Creole克里奧爾語講解課件

Creole

HistoryofCreole01

ClassificationsofCreole02FeaturesofCreole03contentsPart01HistoryofCreoleOrigin1GeographicDistribution2SocialandPoliticalStatus3OriginTheEnglishtermcreolecomesfromFrenchcréole,whichiscognatewiththeSpanishtermcriolloandPortuguesecrioulo,alldescendingfromtheverbcriar('tobreed'or'toraise'),allcomingfromLatincreare('toproduce,create').Thespecificsenseofthetermwascoinedinthe16thand17thcentury,duringthegreatexpansioninEuropeanmaritimepowerandtradethatledtotheestablishmentofEuropeancoloniesinothercontinents.Origin

ThetermscriolloandcrioulowereoriginallyqualifiersusedthroughouttheSpanishandPortuguesecoloniestodistinguishthemembersofanethnicgroupwhowerebornandraisedlocallyfromthosewhoimmigratedasadults.Theyweremostcommonlyappliedtonationalsofthecolonialpower,e.g.todistinguishespa?olescriollos(peopleborninthecoloniesfromSpanishancestors)fromespa?olespeninsulares(thosebornintheIberianPeninsula,i.e.Spain).

OriginHowever,inBrazilthetermwasalsousedtodistinguishbetweennegroscrioulos(blacksborninBrazilfromAfricanslaveancestors)andnegrosafricanos(borninAfrica).Overtime,thetermanditsderivatives(Creole,Kréol,Kreyol,Kreyòl(fā),Kriol,Krio,etc.)lostthegenericmeaningandbecamethepropernameofmanydistinctethnicgroupsthatdevelopedlocallyfromimmigrantcommunities.Originally,therefore,theterm"creolelanguage"meantthespeechofanyofthosecreolepeoples.TheoriesonTheOriginofCreoleATheoriesfocusingonEuropeaninputBTheoriesfocusingonnon-EuropeaninputCDUniversalistapproachesGradualistanddevelopmentalhypothesesTheoriesfocusingonEuropeaninputAMonogenetictheoryofpidginsandcreolesBDomesticoriginhypothesisCEuropeandialectoriginhypothesisDForeignertalkandbabytalkEImperfectL2learningTheoriesfocusingonnon-EuropeaninputTheoriesfocusingonthesubstrate,ornon-European,languagesattributesimilaritiesamongstcreolestothesimilaritiesofAfricansubstratelanguages.Thesefeaturesareoftenassumedtobetransferredfromthesubstratelanguagetothecreoleortobepreservedinvariantfromthesubstratelanguageinthecreolethroughaprocessofrelexification:thesubstratelanguagereplacesthenativelexicalitemswithlexicalmaterialfromthesuperstratelanguagewhileretainingthenativegrammaticalcategories.GradualistanddevelopmentalhypothesesOneclassofcreolesmightstartaspidgins,rudimentarysecondlanguagesimprovisedforusebetweenspeakersoftwoormorenon-intelligiblenativelanguages.KeithWhinnom(inHymes(1971))suggeststhatpidginsneedthreelanguagestoform,withone(thesuperstrate)beingclearlydominantovertheothers.Thelexiconofapidginisusuallysmallanddrawnfromthevocabulariesofitsspeakers,invaryingproportions.Morphologicaldetailslikewordinflections,whichusuallytakeyearstolearn,areomitted;thesyntaxiskeptverysimple,usuallybasedonstrictwordorder.

Inthisinitialstage,allaspectsofthespeech—syntax,lexicon,andpronunciation—tendtobequitevariable,especiallywithregardtothespeaker'sbackground.Universalistapproaches

Universalistmodelsstresstheinterventionofspecificgeneralprocessesduringthetransmissionoflanguagefromgenerationtogenerationandfromspeakertospeaker.Theprocessinvokedvaries:ageneraltendencytowardssemantictransparency,firstlanguagelearningdrivenbyuniversalprocess,orgeneralprocessofdiscourseorganization.

GeographicDistribution

AsaconsequenceofcolonialEuropeantradepatterns,mostoftheknownEuropean-basedcreolelanguagesaroseincoastalareasintheequatorialbeltaroundtheworld,includingtheAmericas,westernAfrica,GoaalongthewestofIndia,andalongSoutheastAsiauptoIndonesia,Singapore,Macau,HongKong,thePhilippines,Malaysia,SeychellesandOceania.

Manyofthosecreolesarenowextinct,butothersstillsurviveintheCaribbean,thenorthandeastcoastsofSouthAmerica(TheGuyanas),westernAfrica,Australia(seeAustralianKriollanguage),andintheIndianOcean.

SocialandPoliticalStatusBecauseofthegenerallylowstatusoftheCreolepeoplesintheeyesofpriorEuropeancolonialpowers,creolelanguageshavegenerallybeenregardedas"degenerate"languages,oratbestasrudimentary"dialects"ofthepoliticallydominantparentlanguages.Becauseofthis,theword"creole"wasgenerallyusedbylinguistsinoppositionto"language",ratherthanasaqualifierforit.

Anotherfactorthatmayhavecontributedtotherelativeneglectofcreolelanguagesinlinguisticsisthattheydonotfitthe19th-centuryneogrammarian"treemodel"fortheevolutionoflanguages,anditspostulatedregularityofsoundchanges(thesecriticsincludingtheearliestadvocatesofthewavemodel,JohannesSchmidtandHugoSchuchardt,theforerunnersofmodernsociolinguistics).Thiscontroversyofthelate19thcenturyprofoundlyshapedmodernapproachestothecomparativemethodinhistoricallinguisticsandincreolistics.

SocialAndPoliticalStatus

Becauseofsocial,political,andacademicchangesbroughtonbydecolonizationinthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury,creolelanguageshaveexperiencedrevivalsinthepastfewdecades.Theyareincreasinglybeingusedinprintandfilm,andinmanycases,theircommunityprestigehasimproveddramatically.Infact,somehavebeenstandardized,andareusedinlocalschoolsanduniversitiesaroundtheworld.Atthesametime,linguistshavebeguntocometotherealizationthatcreolelanguagesareinnowayinferiortootherlanguages.

Theynowusetheterm"creole"or"creolelanguage"foranylanguagesuspectedtohaveundergonecreolization,termsthatnowimplynogeographicrestrictionsnorethnicprejudices.Part2ClassificationofCreoleClassificationsofCreoleLanguagesEnglish-basedCreolesFrench-basedCreolesPortuguese-basedCreolesSpanish-basedCreolesMixedSpanishandPortugueseBasedCreolesAfrikaans-basedCreolesArabic-basedCreolesAssamese-basedCreolesHindi-basedCreolesIndonesian-basedCreolesKongo-basedCreolesMalay-basedCreolesTetun-basedCreolesNgbandi-basedCreolesSwahili-basedCreolesEnglish-basedCreolesFrench-basedCreolesPortuguese-basedCreolesSpanish-basedCreolesMixedSpanishandPortugueseBasedCreolesAfrikaans-basedCreolesArabic-basedCreolesAssamese-basedCreoles

Hindi-basedCreolesIndonesian-basedCreolesKongo-basedCreolesMalay-basedCreolesTetun-basedCreolesNgbandi-basedCreolesSwahili-basedCreolesPart3FeaturesofCreoleFeaturesofCreoleGrammarSoundVocabularyNounVerbCopulaWordorderMeaningExpressionwaysAmountPronunciationStressNounGrammarAbsenceofpluralform:Absenceofcasemarking格位標志CreoleRPsevencupsevencupsFivebookFivebooksCreoleRPThismanbrotherThisman’sbrotherGirlflowerGirl’sflowerVerbGrammarAbsenceofsuffixchangesinthethirdpersonsingularformwithsimplepresenttenseAbsenceofsuffixchangesinpreteritCreoleRPHelikeitHelikesitCreoleRP-edlikedAbsenceofcopula系動詞GrammarCreoleRPSheveryniceSheisveryniceThatthingusealotThatthingisusedalotHegoinghomenowHeisgoinghomenowWordorderGrammarCreoleRPWhattimeitis?Whattimeisit?Whyyouarelaughing?Whyareyoulaughing?Whatthisis?Whatisthis?FixedwordorderwithnoinversioninquestionsWordsincreolelanguageusuallyhaveagreaterrangeofmeaningsthanintheoriginallanguagesfromwhichthosewordswereborrowedVocabularySomeconceptsareexpressedbyphrasesratherthanbysin