英語1考研真題及參

1986年入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試SectionIII:ReadingReadthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.Putyourchoiceinthebracketsontheleft.(10points)Thereareagreatmanycareersinwhichtheincreasingemphasisisonspecialization.Youfindthesecareersinengineering,inproduction,instatisticalwork,andinteaching.Butthereisanincreasingdemandforpeoplewhoareabletotakeingreatareaataglance,peoplewhoperhapsdonotknowtoomuchaboutanyonefield.Thereis,inotherwords,ademandforpeoplewhoarecapableofseeingtheratherthanthetrees,ofmakinggeneraljudgments.Wecancallthesepeople“generalists.”Andthese“generalists”areparticularlyneededforpositionsinadministration,whereitistheirjobtoseethatotherpeopledothework,wheretheyhavetonforotherpeople,toorganizeotherpeople’swork,tobeginitandjudgeit.Thespecialistunderstandsonefield;hisconcerniswithtechniqueandtools.Heisa“trained”man;andhiseducationalbackgroundisproperlytechnicalorprofessional.Thegeneralist--andespeciallytheadministrator--dealswithpeople;hisconcerniswithleadership,withnning,andwithdirectiongiving.Heisan“educated”man;andthehumanitiesarehisstrongestfoundation.Veryrarelyisaspecialistcapableofbeinganadministrator.Andveryrarelyisagoodgeneralistalsoagoodspecialistinparticularfield.Anyorganizationneedsbothkindsofpeople,thoughdifferentorganizationsneedthemindifferentproportions.Itisyourtasktofindout,duringyourtrainingperiod,intowhichofthetwokindsofjobsyoufit,andtonyourcareeraccordingly.Yourfirstjobmayturnouttobetherightjobforyou--butthisispureaccident.Certainlyyoushouldnotchangejobsconstantlyorpeoplewill esuspiciousofyourabilitytoholdanyjob.Atthesametimeyoumustnotlookuponthefirstjobasthefinaljob;itisprimarilyatrainingjob,anopportunitytounderstandyourselfandyourfitnessforbeinganemployee.Thereisanincreasingdemandfor allroundpeopleintheirownpeoplewhosejobistoorganizeotherpeople’sgeneralistswhoseeducationalbackgroundiseithertechnicalorspecialistswhosechiefconcernistoprovideadministrativeguidancetoThespecialistis amanwhosejobistotrainotheramanwhohasbeentrainedinmorethanoneamanwhocanseetheratherthantheamanwhoseconcernismainlywithtechnicalorprofessionalTheadministratoris a“trained”manwhoismoreaspecialistthanaamanwhoseesthetreesaswellastheamanwhoisverystrongintheamanwhoisan“educated”Duringyourtrainingperiod,itisimportant totrytobeatochooseaprofitabletofindanorganizationwhichfitstodecidewhetheryouarefittobeaspecialistoraAman’sfirstjob isnevertherightjobforshouldnotberegardedashisfinalshouldnotbechangedorpeople esuspiciousofhisabilitytoholdanyisprimarilyanopportunitytofithimselfforhisfinalAtthebottomoftheworldliesamightycontinentstillwrappedintheIceAgeand,untilrecenttimes,unknowntoman.Itisagreatlandmasswithmountainrangeswhoseextentandelevationarestilluncertain.Muchofthecontinentisacompleteblankonourmaps.Manhasexplored,onfoot,lessthanonepercentofitsarea.AntarcticadiffersfundamentallyfromtheArcticregions.TheArcticisanocean,coveredwithdriftingpackediceandhemmedinbythelandmassesofEurope,Asia,andNorthAmerica.TheAntarcticisacontinentalmostaslargeasEuropeandAustraliacombined,centeredroughlyontheSouthPoleandsurroundedbythemostunobstructedwaterareasofthe--theAtlantic,Pacific,andnThecontinentalicesheetismorethantwohighinitscentre,thus,theairovertheAntarcticisfarmorerefrigeratedthanitisovertheArcticregions.Thiscoldaircurrentfromthelandissofulthatitmakesthenearbyseasthestormiestintheworldandrendersunlivablethoseregionswhosecounterpartsattheoppositeendoftheglobeareinhabited.Thus,morethanamillion livewithin2,000 oftheNorthPoleinanareathatincludesmostofAlaska,Siberia,andScandinavia--aregionrichinandminingindustries.ApartfromahandfulofweatherwithinthesamedistanceoftheSouthPolethereisnotasingletree,industry,orThebesttitleforthisselectionwouldbe LandofTheUnknownUtopiaatAtthetimethisarticlewaswritten,ourknowledgeofAntarcticawas veryfairlyAntarcticaisborderedbythe PacificnAtlanticAllTheAntarcticismadeuninhabitableprimarilyby coldcalmlackofknowledgeabouttheAccordingtothisarticle 2,000peopleliveontheAntarcticamillionpeoplelivewithin2,000oftheSouthweatherconditionswithina2,000radiusoftheSouthPolemakesettlementsonlyahandfulofnativesinhabitSectionVIII:English-Translatethefollowingpassageinto.Onlytheunderlinedsentencesaretobetranslated.(20Itwouldbeinterestingtodiscoverhowmanyyoungpeoplegotouniversitywithoutanyclearideaofwhattheyaregoingtodoafterwards.(71)Ifoneconsiderstheenormousvarietyofcoursesoffered,itisnothardtoseehowdifficultitisforastudenttoselectthecoursemostsuitedtohisinterestsandabilities.(72)Ifastudentgoestouniversitytoacquireabroaderoflife,toenlargehisideasandtolearntothinkforhimself,hewillundoubtedlybenefit.(73)Schoolsoftenhavetoorestrictinganatmosphere,withitstimetablesanddisciplines,toallowhimmuchtimeforindependentassessmentoftheworkheisaskedtodo.(74)Moststudentswould,Ibelieve,profitbyayearofsuchexplorationofdifferentacademicstudies,especiallythose“allrounders”withnoparticularinterest.Theyshouldhavelongertimetodecideinwhatsubjecttheywanttotaketheirdegrees,sothatinlaterlife,theydonotlookbackandsay,“Ishouldliketohavebeenanarchaeologist.IfIhadn’ttakenadegreeinModernLanguages,Ishouldn’thaveendedupasaninterpreter,butit’stoolatenow.Icouldn’tgobackandbeginalloveragain.”(75)Thereis,ofcourse,anothersidetothequestionofhowtomakethebestuseofone’stimeatuniversity.(76)Thisisthecaseofthestudentwhoexcelsinaparticularbranchoflearning.(77)HeisimmediayacceptedbytheUniversityofhischoice,andspendshisthreeorfouryears ingaspecialist,emergingwithafirst-classHonourDegreeandverylittleknowledgeofwhattherestoftheworldisallabout.(78)Ittherefore esmoreandmoreimportantthat,ifstudentsarenottowastetheiropportunities,therewillhavetobemuchmoredetailedinformationaboutcoursesandmoreadvice.Onlyinthiswaycanwebesurethatwearenottohave,ontheonehand,abandofspecialistsignorantofanythingoutsideoftheirownsubject,andontheotherhand,aneverincreasingnumberofgraduatesqualifiedinsubjectsforwhichthereislittleornodemandintheworkingworld.1986SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(105.SectionVIII:English-Translation(20一門符合他的和能力的課程是多么。學(xué)會獨立思考，那么，進大學(xué)對他是有好處的。 詳盡的信息和的指點。這個問題顯得越來越重要了。1987年入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試SectionII:ReadingEachofthreepassagesbelowisfollowedbyfivequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefourreadthepassagecarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestion.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(15points)Forcenturiesmendreamedofachievingverticalflight.In400A.D.childrenyedwithafan-liketoythatspunupwardsandfellbacktoearthasrotationceased.LeonardodaVinciconceivethefirstmechanicalapparatus,calleda“Helix,”whichcouldcarrymanstraightup,butwasonlyadesignandwasnevertested.Theancient-dreamwasfinallyrealizedin1940whenaRussianengineerpilotedastrangelookingcraftofsteeltubingwitharotatingfanontop.Itroseawkwardlyandverticallyintotheairfromastandingstart,hoveredafewfeetabovetheground,wentsidewaysandbackwards,andthensettledbacktoearth.Thevehiclewascalledahelicopter.Imaginationswerefired.Mendreamedofgoingtoworkintheirown alhelicopters.Peopleanticipatethatverticalflighttransportswouldcarrymillionsofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.Suchfantasticexpectationswerenotfulfilled.Thehelicopterhasnow eanextremelyusefulmachine.Itexcelsinmilitarymissions,carryingtroops,gunsandstrategicinstrumentswhereotheraircraftcannotgo.Corporationsusethemasairborneoffices,manymetropolitanareasusetheminwork,constructionandloggingcompaniesemploytheminvariousadvantageousways,engineersusethemforsiteselectionandsurveying,andoilcompaniesusethemasthebestwaytomakeoffshoreandremoteworkstationsaccessibletocrewsands.Anyurgentmissiontoahard-to-get-toceisalikelytaskforahelicopter.Amongtheirothermultitudeofused:deliverpeopleacrosstown,flytoandfromairports,assistinrescuework,andaidinthesearchformissingorwanted Peopleexpectthat theairlinersoftodaywouldeventuallyberecedbyhelicopterswouldsomedaybeabletotransportlargenumberofpeoplefromcetoceasairlinersarenowngtheimaginationsfiredbytheRussianengineer’sinventionwould earealityinthetheirfantasticexpectationsabouthelicopterscouldbefulfilledbyairlinersofHelicoptersworkwiththeaidof acombinationofrotatingdevicesinfrontandonarotatingdeviceonerotatingfaninthecenteroftheaircraftandothersateacharotatingfanunderneathforWhatissaidaboutthedevelopmentoftheHelicoptershaveonlybeenworkedonbymansincechildrenwerethefirsttoachieveflightinhelicopters.HelicopterswereconsideredmoredangerousthantheearlyairSomepeoplethoughtthey ewidelyusedbyaverageHowhastheuseofhelicoptersTheyhavebeenwidelyusedforvariousTheyaretakingtheceofhigh-flyingTheyareusedforrescueTheyarenowusedexclusivelyforcommercialUnderwhatconditionsarehelicoptersfoundtobe yForoverseaspassengerForextremelyhighaltitudeForhigh-speedForurgentmissiontocesinaccessibletootherkindsofInancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantandhadstrongreligiousassociations.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfouryearsinhonorofZeus,kingoftheOlympianGods,eventuallylostitslocalcharacter,becamefirstanationaleventandthen,aftertherulesagainstforeigncompetitorshadbeenabolished,international.NooneknowsexactlyhowfarbacktheOlympicGamesgo,butsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776B.C.ThegamestookceinAugustontheinbyMountOlympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreece,butnomarriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaves,womenanddishonored swerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsuncertain,buteventsincludedboy’sgymnastics,boxing,wrestling,horseracingandfieldevents,thoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympicGames.OnthelastdayoftheGames,allthewinnerswerehonoredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavescedontheirheads.Sogreatwasthehonorthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhisvictory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoney,theywere,infact,richlyrewardedbytheirstate .Howtheirresultscomparedwithmodernstandards,weunfortunayhavenomeansofling.Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1,200years,theGamesweresuspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.TheyforsuchalongtimebecausepeoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthybodyproducedahealthymind,andthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsandgameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1,500yearsbeforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookceinAthensin1896.Nowadays,theGamesareheldindifferentcountriesinturn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilities,includingastadium,swimmingpoolsandliving modation,butcompetingcourtierspaytheirownathletes’expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumofatorch,lightedonMountOlympusbythesun’srays.Itiscarriedbyasuccessionofrunnerstothestadium.ThetorchsymbolizedcontinuationoftheancientGreekathleticideals,anditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntiltheclosingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflag,however,isamodernconception:thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinentsparticipatingintheGames.InancientGreece,theOlympicGames weremerelynationalathleticwereinthenatureofanationaleventwithastrongreligioushadruleswhichputforeignparticipantsinadisadvantageouswereprimarilynationaleventswithfewforeignIntheearlydaysofancientOlympicGames onlymaleGreekathleteswereallowedtoparticipateintheallGreeks,irrespective ,religionorsocialstatus,wereallowedtotakeallGreeks,withtheexceptionofwomen,wereallowedtocompeteinallmaleGreekswerequalifiedtocompeteintheTheorderofathleticeventsattheancientOlympics hasnot ybeenvariedaccordingtothenumberofforeignwasdecidedbyZeus,inwhosehonortheGameswerewasconsideredModernathletes’resultscannotbecomparedwiththoseofancientrunnersbecause theGreekshadnomeansofrecordingthetheyaremuchdetailssuchasthetimewerenotrecordedinthetheyaremuchNowadays,theathletes’expensesarepaidfor outoftheprizemoneyoftheoutofthefundsraisedbythecompetingbytheathletesbyInsciencethemeaningoftheword“exin”sufferswithcivilization’severystepinsearchofreality.Sciencecannotreallyexinelectricity,magnetism,andgravitation;theireffectscanbemeasuredandpredicted,butoftheirnaturenomoreisknowntothemodernscientistthantoThaleswhofirstlookedintothenatureoftheelectrificationofamber,ahardyellowish-browngum.contemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatmancaneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriouss“really”are.“Electricity,”BertrandRussellsays,“isnotathing,likeSt.Paul’sCathedral;itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbehavewhentheyareelectrified,andunderwhatcircumstancestheyareelectrified,wehavetoldallthereistol.”Untilrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea.Aristotle,forexample,whosenaturalsciencedominatedWesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatmancouldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyreasoningfromself-evidentprinciples.Hefelt,forexample,thatitisaself-evidentprinciplethateverythingintheuniversehasitsproperce,henceonecandeducethatobjectsfalltothegroundbecausethat’swheretheybelong,andsmokegoesupbecausethat’swhereitbelongs.ThegoalofAristoiansciencewastoexinwhythingshappen.ModernsciencewasbornwhenGalileobegantryingtoexinhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.Theaimofcontrolledscientificexperimentsis toexinwhythingstoexinhowthingstodescribeself-evidenttosupportAristoianWhatprinciplesmostinfluencedscientificthoughtfortwothousandthespeculationsof sofelectricity,magnetism,andAristotle’snaturalBertrandRussell’snotionaboutelectricityis disapprovedofbymostmoderninagreementwithAristotle’stheoryofself-evidentinagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“how”thingsinagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“why”thingsThepassagesaysthatuntilrecentlyscientistsdisagreedwiththeidea thattherearemysterioussinthethatmancannotdiscoverwhats“really”thatthereareself-evidentthatwecandiscoverwhythingsbehaveastheyModernsciencecameintobeing whenthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwasfirstwhenGalileosucceededinexininghowthingswhenAristoianscientisttriedtoexinwhythingswhenscientistswereabletoacquireanunderstandingofrealityofSectionIV:CloseChequeshave36recedmoneyasameansofexchangefortheyarewidelyacceptedeverywhere.Thoughthisisveryconvenientforbothbuyerandseller,itshouldnotbeforgottenthat37whenheacceptsachequesandheisquite38hisrightsifonoccasion,herefusestodoPeopledonotalwaysknowthisandareshockediftheirgoodfaithiscalled39.Anoldandverywealthyfriendofminetoldmehehadanextremelyunpleasantexperience.Hewenttoafamousjewelryshopwhichkeepsalarge40ofpreciousstonesandaskedtobeshownsomepearlnecklaces.Afterexaminingseveraltrays,hedecidedtobuyaparticularlyfinestringofpearlsandaskedifhecouldpaybyCheques.Theassistantsaidthatthiswasquite41butthemomentmyfriendsignedhisname,hewasinvitedintothemanager’soffice.Themanagerwasverypolite,butheexinedthatsomeonewithexactlythesamenamehadpresentedthemwithaworthlessChequenotlongago.Myfriendgotveryangrywhenheheardthisandsaidhewouldbuyanecklacesomewhereelse.Whenhegotuptogo,themanagertoldhimthatthewouldarriveatanymomentandhehadbetterstay42thewantedtogetintoserioustrouble.43,thearrivedsoonafterwards.Theyapologizedtomyfriendforthe44,butexinedthata whohadusedthesamenameashiswasresponsibleforanumberofrecentrobberies.Thentheaskedmyfriendtocopyoutanotewhichhadbeenusedbythethiefinanumberofshops.Thenote45:“Ihaveaguninmypocket.Asknoquestionsandgivemeallthemoneyinthesafe.”Fortunay,myfriend’shandwritingwasquiteunlikethethief’s.Hewasnotonlyallowedtogowithoutfurtherdelay,buttotakethestringofpearlswithhim.[A][A][A]out[A]inininin[A][A]inininin[A][A]Sure[A][A]SectionVIII:English-Translatethefollowingpassageinto.Onlytheunderlinedsentencesaretobetranslated.(20Havetherealwaysbeencities?(71)Lifewithoutlargeurbanareasmayseeminconceivabletous,butactuallycitiesarerelativelyrecentdevelopment.Groupswithprimitiveeconomicsstillmanagewithoutthem.Thetrend,however,isforsuchgroupstodisappear,whilecitiesareincreasinglyingthedominantmodeofman’ssocialexistence.(72)Historically,citylifehasalwaysbeenamongtheelementswhichformacivilization.Anyhighdegreeofhumanendeavorandachievementhasbeencloselylinkedtolifeinanurbanenvironment.(73)Itisvirtuallyimpossibletoimaginethatuniversities,hospitals,largebusinessesorevenscienceandtechnologycouldhavecomeintobeingwithoutcitiestosupportthem.Tomostpeople,citieshavetraditionallybeentheareaswheretherewasaconcentrationofcultureaswellasofopportunity.(74)Inrecentyears,however,peoplehavebegun eawarethatcitiesarealsoareaswherethereisaconcentrationofproblems.WhathashappenedtothemodernAmericancity?Actually,theproblemisnotsuchanewone.Longbeforethiscenturystarted,therehadbegunatrendtowardtheconcentrationofthepooroftheAmericansocietyintothecities.Eachgreatwaveofimmigrationfromabroadandfromtheruralareasmadetheproblemworse.Duringthiscentury,therehasalsobeenthedevelopmentoflargesuburbanareassurroundingthecities,fortherichprefertoliveintheseareas.Withinthecities,sectionsmaybesharplyintohighandlowrentdistricts,the“rightsideoftown”andtheOfcourse,everyonewantstodosomethingaboutthisunhappysituation.Butthereisnoagreementastogoals.Neitheristhereanysystematicapproachorintegratedprogram.Opinionsareasdiverseasthepeoplewhogivethem.(75)Butonebasicdifferenceofopinionconcernsthequestionofwhetherornotthecityassuchistobep.Perhapstransportationandthemeansofcommunicationhavereallymadeitpossiblefortheretobeanendtothebigcities.Ofcourse,thereistheproblemofpersuadingpeopletomoveoutofthemoftheirownwill.(76)Andthereisalsotheobjectionthatthecityhasalwaysbeenthecorefromwhichculturaladvancementhasradiated.Isthis,however,stillthecasetodayinthepresenceofeasytransportationandcommunication?Doescultureariseasaresultofpeoplelivingtogethercommunally,orisittootheresultofdecisionsmadeatthelevelofernmentandthecommunicationsindustry?Itisprobablytruetosaythatmostpeopleprefertopreservethecities.Somethinkthatthecitiescouldbecleaneduportotallyrebuilt.Thisiseasytosay;itwouldnotbesoeasytodo.(77)Tobesure,agreatrebuildingprojectwouldgivejobstomanyofthosepeoplewhoneedthem.Livingconditionscouldnothelpbutimprove,atleastforawhile.Butwouldtheproblemsreturnaftertherebuildingwascompleted?Nevertheless,withthemajorityofthepeoplelivinginurbanareas,theproblemofthecitiesmustbesolved.(78)Fromagreementonthisgeneralgoal,wehave,unfortunay,inthepastproceededtodisagreementonspecificgoals,andfromtheretototalinaction.Atthebasisofmuchofthisinactionisanold-fashionedconcept--theideahumanconditionswillnaturallytendtoregulatethemselvesforthegeneralgoal.1987SectionII:ReadingComprehension(153.24.25.SectionIV:CloseTest(105.SectionVIII:English-Translation(20對我們來說生活要是沒有廣大的城市地區(qū)似乎是不可但實際上城市還是比較按從歷史上看，城市生活始終是文明的一個組成部分。(2分(3分可是，近幾年來人們開始城市也是問題成堆的地方。(2分但是，一個最主要的意見是，像目前這樣的城市是否還要保存下去。(3分同時也有人說，文化方面的進步，始終是以城市為中心而向外輻射的。(3分誠然，一個宏偉的重建計劃也許能為許多需要工作的人提供就業(yè)機會。(2分1988年入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試SectionII:ReadingEachofthethreepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswers.Readthepassagescarefullyandchosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(20points)Itdoesn’tcomeasasurprisetoyoutorealizethatitmakesnodifferencewhatyoureadorstudyifyoucan’trememberit.Youjustwasteyourvaluabletime.Maybeyouhavealreadydiscoveredsomecleverwaystokeepyourselffromforgetting.Onedependableaidthatdoeshelpyourememberwhatyoustudyistohaveaspecificpurposeorreasonforreading.Yourememberbetterwhatyoureadwhenyouknowwhyyou’rereading.Whydoesaclerkinastoregoawayandleaveyouwhenyourreplytoheroffertohelpis,“No,thankyou.I’mjustlooking”?Bothyouandsheknowthatifyouaren’tsurewhatyouwant,younotlikelytofindit.Butsupposeyousayinstead,“Yes,thankyou.Iwantapairofsunglasses.”Shesays,“Rightthisway,please.”Andyouandsheareoff--botheagertolookforexactlywhatyouIt’squitethesamewithyourstudying.Ifyouchoseabookatrandom,“justlooking”fornothinginparticular,youarelikelytogetjustthat--nothing.Butifyoudoknowwhatyouwant,andifyouhavetherightbook,youarealmostsuretogetit.Yourreasonswillvary;theywillincludereadingorstudying“tofindoutmoreabout”,“tounderstandthereasonsfor”,“tofindouthow”.Agoodstudenthasaclearpurposeorreasonforwhatheisng.Thisisthewayitworks.Beforeyoustarttostudy,yousaytoyourselfsomethinglikethis,“IwanttoknowwhyStephenVincentBenethappenedtowriteaboutAmerica.I’mreadingthisarticletofindout.”O(jiān)r,“I’mgoingtoskimthisstorytoseewhatlifewaslikeinmedievalEngland.”Becauseyouknowwhyyouarereadingorstudying,yourelatetheinformationtoyourpurposeandrememberitbetter.Readingisnotonesingleactivity.Atleasttwoimportantprocessesgoonatthesametime.Asyouread,youtakeinideasrapidlyandaccuray.Butatthesametimeyouexpressyourownideastoyourselfasyoureacttowhatyouread.Youhaveakindofmentalconversationwiththeauthor.Ifyouexpressedyourideasorally,theymightsoundlikethis:“Yes,Iagree.That’smyopiniontoo.”or“Ummmm,Ithoughtthatrecordwasbrokenmuchearlier.I’dbettercheckthosedates,”or“Buttherearesomeotherfactstobeconsidered!”Youdon’tjustsittheretakinginideas--youdosomethingelse,andthatsomethingelseisveryimportant.Thisadditionalprocessofthinkingaboutwhatyoureadincludesevaluatingit,relatingittowhatyoualreadyknow,andusingitforyourownpurposes.Inotherwords,agoodreaderisacriticalreader.Onepartofcriticalreading,asyouhavediscovered,isdistinguishingbetweenfactsandopinions.Factscanbecheckedbyevidence.Opinionsareone’sown alreactions.Anotherpartofcriticalreadingisjudgingsources.StillanotherpartisdrawingaccurateIfyoucannotrememberwhatyoureadorstudy, itisnoitmeansyouhavenotreallylearneditmeansyouhavenotchosentherightyourealizeitisofnoBeforeyoustartreading,itisimportant tomakesurewhyyouaretorelatetheinformationtoyourtorememberwhatyoutochooseaninterestingReadingactivityinvolves onlytwosimultaneousprimarilylearningaboutideasandevaluatingthemmerelydistinguishingbetweenfactsandmainlydrawingaccurateAgoodreaderisonewho relateswhathereadstohisownknowledgeaboutthesubjectdoeslotsofthinkinginhistakesacriticalattitudeinhisisabletocheckthefactspresentedagainstwhathehasalreadyIfyouliveinalargecity,youarequitefamiliarwithsomeoftheproblemsofnoise,butbecauseofsomeofitsharmfuleffects,youmaynotbeawareoftheextentofitsinfluenceonhumanbehavior.Althougheveryonemoreorlessknowswhatnoiseis,i.e.,itissoundsthatonewouldrathernothear,itisperhapsbesttodefineitmorepreciselyforscientificpurposes.Onesuchdefinitionisthatnoiseissoundsthatareunrelatedtothetaskathand.Thusstimulithatatonetimemightbeconsideredrelevantwillatanothertimebeconsiderednoise,dependingonwhatoneisngatthemoment.Inrecentyearstherehasbeenagreatdealofinterestintheeffectsofnoiseonhumanbehavior,andconceptssuchas“noisepollution”havearisen,togetherwithmovementstoreducenoise.Exposuretoloudnoisescandefiniyproduceapartialorcompletelossofhearing,dependingontheintensity,duration,andfrequencycompositionofthenoise.Manyjobspresentnoisehazards,suchasworkinginfactoriesandaroundjetaircraft,drivingfarmtractors,andworking(orsitting)inmusichallswhererockbandsareying.Ingeneral,continuousexposuretosoundsofover80decibels(ameasureoftheloudnessofsound)canbeconsidereddangerous.Decibelvaluescorrespondtovarioussounds.Soundsaboveabout85decibelsmay,ifexposureisforasufficientperiodoftime,producesignificanthearingloss.Actuallosswilldependupontheparticularfrequenciestowhichoneisexposed,andwhetherthesoundiscontinuousorintermittent.Noisecanhaveunexpectedharmfuleffectsonperformanceofcertainkindsoftasks,forinstance,ifoneisperformingawatchkeetaskthatrequiresvigilance,inwhichheisresponsiblefordetectingweaksignalsofsomekind(e.g.,watchingaradarscreenfortheappearanceofaircraft).Communicatingwithotherpeopleisunfavorablyaffectedbynoise.Ifyouhaveriddenintherearofajettransport,youmayhavenoticedthatitwasdifficulttocarryonaconversationatfirst,andthat,eventually,youadjustedtheloudnessofyourspeechtocompensatefortheeffect.TheproblemisNoisediffersfromsoundinthat itissoundsthatinterferewiththetaskbeingitisaspecialtypeoflouditisusuallyunavoidableinbigitcanbedefinedmorepreciselythantheOneoftheharmfuleffectsofnoiseonhumanperformanceisthat itreducesone’sitrendersthevictimitdeprivesoneoftheenjoymentofitdrownsoutconversationsatThepurposeofthispassageis todefinetheeffectsofnoiseonhumantowarnpeopleofthedangerofnoisetogiveadviceastohowtopreventhearing lthedifferencebetweennoiseandThetraditionalbeliefthatawoman’sceisinthehomeandthatawomanoughtnottogoouttoworkcanhardlybereasonablymaintainedinpresentconditions.Itissaidthatitisawoman’stasktocareforthechildren,butfamiliestodaytendtobesmallandwithayearortwobetweenchildren.Thusawoman’swholeperiodofchildbearingmayoccurwithinfiveyears.Furthermore,withcompulsoryeducationfromtheageoffiveorsixherroleaschiefeducatorofherchildrensoonceases.Thus,evenifweagreethatawoma