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千里之行,始于足下讓知識(shí)帶有溫度。第第2頁/共2頁精品文檔推薦車輪和輪胎基本知識(shí)
Wheels
Demandsofthewheels
?Lowweight,
?Largeinnerdiameterforlargebrakediscs,
?Highformstabilityandelasticity,
?Goodheatdissipation(frictionalheat),
?Simplechangeofthewheelsandtyreswithtyredamages.
Assemblyofawheel
Thewheelconsistsofthewheelandthewheeldiscwithcentralboringandboltholes.Insteadofthewheeldisc,awheelstarispresentorwheelsorawheelwheresteelspokesareconnectedwiththehub.
Thewheelisconnectedontheflangeofthewheelhubwhichispivotedpivotablewiththesteeringknuckleadaptorend,withwheelnutsorwheelbolts.Otherthanthat,thebrakediscsorthebrakedrumsaremountedfirmusingboltstotheflangeofthewheelhub.
Withopenlyingbearings,thehubcovertakesoverthetaskofprotectingthebearingandisafatstorageforthefatreservesatthesametime.Rims
Therearerimswhicharefittedfirmwiththewheeldiscandthosewhichcanberemoved.Otherthanthat,undividedrimsaredifferedthroughrims(dropcentrerims)andmultiplepartrims(Trilex),whichfindtheirusewithLightandHeavyGoodsVehicles.
Dropbaserims
Forpassengervehicles,generallyundivideddropcentrerimsareused.Theyarerivetedorweldedfestwiththewheeldiscorarecastedorforgedfromalloymetalswiththewheeldiscasonepiece.
Thecrosssectionoftherimcanbesymmetricalorunsymmetrical.
AT_40_0014
1.Rimflange
2.Rimopening
3.Rimdiameter
4.Dropcentrerim
5.Rimbedseat
6.Hump
2
3
5
4
1
6
Humprims
Whenusingtubelessbeltedtyres,dropcentreringrimshavetobeusedofwhichtherimshoulder,neartothedropcentrerim,hasacirculatingroundincrement=Hump(H).
Iftheincrementisnotroundandisflattenedthenonetermsthisasa
Flat-Hump(FH).Bothoftheseshouldpreventthatthetyrebulgeswhendrivingwithhigherspeedsincurvesthattherimshoulderisnotpressedintothedropcentrerimthroughthehighlateralforces.Withtubelesstyres,theaircanescapequicklysothatanaccidentcouldbetheresult.
Measurementsandtermsontherims
ThesedetailsareNormed.Therimtermsarestampedineachwheelbythemanufacturer.Theyconsistprincipallyfrom2dimensions,therimopening(a)ininchesandtherimdiameter(D)ininches.Bothdimensionsareseparatedwithan”x”indropcentrerims.
Codedlettersaftertherimdiametergiveinformationaboutthetypeofrim.Press-indepth
Thisisthedimensionfromthemiddleoftherimtotheinnercontactsurfaceofthewheeldisc.
Throughweldingtherimandwheeldisc,thepress-indepthcanbechosen.Therefore,therimisdeterminedforacertainchassisasthepress-indepthrelatedirectwiththekingpinoffset.
Positivepress-indepth
Theinnercontactsurface,basedonthemiddleoftherim,isdisplacedtotheoutersideoftherim.
Negativepress-indepth
Theinnercontactsurfaceisdisplacedtotheinnersideoftherim.Throughusingtherimwithsmallerpositiveornegativepress-indepths,thespurwidth
ofthevehiclecanbewidened.
AT_40_0001
AT_40_0015
Example6?Jx13H
6?=RimopeninginInches
J=CodeletterforthemeasurementsoftherimflangeX=undivideddropcentrerim
13=Rimdiameterininches
H=oneHumpontheoutershoulder
Tyres
DemandsoftheTyres
?Absorptionoftheweightofthevehicle,
?Absorptionofsmallroadsurfaceimpacts,
?Transformationofdriving,brakeandlateralforces,
?Loweffortwhenparking,
?Lowrollingresistancethereforelowerinnerfrictionandheatdevelopment,
?Sufficientlengthoflife,
?Alownoiseandvibrationrolling.
Assembly
Valve,innertubeandtherimbandarecomponentsofatyre.Therimbandisonlyusedinmopedsandvehicleswherethetubehastobeprotectedagainstthenippleheadsofthespokes.Theinnertubehastocomplywiththesizeofthetyre.
Thetyreconsistof:
?Carcass(Fabriccarcass),
?Belt(principallybyradialtyres),
?Intermediateconstructionwithcontactsurface(Protector),
?Bulgeswithinlayingsteelwirecore.
AT_40_0008
1.Contactsurface
2.Intermediate
construction
3.Siderubber
4.Valve
5.Bulge
6.Belt
7.Airtightrubberlayer
8.Fabriccarcass
(Carcass)
9.Rimflange
10.Hump
11.Rimshoulder
1
11
6
8
10
9
1
7
2
5
4
3
Carcass
ThisisbasedongummedcordthreadswhicharegenerallymanufacturedfromRayon,Steel,PolyesterorAramid.Thethreadsarelayeredovereachotherandthisiseitherinadiagonalleadingangletothedrivingdirection(Diagonaltyre)orrightangulartothedriving6direction(Radialtyres).
Whenwinding,thethreadsarewoundaroundtwosteelrings(Bulgecores)andarethenanchoredthroughvulcanisation
Intermediateconstruction
Thisconsistsofmultiplefibrelayersandrubberpadding,absorbsimpactsandprotectsthecarcass.
Belt
Thisconsistsofmultiplelayersofrubberembeddedsteelwires,textilethreads,nylonoraramidfibres.Thebeltliesabovethecarcassandisfinishedsothatthewiresorfibrescross.Thebeltcanbefoldedwithhighspeedtyreswhichraisesthestability.Contactsurface
Thisisprovidedwithaprofile.Thelongitudinalprofilegivesthetyrealateralholding,thetransverseprofiletransfersthedrivingforce.Thelateralshouldersofthecontactsurfacecreateatransfertothesidewallwhichprotectsthecarcass.
Aquaplaning
Onawetroadsurface,awaterwedgecanbecreatedbetweenthetyresandthesurfaceoftheroadwhichliftsthevehicleanditisthenunabletobecontrolled.ToreducethedangerofAquaplaning,theprofilegrooveshavetohaveaminimaldepthsothattheycanabsorblotsofwater.
Otherthanthat,theyneedcertainformssothatthewatercanflowoutwardswithahighspeedandoverashorttime.Thedrivingspeedishastobeadjustedtothestateoftheprofile,thewaterdepthandtheroadsurface.
AT_40_00091.FoldedAramidbelt
2.Carcass
3.Bulgecore
23
1
Dimensionsandtermsofthetyres
Tyresize
Thisisdeterminedthroughthedetailsof2dimensions:Tyrewidthinmm;Rimdiameterininches.
Crosssectionratio
Thedifferenttyrecategories,e.g.balloontyres,lowcrosssectiontyres,beingabletorecognisehowtherelationshipofthetyreheightandtyrewidthisdetermined.Thetyretermisgiveninpercent.
Moderntyreshaveagreaterwidththanheight.Iftheheightofthetyrevaluese.g.80%ofthewidththentheheight:width=0,8:1.Asthepercentvalueisusedinthetyreterms,onewouldsay80ertyre.
Speedcategories
Theydifferthetyresofapassengervehiclethanthatofacommercialvehicleagainsttheirregisteredtopspeed.EveryhighspeedisRegisteredwithaletter.Tyreloadcarryingcapacity
Thesedifferthetyresagainsttheirstresscapability.Fortheterminginthepast,thePRnumberwasused.Thespecification4PR(PlyRating)meantthatbecauseofthestabilityofitscarcass,thatitcouldbeloadedlikeatyrewith4layersofcottonthread.ThePRnumberisnotactualanymoreandhasbeenreplacedbyaLoadIndexLI.
ThisisthecodenumberwhichshowsthehighestcarryingcapacityofthetyreThetyrecarryingcapacityisaccordingtothevehiclemanufacturerinconnectionwiththehighestspeed,airpressureanddownfall.
Exampleforthetyreterms
Balancing
Theweightofaturningtyreisneverthesameoverthecompletecircumfer-ence.
Onthepointwherethegreatermassappearsiswheretheunbalancingtakesplace,whichmeansthatacentrifugalforceiscreatedandthegreatertheyarethegreatertheturningmomentis.
Staticunbalance
Ife.g.throughblockingbrakes,apointonthecontactsurfaceofthetyreisrubbedoff,thenontheoppositepositionallargemassofacentrifugalforcewhich,withhigherspeeds,canleadtothejumpingofthetyreontheroadsurface.
Th
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