizedachievementorproficiencytestnotonlyselectsandconstructstheitemscarefullybutanalysesstudentperformanceoneachitemandrewritestheitemswherenecessarysothatthefinalversionofhisorhertestdiscriminateswidely.6/4/2023152)Objectivetestsofthemultiple-choicetypeencourageguessing.

Fourorfivealternativesforeachitemaresufficienttoreducethepossibilityofguessing.Experienceshowsthatcandidatesrarelymakewildguesses:mostbasetheirguessesonpartialknowledge.6/4/202316

Itcannotbeemphasizedtoostrongly,however,thattestobjectivitybyitselfprovidesnoguaranteethatatestissoundandreliable.Itshouldneverbeclaimedthatobjectivetestscandothosetaskswhichtheyarenotintendedtodo.

Theycannevertesttheabilitytocommunicateinthetargetlanguage,norcantheyevaluateactualperformance.

6/4/202317Advantagesaboutobjectivetests:Amuchwidersampleofgrammar,vocabularyandphonologycangenerallybeincludedinanobjectivetestthaninasubjectivetest.

6/4/202318Anobjectivetestwillbeaverypoortestif:

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thetestitemsarepoorlywritten;-irrelevantareasandskillsareemphasizedinthetestsimplybecausetheyare‘testable’;and-itisconfinedtolanguage-basedusageandneglectsthecommunicativeskillsinvolved.

6/4/2023193.3Multiple-choiceitems:general

Multiple-choiceitemsareundoubtedlythe

mostwidelyusedtypesofitemsinobjectivetests.Problems:1)Multiple-choicetestinghasproliferated;2)Numerouspoormultiple-choicetestsnowabound.6/4/202320Criticismonmultiple-choiceitem:

Thechiefcriticismofthemultiple-choiceitemisthatfrequentlyitdoesnotlenditselftothetestingoflanguageascommunication.

Nevertheless,multiple-choiceitemscanprovideauseful

meansofteachingandtestinginvariouslearningsituations(particularlyatthelowerlevels)providedthatitisalwaysrecognizedthatsuchitemstestknowledgeofgrammar,vocabulary,etc.ratherthantheabilitytouselanguage.6/4/202321

Althoughtheyrarelymeasurecommunication,theycanproveusefulinmeasuringstudents’abilitytorecognizecorrectgrammaticalforms,etc.andtomakeimportantdiscriminationsinthetargetlanguage.Multiple-choiceitemscanhelpbothstudentandteachertoidentifyareasofdifficulty.

Multiple-choiceitemsofferausefulintroductiontotheconstructionofobjectivetests.

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Whatistheoptimumnumberofalternatives,oroptions,foreachmultiple-choiceiteminmostpublictests?

Five.Manywritersrecommendusingfouroptionsforgrammaritems,butfiveforvocabularyandreading.

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Whatshouldbedonebeforeconstructinganymultiple-choiceitems?a)Thetestwritermustfirstdeterminetheactualareastobecoveredbymultiple-choiceitemsandthenumberofitemstobeincludedinthetest.b)Thetestmustbelongenoughtoallowforareliableassessmentofatestee’sperformanceandshortenoughtobepracticable.6/4/202324

Why?

Asweknow,toolongatestisundesirablebecauseoftheadministrationdifficultiesoftencreatedandbecauseofthementalstrainandtensionwhichmaybecausedamongthestudentstakingthetest.6/4/202325

Notethat

1)Thenumberofitemsincludedinatestwillvaryaccordingtothelevelofdifficulty,thenatureoftheareasbeingtested,andthepurposeofthetest;2)Contextisoftheutmostimportanceinalltestsbecausedecontextualizedmultiple-choiceitemscandoconsiderableharmbyconveyingtheimpressionthatlanguagecanbelearntandusedfreeofanycontext.6/4/2023263)Bothlinguisticcontextandsituationalcontextareessentialinusinglanguage.StayhereuntilMr.Short——youtocome.

stem（題干）A.toldB.willtellC.istellingD.tells

options,responses,alternatives（選擇項）

distractors

（干擾項）

answer/correctoption/key（正確答案）6/4/202327

Thefollowinggeneralprinciplesshouldbeobservedwhenmultiplechoiceitemsareconstructed:1)Eachmultiple-choiceitemshouldhaveonlyoneanswer.Thisanswermustbeabsolutelycorrectunlesstheinstructionspecifieschoosingthebestoption(asinsomevocabularytests)6/4/2023282)Onlyonefeatureatatimeshouldbetested:itisusuallylessconfusingforthetestersandithelpstoreinforceaparticularteachingpoint.3)Eachoptionshouldbegrammaticallycorrectwhenplacedinthestem,exceptofcourseinthecaseofspecificgrammartestitems.4)Allmultiple-choiceitemsshouldbeatalevelappropriatetotheproficiencylevelofthetestees.6/4/2023295)Multiple-choiceitemsshouldbeasbriefandasclearaspossible(thoughitisdesirabletoprovideshortcontextsforgrammaritems).6)Inmanytests,itemsarearrangedinroughorderofincreasingdifficulty.Areasoflanguagewhicharetrivialandnotworthtestingshouldbeexcludedfromthetest.6/4/202330

3.4multiple-choiceitems:

thestem/thecorrectoption/thedistractorsThestem1)Theprimarypurposeofthestemistopresenttheproblemclearlyandconcisely.Althoughthestemshouldbeshort,itshouldconveyenoughinformationtoindicatethebasisonwhichthecorrectoptionshouldbeselected.2)Thestemmaytakethefollowingforms:(seeP30)6/4/202331（a）anincompletestatementHeaccusedmeof_____lies.A.speakingB.sayingC.tellingD.talking

(b)acompletestatementEverythingwewantedwastohand.A.undercontrolC.wellcaredforB.withinreachD.beingprepared

(c)aquestionAccordingtothewriter,whatdidTomimmediatelydo?A.Heranhome.C.Hebegantoshout.B.HemetBob.D.Hephonedthepolice.6/4/202332

3)Thestemshouldusuallycontainthosewordsorphraseswhichwouldotherwisehavetoberepeatedineachoption.(SeeP30)

Theword‘a(chǎn)stronauts’isusedinthepassagetoreferto______.A.travelersinanoceanlinerB.travelersinaspace-shipC.travelersinasubmarineD.travelersinaballoon6/4/202333Thestemhereshouldberewrittensothatitreads:Theword‘a(chǎn)stronauts’isusedinthepassagetorefertotravelersin______.A.anoceanlinerB.aspace-shipC.asubmarineD.aballoon6/4/2023344)Thestemshouldallowforthenumberofchoiceswhichhavebeendecidedupon.Thisisparticularlyrelevant,forexample,whencomparisonsareinvolvedinreadingcomprehension.Thereisnopossiblefourthoptionwhichcanbeaddedinthefollowingitem:

Tomwas______theothertwoboys.A.tallerthanB.smallerthanC.astallas6/4/202335Thecorrectorbestoption

Fornormalpurposesoftesting,thisshouldbeclearlythecorrectorbestoption:itismostimportantthateachitemshouldbecheckedbyanotherperson.Itisveryimportanttoavoidconfusingthestudentsbyhavingadifferentnumberofcorrectoptionsforeachitem,andthispracticeisnotrecommended.Itcanbearguedthatagreaterdegreeofsubtletyissometimesgainedbyhavingmorethanonecorrectoptionineachitem.Thecorrectanswersinthefollowingreadingcomprehensionandgrammaritemsarecircled(seeP31):

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Thecorrectoptionshouldbeapproximatelythesamelengthasthedistractors.Thisprincipleappliesespeciallytovocabularytestsandtestsofreadingandlisteningcomprehension,wherethereisatendencytomakethecorrectoptionlongerthanthedistractorssimplybecauseitissooftennecessarytoqualifyastatementorwordinordertomakeitabsolutelycorrect..(SeetheexampleonP32)6/4/202337Thedistracters

Eachdistracters,orincorrectoption,shouldbereasonablyattractiveandplausible.Itshouldappearrighttoanytesteewhoisunsureofthecorrectoption.Itemsshouldbeconstructedinsuchawaythatstudentsobtainthecorrectoptionbydirectselectionratherthanbytheel