牛津9A課文及牛津9B第四單元知識點

Unit1WisemeninhistoryArchimedesandthegoldencrownOnedayinancientGreece,KingHieroaskedacrownmakertomakehimagoldencrown.Atfirst,hewasveryhappywithit.“it’sanicecrown,isn’tit?”heaskedhismen.Later,however,hebegantodoubtthatitwasarealgoldencrown.“Isitmadecompletelyofgold?”hewondered.HesentittoArchimedesandaskedhimtofindoutthetruth.“Thisproblemseemsdifficulttosolve.WhatshouldIdo?”thoughtArchimedes.Archimedeswasstillthinkingaboutthisproblemashefilledhisbathwithwater.Whenhegotintothebath,somewaterranover.“That’sit!”shoutedArchimedes.“Iknowhowtosolvetheking’sproblem!”Archimedeswentstraighttothepalacetoseetheking.First,heweighedthecrownandaskedthekingforsomegoldofthesameweight.Next,heputtwopotsintotwobigbowlsandfilledbothpotswithwater.Heputthegoldintoonepotandsomewaterranintothebowl.Thenheputthecrownintotheotherpot.Thistime,evenmorewaterranintothebowl.“Lookatthis,”saidArchimedestoKingHiero.“Acrownmadecompletelyofgoddisplaceslesswaterthanacrownmadeofgoldandanothermetal.Thiscrowndisplacedmorewaterthangoldandanothermetal.Thiscrowndisplacedmorewaterthangoldofthesameweight,soI’mcertainthatit’snotcompletelymadeofgold.”“Thecrownmaddertrickedme,didn’the?Whatabadmanheis!”shoutedKingHiero.Hethensentthecrownmakertoprison.MorepracticeCaoChongweighsanelephantOneday,SunQuansentCaoCaoapresent.Itwasahugeelephant.CaoCaowantedtofindouttheweightoftheelephant.“Whatahugeanimalitis!Cananyonetellmehowtoweighit?”heaskedthecrowdaroundhim.“Canwegetalargescale?”askedasoldier.However,noonecouldfindascalelargeenough.“Canwecutitup>”askedanothersoldier..“No.Idon’twanttokillit,”saidCaoCao.Justthen,youngCaoChonghadawonderfulidea.“Icanweightheelephant!”hesaid“l(fā)etmehaveatry.”CaoChongaskedsomesoldierstoleadtheelephantontoaboat.Astheheavyanimalwalkedontoit,theboatwentlowerintothewater.CaoChongdrewalineonthesideoftheboattomarkhowlowitwent.Theelephantwasthentakenofftheboatandtheboatwasfilledwithrocksuntilitwentdownagainandwaterreachedthelineontheboat.CaoChongthenweighedtherocks.Headdeduptheweightofalltherocksandsaid,“Thisistheweightoftheelephant.”CaoCaowasveryhappywithhisson.“Mysonisveryclever,isn’the”hesaid.Everyoneagreed.Unit2GreatmindsTwogeniusesManypeopleconsiderAlbertEinstein(1879-1955)agenius.Thisstoryabouthimshowsthathealsohadasenseofhumour.Einsteinoftenreceivedinvitationstoexplainhistheoriesatdifferentuniversities.Onthesetrips,hisdriverHansoftensaidtohim,“It’sapleasuretodriveageniuslikeyou,DrEinstein.”O(jiān)neevening,ontheirwaytoauniversity,Einsteinsaid,“I’msotired.IwishIcouldavoidgivingmylecturetonight,Hans,butIdon’twanttoletmyaudiencedown.”“Iknowwhattodo,”saidHans.“Icangivethelectureforyou.Youcantrustme.I’velistenedtoyourlecturesomanytimesthatI’velearntitbyheart.Nooneknowsyouatthisuniversity,sotheywon’tfindout.”So,theychangedplaces.Ttheuniversity,Hanswasguidedtothefrontofthehall.Einsteintookaseat,listenedtoHansgivehislecturewithoutdifficulty,andjoinedintheapplauseattheend.However,beforeHansleft,amanshouted,“I’dliketoaskyouaquestion.”HethenaskedaquestionsodifficultthatHanshadnoideawhathewastalkingabout.Einsteinturnedpale.“Ohno!”hethought.“Nowwe’reintrouble.“ButHansjustlaughedandsaid,“That’ssuchaneasyquestionthatevenmydrivercananswerit.Hans,please…”Einsteinstoodupandansweredthequestionperfectly.Theylefttheuniversity,withEinsteindriving.Alittlelater,Hansofferedtodrive.“No,”laughedEinstein,“It’sapleasuretodriveageniuslikeyou,Hans.”MorepracticeEinsteinandthelittlegirlOneafternoon,Einsteinwaswalkinghomefromwork.Atthesametime,a12-year-oldgirlwaswalkinghomefromschool.Theyweresoonwalkingsidebyside.Thegirllookedathimcuriouslyfromtimetotime.“Pardonme,”thegirlsaid,“butyoulookjustlikeAlbertEinstein.”“That’sbecauseIamAlbertEinstein!”Einsteinsaid.“Idon’tbelieveyou,“thegirlsaid.“EveryoneknowsthatEinsteinisagenius,.Butyou’rewearingyoursweaterbackwards,soyoucan’tbeveryclever.”Einsteinbegantolaugh.“You’rethefirstpersontobesohonestwithme,“hesaidtothegirl.“it’sapleasuretohearsomeonetellmethetruthaboutmylook.”Afterthatday,thegirloftenwenttovisitEinstein’shouseafterschool.Oneafternoon,thegirl’smotherwenttovisitEinstein.Sheaskedhimwhyhespentsomuchtimewithherdaughter.“Ourfriendshipiseasytoexplain,”Einsteinsaid.“Yourdaughtertellsmethetruthaboutmylookandbringsmecookies.Inreturn,IhelpherwithherMathshomework.”Unit3FamilylifeFamilylifeincitiesPaulainterviewedtwoteenagersforaprogrammeonfamilylife.Sheaskedthemsomequestions.Herearetheiranswers.Emily(aged15)Well,therearejustthreeofus:mymum,mydadandme.HaveIgotmanypossessions?Yes,I’vegotalotofthings:abigTV,anewcomputerandamobilephone.No,I’mnotexpectedtodothehousework.Wegooutfordinnertogethersometimes,butmydadisoftenabroadonbusiness,andmymumworkstoo.Weusuallyjustdoourownpersonalthings.No,theydon’tusuallysetrulesforme,andsinceI’magooddaughter,theyneverpunishme.Well,Ilikeournewflat.It’smuchbiggerthanourlastone.ButIfeellonelywhenmyparentsareawayfromhome.Jerry(aged14)Mymum,dad,grandmaandmysisterRosie.Althoughitsometimesfeelscrowdedinourlittleflat,wedon’tmind.No,Ihaven’tgotmanypossessions.Ihavenointerestinthingslikefashionableclothes.Newfashionssoongooutofdate,don’tthey?That’swhatmygrandmasays.Yes,Ihelpwiththehousework.Iwashthedishesandevenironmyownshirts.Mygrandmasaysyoungpeopleshouldlearntolookafterthemselves.Yes,welikedoingthingstogether.Weeatmealstogethereveryday,andmyfamilyalwayscometoschoolevents.Yes,Isupposetheysetsomerulesforme.Forexample,unlessIfinishallmyhomework,Ican’twatchTV,andIcan’tgooutwithmyfriendseither.Iloveallmyfamilyverymuch.Wehaveacloserelationship,andwealwayssupporteachother.Unit4problemsandadviceManynewspapersandmagazineshaveanadvicepage.Peoplewritetoaskforhelpwiththeirproblems.ThefollowingInternetpostswerewrittenbyfourteenagerstoanonlinenewspaper.AnnaI’mworriedaboutmyfriendJolin.Shewantstobeamodelandshe’sthin,butshethinksshe’sfat.She’salwaysonadiet.She’sgettingtoothin,butwheneverItalktoheraboutthis,shegetsangry.HowcanIhelpher?PeterIwentoutwithagroupoffriendsyesterday.Wesawaladylyinginthestreet.Shelookedverysick.Myfriendsmadejokesaboutherandlaughed.ThoughIwantedtohelpher,myfriendstoldmenotto.Itwasawfulofthemtolaughather,andIregretnotsayinganything.Ifeelashamedofmyself.WhatshouldIdointhissituation?SimonI’vejuststartedwearingbraces,butIhatethem.Idon’tsayanyadvantageinwearingthem.Myfriendsalllaughatmeandsaybadthingsaboutme.IfeelembarrassedwhenIsmileoropenmymouth.Thebraceshurtmyteeth,andit’sdifficultformetoeat.Ifeelitwasamistakeformymouthtomakemeweartheseuglybraces.Whatdoyousuggest?JulieIhavetosharearoomwithmyseven-year-oldsister,andshe’sdrivingmemad!ShehasahabitofplayingthepianowhenI’mstudying,andshealwaystakesmythingswithouttellingme.Itrytokeeptheroomtidy,butshealwaysmakesamess.Ilovemysister,butsometimes,she’ssoannoying!WhatshouldIdo?Unit5ActionSURPRISESATTHESTUDIO“Fiveminutestogo.”Shoutedthedirector.“Iseveryoneready?”“I’mgladthatI’mnotoneofthecontestants!”DenisesaidAngela.Thethreecontestantsweresittingattheirdesksonthestageandwaiting.Thehotlightswereshiningdownuponthem.Suddenlyoneofthempassedoutandfellacrossherdesk.Acameramanhelpedthewomanoffthestage.Thedirectorhurrieddownfromthecontrolroomabove,“Weneedanothercontestant,”heshouted.“WhoamongyouwantstobeonTV?”Angelaraisedherhand.“You’reon!”thedirectorshouted.Heledherontothestage,andamake-upartistrushedforward.Shequicklyputmake-uponAngela’sfaceandbrushedherhair.“Tenseconds,”shoutedthedirector.“It’stimeforTravelQuiz,andhere’syourhost,LesterLi!”saidaloudvoice.LesterLiranoutontothestage.Thequizshowbegan.AlthoughAngelawasnotprepared,sheseemedrelaxedanddidreallywell.Sheansweredthequestionswithnoproblemsandwassoonaheadoftheothertwocontestants.Twenty-fiveminuteslater,Angelajusthadtoanswersixmorequestionstobeattheothercontestantsandtowintheprize.Denisewassoexcitedthatshecouldhardlykeepstill.Thoughthequestionsweregettingmoreandmoredifficult,Angelakeptgettingthemright.SoontherewasjustasinglequestionbetweenAngelaandvictory.“Andfinally,where’sBigBen?”askedLester.“InEngland,”repliedAngela.“Correct!”shoutedLester.“You’retonight’sluckywinner.You’vewontonight’sprize-atripfortwotothelovelycityofPairs!”Unit6healthydietWhat’sabalanceddiet?DorisandSamuelarehavingdinnerinarestaurant.Samuel:IthinkI’llhaveahamburger,somechocolatecakeandalargecola.Howdoesthatsoundtoyou?Doris:Thatsoundsterrible!I’llhaveachickensandwich,asalad,anappleandaglassoflemontea.I’vedecidedtostayawayfromfriedfoodandsoftdrinks.Samuel:Sincewhen?Doris:SinceIhadmymedicalexamination.ThedoctorsaidthatIneededtoloseabitofweightbyavoidingfat,oilandsugar.Healsostatedthatit’snecessaryformetohaveamorebalanceddiet.Samuel:What’sabalanceddiet?Doris:Abalanceddietmeanshavingdifferentkindsofhealthyfoodeveryday.Researchshowsthateachdayyoushouldhaveplentyoffruit,vegetablesandgrainproductssuchasnoodlesandbread.And,ingeneralyoushouldhavefewerdairyproductsandeggs,andlessmeat.Samuel:ButIbelievemydietisbalanced.Doris:Really?Doyourememberwhatyouhadtoday?Samuel:Oh,theusualthings.Forbreakfast,Ihadfriedeggsandalargecupofcoffeewithalotofmilkandsugar.ThenItreatedmyselftosomeicecreamforasnack.Doris:Andforlunch?Samuel:Forlunch,Ihadsixchickenwingsandacola.Doris:Idon’tunderstandhowthatisabalanceddiet!Samuel:Well,Ihavemanydifferentkindsoffoodeveryday.Doris:Butallofthesekindsoffoodareunhealthyforyou.Samuel:OK,you’reright.I’llchangemydiet```tomorrow.Herecomesmyhamburgerandchocolatecake!Unit7TheAdventuresofTomSawyerTomSawyerpaintsthefenceOnSaturdaymorning,everyboyintownwashappy,exceptTomSawyer.Tom’sauntgavehimataskofpaintingtheirfence.Itwas30yardslongandthreeyardshigh.Hepaintedoneboardandsurveyedhisprogress,andthenhesatdowntohavearest.Tombegantothinkofthegamesthathewantedtoplay.Heknewtheboyswhowerefreewouldsooncomealongandmakefunofhim.Justthen,hehadanidea.Hepickeduphisbrushandwentbacktowork.BenRogerscamealongtheroad.Hewassinginghappilyandcarryinganapple.“I’mgoingswimming,”saidBen.“Doyouwanttocome?Oh,youhavetowork,don’tyou?Whatapity!”“Work?”saidTom.“Thisisn’twork.I’menjoyingmyself.Doesaboygetachancetopaintafencelikethiseveryday?”Thenhewentonpainting.BenwatchedTominsilence.Hebecamemoreandmoreinterested.Afterawhile,hesaid,“Tom,willyouletmedosomepainting?”Tomsaid,“no,Ben,Ican’t.AuntPollwarnedmetodoitwell.I’mtheonlypersonthatcandoitright.”“oh,please,Tom,”saidBen.“Icandoit.I’llbereallycareful.I’llgiveyouhalfmyapple.Wait,I’llgiveyouallofit.”“That’sadeal,”saidTom.“Butyoumustbecareful.”TomgaveBenhisbrushwithworryonhisfacebutjoyinhisheart.Hesatdownagainandstartedtoeattheapple.WhenBengottired,BillyFisherwaswaiting.HegaveTomakiteforthechancetopaint.ThenJohnnyMillerofferedhimtwotoysoldiers.SoonTomhadgotmanynewtoys,andthefencegotthreecoatsofpaint.AuntPollywassopleasedthatshegaveTomabigapple!Unit8SurpriseendingsThegiftOnedollarandeighty-sevencents.Thatwasall.ThreetimesDellacountedit.Onedollarandeighty-sevencents.AndthenextdaywouldbeChristmas.Shecouldnotaffordapresent,soshesatdownandcried.JimandDellahadtwopossessionswhichtheywerebothproudof.OnewasJim’sgoldwatchthatwasfromhisfatherandhisgrandfather.TheotherwasDella’sbeautifulhair.Itfellabouther,andreachedbelowheknee.Dellaputonheroldbrownjacketandheroldbrownhat.Thenshewentoutofthedooranddownthestairstothestreet.Shestoppedatastore.Thesigninfrontofthestoreread“HairGoods”.“Willyoubuymyhair?”askedDella.“Twentydollars,”thewomansaid.ThenDellasearchedthroughthestoreslookingforapresentforJim.Shefounditatlast.Itwasawatchchain.Thebillwastwenty-onedollars.Atseveno’clock,thecoffeewasmadeanddinnerwasready.Jimwasneverlate.Dellaheardhisstepsonthestairs.ThedooropenedandJimwalkedin.Hestoppedinsidethedoor.HiseyeswerefixedonDella,andtherewasanexpressioninthemthatshecouldnotread.“Jim.”Shecried,“don’tlookatmethatway.IsoldmyhairtobuyyouaChristmaspresent.”Jimdrewaboxfromhispocketandputitonthetable.Dellaopenedit.Therelaythesetofcombsthatshehadalwayswanted.Nowtheywerehers,butherhairwasgone.ShesmiledandheldoutJim’spresent.“Ihuntedallovertowntofindit.Givemeyourwatch.Iwanttoseehowitlooksonit.”Insteadofobeying,Jimsatdown,puthishandsbehindhisheadandsmiled.“Della,”hesaid,“Isoldthewatchtogetthemoneytobuyyourcombs.”WelcometotheunitMeneither.我也不，源于neither+be動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+與前句不同的主語，用于表述與前句所述相同的否定情況。Neither用作形容詞，后接單數(shù)名詞，意為“（兩者中）沒有一個”Neitherstoryisinteresting.用作代詞，后接“of+名詞”Neitherofthestorieswastrue.Neither用作連詞，常與nor連用，構(gòu)成neither...nor，意為，既不、、、也不、、、連接同等的句子成分，當連接主語時，動詞與靠近它的主語一致。I'mneitherfornoragainstit.我既不贊成，也不反對。NeitheryounorIamright.你和我都不對。howdoyoulike=whatdoyouthinkofHatev不喜歡，討厭，其用法如下后接名詞或者代詞Wehateourenemy.hatetodosth不愿意做（一時性的）hatedoingsth不喜歡（經(jīng)常性）hate+that從句hatesbdoingsth不愿意某人做某事might為may的過去式，意為可能，mighthavedone本來肯能做好卻沒做Youmighthavefinishedtheworkearlier.你本來可以早點完成這項工作的。Might可意為“可能，會”，表示猜測，還可意為“可以”，表允許Reading、、、、bytheyear2100.bytheyear2100是一個時間狀語，可在句中做插入語，也可以放在句子末尾。意為到2100年by+現(xiàn)在的時間，用現(xiàn)在完成時by+將來的時間，用一般將來時by+過去的時間，用過去完成時Ourownplanet,theEarth,isbecominginpopulation.moreandmore用作副詞性短語，意為越來越；用作形容詞性短語，意為越來越多的pollutedadj受污染的；pollutev污染pollutionn污染rapid，快的，迅速的，可作表語或定語，副詞形式為rapidlyincreasen增加v增加，提高Atpresent,ouritwouldtakemonths.large/great/smallnumbersof+名詞單復數(shù)，意為大量/許多/少量的、、、anumberof與thenumberof前一個意為許多，后接名詞復數(shù)，謂語動詞通常用復數(shù)形式后一個意為、、、的數(shù)量，后接名詞單數(shù)，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式Withthedevelopmentoftechnology,bytheyear,thejourneyspeedoflight.journeyn.旅行，旅程journey,travel與tripJourney，指一次旅行，主要指陸地上的長途旅行，也指旅行的路程，是比較正式的用于Travel不可數(shù)名詞，泛指旅行，游歷，尤指國外旅行，但無路程的含義Trip是旅行和訪問的總稱，是非正式用語，通?？勺鱦ourney的替換詞Speedn.速度，常與at，with搭配，表示以、、、速度，但應注意用all，great時，speed前用with。構(gòu)成的短語有：atfull/topspeed全速；at(an)ordinaryspeed以正常速度；atalow/reasonablespeed以低/合理的速度；at(a)speedof以、、、速度；withall/greatspeed全速/以極快的速度Foodwouldmostprobablyintheformofpillssotasty.Form形式，形狀，構(gòu)成短語intheformof呈、、、的形狀，以、、、形式Tasty味道好的分數(shù)與百分數(shù)在英語中，表示分數(shù)的方法是，分子用基數(shù)，分母用序數(shù)。a/onehalf1/2a(one)fourth或a(one)quarter1/4twothirds2/3threefourths或threequarters3/4twoandthreefifth2百分數(shù)是由基數(shù)詞（或小數(shù)）和百分號（%）構(gòu)成，%讀作percent分數(shù)詞和百分數(shù)詞做主語，其謂語動詞形式分別與of之后的名詞在數(shù)上保持一致。分數(shù)詞和百分數(shù)詞用于數(shù)字運算做主語時，加法，乘法后的謂語動詞可單可復，減法和除法后面的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Peoplewouldhavetoospace.speciallyadv特別地，專門地；特地，在句中作狀語especially與speciallyEspeciallyadv尤其，特別，通常用來對前面所述的事件進行進一步的補充或說明It'sespeciallyhottoday.Helikesallsubjects,especiallyEnglish.Speciallyadv專門地，特地，表示“不是為了別的，而只是為了”，強調(diào)唯一目的Hecamehereespeciallytosaysorrytoher.Preventv阻止，防止。Preventfrom防止、、、、做、、、、Comparedwithlifeinsomeparev對照，比較Compareto把、、、比作、、、、comparewith把、、、、同、、、、進行insomeways在某些方面Way常用短語歸納loseone'sway迷路makeone'swayto到、、、的路inaway在某種程度上bytheway順便說一下innoway絕不ineveryway在各方面inthisway用這種辦法noway沒門，不行Everystudentwouldacomputerconnectedtoaninterplanetarynetwork.此句中，過去