醫(yī)學英語課件

Lesson

FiveOBESITYBefore

reading1.

background

information2.

word-building

exercises

on

page283.

words

and

expressions1.Background

informationHaving

too

much

body

fat

can

be

harmful

tothebodyinmanyways.The

good

news

is

that

it's

never

too

late

to

makechanges

in

eating

and

exercise

habits

to

controlyour

weight,

and

those

changes

don't

have

to

beas

big

as

you

mightthink.

So

if

you

orsomeoneyou

know

is

obeseor

overweight,

this

article

cangive

you

information

and

tips

for

dealing

withthe

problem

by

adopting

a

healthier

lifestyle.What

Is

Obesity?Being

obese

and

being

overweight

are

notexactly

the

samething.

Anobese

personhas

alargeamountof

extrabody

fat,

not

justafewextrapounds.Peoplewhoareobeseareveryoverweight

and

at

risk

for

serious

healthproblems.How

to

determine

if

one

is

obese?To

determine

if

someone

is

obese,

doctors

and

other

healthcare

professionals

often

use

a

measurement

called

body

massindex

(BMI身高體重比;體質指數(shù),評估體重與身高比例的參考指數(shù)).First,a

doctor

measures

a

person's

height

and

weight.

Then

the

doctoruses

these

numbers

to

calculate

another

number,

the

BMI.Once

the

doctor

has

calculated

a

child's

or

teen's

BMI,

he

orshe

will

plot

this

number

on

a

specific

chart

to

see

how

itcompares

to

other

people

of

the

same

age

and

gender.

A

personwith

a

BMI

above

the

95th

percentile

(meaning

the

BMI

is

greaterthan

that

of

95%

of

people

of

the

same

age

and

gender)

isgenerally

consideredoverweight.Apersonwith

a

BMIbetween

the

85th

and

95th

percentilestypicallyisconsideredatriskfor

overweight.Obesity

is

theterm

usedfor

extremeoverweight.Thereare

someexceptions

tothis

formula,though.

For

instance,

someone

who

is

verymuscular

(like

a

bodybuilder)

may

have

a

highBMI

without

being

obese

becausetheexcessweight

is

from

extra

muscle,

not

fat.What

Causes

Obesity?People

gain

weight

when

the

body

takesinmore

calories

than

it

burns

off.

Those

extracalories

arestored

asfat.Theamountofweightgain

that

leads

to

obesity

doesn't

happen

in

a

fewweeksor

months.

Because

being

obese

is

morethan

just

being

a

few

pounds

overweight,peoplewhoare

obese

haveusually

been

getting

morecalories

than

theyneed

for

years.Genes

small

parts

of

the

DNA

that

people

inheritfrom

their

parents

and

that

determine

traits

like

hair

oreye

color

-

can

play

an

important

role

in

this

weightgain.

Some

of

your

genes

tell

your

body

how

tometabolize

food

and

how

to

use

extra

calories

or

storedfat.

Some

people

burn

calories

faster

or

slower

thanothers

do

because

of

their

genes.Obesity

can

run

in

families,

but

just

how

much

isdue

to

genes

is

hard

to

determine.

Many

families

eat

thesame

foods,

have

thesame

habits

(like

snacking

in

front

of

the

TV),

andtend

to

think

alike

when

it

comes

to

weight

issues

(likeurging

children

to

eat

a

lot

at

dinner

so

they

can

grow"big

and

strong").

All

of

these

situations

can

contributeto

weight

gain,

so

it

can

be

difficult

to

figure

out

if

aperson

is

born

with

a

tendency

to

be

obese

oroverweight

or

learns

eating

and

exercise

habits

that

leadto

weight

gain.

In

most

cases,

weight

problems

arisefrom

a

combination

of

habits

and

genetic

factors.Certain

illnesses,

like

thyroid

gland

problems

orunusual

genetic

disorders,

are mon

causes

for

peoplegaining

weight.Sometimes

emotions

can

fuel

obesity

as

well.People

tend

to

eat

more

when

they

are

upset,

anxious,sad,

stressed

out,

or

even

bored.

Then

after

they

eat

toomuch,

they

may

feel

bad

about

it

and

eat

more

to

dealwith

those

bad

feelings,

creating

a

tough

cycle

to

break.One

of

the

most

important

factors

in

weight

gain

isa

sedentary

lifestyle.

People

are

much

less

active

todaythan

they

used

to

be,

with

televisions,

computers,

andvideo

games

filling

their

spare

time.

Cars

dominate

ourlives,

and

fewer

people

walk

or

ride

bikes

to

getsomewhere.As

lives e

busier,

there

is

less

time

to

cook

healthymeals,

so

more

and

more

people

eat

at

restaurants,

grabtakeout

food,

or

buy

quick

foods

at

the

grocery

store

orfood

market

to

heat

up

at

home.

All

of

these

can

containlots

more

fat

and

calories

than

meals

prepared

fromfresh

foods

at

home.Who

Is

at

Risk

for ing

Obese?●The

number

ofpeople

who

are

obese

is

rising.

About

1.2

billion

people

in

the

worldare

overweight

and

at

least

300

million

of

themareobese,even

though

obesityisone

ofthe

10mostpreventable

health

risks,

according

to

theWorld

HealthOrganization.IntheUnited

States,

more

than

97

million

adults

-

that's

more

than

half

-

are

overweight

andalmostone

infiveadultsisobese.Among

teenagers

and

kids

6

years

and

older,

morethan15%areoverweight-

that'smorethan

three

times

the

number

of

young

people

whowere

overweight

in

the

1970s.At

least300,000deathseveryyearinthe

United

States

can

be

linked

toobesity.Inthe

United

States,

women

are

slightly

more

at

risk

for

ing

obese

than

men.

Race

andethnicity

also

can

be

factors

-

in

adolescents,

obesityis

morecommon

amongMexicanAmericans

and

AfricanAmericans.2.

Word-building

exercises

on

page28sub-(below)subabdominal（腹下的）subsequent（以后的）subacute（亞急性）subcerebral（大腦下的）subendocardial（心內膜下的）hypo-(below)hypothermia（低溫）hypoplasia（發(fā)育不全）hypochromia（血紅蛋白過少）hypochloridemia（低氯血癥）hypoglycemia（低血糖）cuti-,cuta-,(skin)cutaneous（皮膚的）cutireaction（皮膚反應）intracutaneous（皮內的）cutitis（皮炎）cuticle（表皮）dermo-,dermato-dermopathy（皮膚病）dermatology（皮膚病學）dermovascular（皮膚血管的）dermatitis（皮炎）dermotomyces（皮膚真菌）3.words

andexpressionssubcutaneous:

a. Sub-:

under

+

cutaneous:from

Latin

word:

cutis

/

cutes

(pl.):

skincuticle:n.(表皮)The

subcutaneous

route

should

not

beused,

because

absorption

is

relativelyslow.皮下注射法不應采用，因為吸收太慢。continuumMost

cellsare

alive,

and

most

can

alsoreproduce

and

thereby

sustain

thecontinuum

of

life.大多數(shù)細胞是活的，而且大多數(shù)還可以繁殖，從而維持生命的連續(xù)。criterion(pl.criteria)The

presence

or

absence

of

metastases

isone

of

the

most

important

criteriaindetermining

the

prognosis

of

an

individualcancer.轉移出現(xiàn)與否，在決定每個惡性腫瘤病例的預后時是最重要的標準之一。inverselyad.相反地inverse

a.相反的，倒轉的The

blood

cholesterol

level

tends

to

changeinversely

with

thyroid

function.血膽固醇水平常傾向和甲狀腺的功能成反比變化。There

is

a

general

inverse

correction

between

thelatent

period

and

the

severity

of

symptoms.潛伏期長短與病體的嚴重程度之間一般成反比關系。chronologic

a.chronology n.

:

the

science

studying

yearsdifferentiate

v.區(qū)分，分化

differentiation

n.e.g.

Special

laboratory

tests

should

helpto

differentiatemyeloencephalitis

resulting

from

toxins

or

chemicals.特殊化驗應有助于鑒別由于毒素或化學物質引起的腦脊髓言。With

time

monocytes

increase

in

number

and

differentiate

intomacrophages.隨著時間的推移，單核細胞逐漸增多并分化為巨噬細胞。Differentiation

should

also

be

made

between

affinity

and

intrinsicactivity.親和力和內在活性間也應相區(qū)別。The

affected

cells

grow

differently

and

lack

the

differentiationcharacteristics

of

normal

cells.受影響的細胞生長方式發(fā)生變化，而不再具有正常細胞所特有的分化作用。preadolescent:

a.

pre-:

beforeadolescent:

of

the

youngadolescence

n.corrective a.糾正的;矯正的改正的n.可數(shù)名詞起糾正作用的東西;修正It

is

possible

to

do

corrective

surgery

on

the

eyes

to

take

care

ofthe

problem.

通過做眼睛矯正手術解決這個問題是可行的。Scientific

institutions

have

been

reluctant

to

take

corrective

action...科學機構一直不愿作出更正。A

corrective

for

overacidity

is

an

alkaline

substance.酸性過度的中和劑是堿性物質。Correct

v.Animal

experiments

some

ten

years

ago

convinced

Dr.

Smiththat

Protein

C

was

a

key

in

correcting

the

coagulation

response.十年前的動物實驗使Dr.Smith堅信C蛋白正是矯正凝血反應的關鍵所在。epidemiology:

n. a

science

which

studiesepidemic

diseasesepidemiologic

a. concerning

epidemiologyEpidemic n.

&

adj.Epidemic

disease流行病Endemic

disease地方病Occupational

disease職業(yè)病Infectious

disease傳染?。諝猓〤ontagious

disease傳染?。ń佑|）TherapyPhysiotherapyChemotherapyRadiotherapyX-ray

therapyLocal

therapyTherapeuticTherapeuticallymaladaptation:

mal-:malnutrition營養(yǎng)失調;營養(yǎng)不良malfunction

機能不全;故障;疾病Maladaptation

調節(jié)不良Malabsorption

吸收不良Malaise

不適Malformation

畸形Malfunction

功能障礙Malnutrition

營養(yǎng)不良Malposition

錯位，異位Depress

v.

Depressed

a.Depression

n

Depressant a.

n.Depress

v.

抑制；降低Large

doses

of

corticosteroids

have

been

shown

to

depress

woundhealing

in

animals.在動物身上大劑量使用皮質激素已證明可抑制傷口愈合。Depressed a.抑郁的；沮喪的；壓低的；凹陷的Depressed

patients

often

respond

slowly

to

questions.患抑郁癥的病人通常對所問的問題反應遲鈍。The

plaque

is

generally

flat,

and

may

be

centrally

depressed

or

evenclear.斑塊一般是扁平的，也可以是中心凹陷甚至是平滑光亮的。Depress

v.

Depressed

a.Depression

n

Depressant a.

n.Depression

n.抑郁（癥)；壓低；凹陷The

patient

must

be

carefully

observed

for

signs

of

delayed

respiratorydepression.仔細觀察病人是否有遲發(fā)呼吸抑制的體征。ST

depressions

were

noted

the

anterior

wall

leads

of

the

ECG.心電圖前壁導聯(lián)可見ST段壓低。Childhood

depression兒童抑郁癥

is

not

as

rare

as

previously

believed.Depressant a.抑制的；鎮(zhèn)靜的n.抑制劑This

is

the

disadvantage

of

giving

depressant

drugs

rapidly.這就是快速給與抑制劑的缺點。Propranolol

reduces

cardiac

output

and

is

a

cardiac

depressant.心得安減少心輸出量，為心臟抑制劑。negative

aSo

far

57

have

taken

the

test

and

all

have

been

negative.到目前為止，參加測試的有57人，測試結果均呈陰性。Dr

Velayati

gave

a

vague

but

negative

response...

韋拉亞提醫(yī)生給了一個含糊而否定的回答。If

someone

is

negative(消極的;悲觀的)or

has

a

negativeattitude,they

consider

only

the

bad

aspects

of

a

situation,rather

than

the

good

ones.expenditure

n. from

the

verb

“expend”*

expenditure:

the

spending

or

using

(of

resources

such

asmoney,

time,

energy)e.g.

The

expenditure

of

so

much

time

on

that

project

wasworth.*

expense:

a)

a

cost,

price b)

that

must

be

paidat

the

expense

of:

at

the

cost

ofvocabularyPrevalenceVaryOnly

childTableChronologicAppraisalSpurtDistributionDetermineInheritDemandingCompulsiveAccentuateIngestionPrognosisinconspicuousWhile

reading1.questions

and

answers2.

language

points1.questions

and

answersWhat

does

“obesity”

mean?Why

are

tables

of

height

and

weight

got

chronologicalage

unsuitable

for

appraisal

of

adolescents?What

are

the

etiologies

and

correlations

of

obesity

inchildren

and

adolescents?How

do

health

professionals

deal

with

obese

childrenand

adolescents?What

do

obese

individuals

do

to

reduce

their

weight?2.

Language

pointsPrevalence流行；盛行；發(fā)病率In

the

days

of

widespread

prevalence,

40%

of

theadult

population

of

the

city

had

been

infected.在廣泛流行的日子里，城市成年人曾有40%受到感染。The

reported

prevalence

of

depression

in

childrenvaries

widely.關于兒童抑郁癥的患病率，各種報道差別很大。prevalenceIncidence

rateMorbidityAccuracy

rateComplicationrateSurvival

rateResponse

rate發(fā)病率發(fā)病率發(fā)病率準確率并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率存活率有效率Success

rate

成功率Recurrence

rate

復發(fā)率Cure

rate

治愈率Detection

rate

檢出率Obesity

in

adolescent

girls

is

related

inversel

to

socioeconomic

status,

and

it

is

more

commin

only

children

inboth

sexes.青少年中女孩的肥胖與其社會經濟狀況成反比，不論男女，肥胖在獨生子女中更常見。Nextis

related

inversely

to:與…成反比The

incidence

of

coronary

heart

disease

is

related

inverselyrelated

to

the

level

of

high

density

lipoproteins.冠心病的發(fā)病率與高密度脂蛋白的濃度成反比關系。is

directly

proportional

to與…成正比

e.g.

All

bodies

in

the

universe

have

an

attraction

for

all

otherbodies

which

is

directly

proportional

to

the

product

of

theirmasses

and

inversely

related

to

the

square

of

their

separationdistance.宇宙中所有天體對其他天體都有吸引力，這與它們的質量大小成正比，分離距離的平方成反比。介詞的使用Ultrastructural

observation

of/on

initialcalcification

indentinandenamel對牙本質和牙釉質的初步鈣化的超微觀察Long-term

observation

in

patients

withangina

and

normalcoronary

arterograms對心絞痛病人的長期觀察及其正常的冠狀動脈造影介詞的使用Shunt

operation

for

obesity分流術治療肥胖癥Surgery

for

portal

hypertension門靜脈高壓的手術治療Surgical

treatment

of/for

hyperthyroidism甲亢病的外科治療介詞的使用Epidemic

measles

in

young

adults青壯年中的麻疹流行Thyroid

function

in

patients

with

breast

cancer乳腺癌病人的甲狀腺功能Ultrasound

in

diagnosis

of

cholestatic

jaundice膽汁淤積性黃疸診斷中超聲波的應用Steroid

in

treatment

of

clinical

septic

shock在治療臨床感染性休克中激素的使用介詞的使用Bacteremia

due

togram-negativebacilli革蘭陰性桿菌引起的菌血癥Postoperative

syndromes

after

liver

surgery肝臟術后綜合癥Detection

of

acute

myocardial

infarctionbyradiommunoassay

for

creatin

kinase放射免疫測定肌酐激酶來診斷急性心肌梗塞inspection n.望診；檢查inspect

v.It

should

be

an

absolute

rule

that

inspection

of

the

part

tobe

examined

should always

come

first.在需要檢查的部位首先進行望診，這應該是一項絕對的規(guī)則。Inspection

auscultation（聽診

）

Inquiring

Diagnosis望聞問切The

exposed

position

of

the

eye

leads

itself

readily

toexternal

inspection.眼睛處于暴露地位便于外部檢查。inherit

vt. 1)

receive

property,

title,

etc.e.g.

The

eldest

son

will

inherit

the

title.2)

derive

(quality

etc.)

from

ancestors

e.g.

Scientists

have

been

reporting

that

atendency

to e

an

alcoholic

can

be

inherited.

A

definite

pattern

of

inherited

cancers

hasnot

been

established

for

most

cancers.Correlate

(with)（使）相互關聯(lián)The

structure

and

form

of

a

cell

is

closely

correlated

with

its

function.細胞的結構和形狀和它的功能之間有著密切的相互關系。Correlation n.相互關系Though

the

classification

is

based

on

pathology,

there

are

fairlyclearclinical

correlations.雖然該分類是建立在病理學基礎上的，但是其臨床上的相關性是很明顯的。Correlative a.相關的Few

roentgen

pathologic

correlative

studies

in

bronchiectasis

appear

inthe

literature.文獻中發(fā)表的有關支氣管擴張的X線病理學相關的研究為數(shù)很少。respond

(v)

to

反應，回答response

(n)

to應答，反應The

illness

quickly

responded

to

the

proper

treatment.疾病經適當治療迅速好轉。The

response

to

a

drug

is

determinedby

the

unbound

fraction

that

is

inthe

plasma

water.藥物的效應是由血漿中未結合部分決定的。responsive

(a) to

對…迅即感應的Bothe

organisms

are

usually

responsive

to

either

tetracycline

orampicillin.這兩種細菌通常對四環(huán)素或氨芐青霉素均很敏感。Responder應答者，反應者accentuate v.增強，加重The

condition

of

varicose

veins

of

the

legs

in

thispatient

has

been

accentuated.這個患者下肢靜脈曲張的病情已有加重The

importance

of

muscle

fatigue

in

accentuatingrespiratory

failure

has

been

recently

emphasized.肌肉疲勞對加重呼吸衰竭的重要性最近得到了強調。ingestion,intake都意為攝入，可指食物等從外界進入人體，不過intake可指進入的量，意為攝入量The

intentional

or

accidental

ingestion

of

corrosives

causesa

severe

chemical

gastritis.有意無意吃進腐蝕性東西可引起嚴重的化學性胃炎。Acute

gastritis

is

caused

usually

by

dietary

indiscretions,excessive

intake

of

alcohol,

irritating

drugs,

food

poisoningand

infectious

diseases.急性胃炎通常由于飲食不當，飲酒過度，刺激性藥物，食物中毒和傳染性疾病引起。underlie:form

a

basis

of形成…基礎e.g.

Excessive

drinking

and

fatigue

underlie

liver

cancer.*

underlying

a.

基礎的；潛在的

e.g.

Penicillin

and

sulfonamides

are

effective

against

anyunderlying

active

streptococcal

infection.青霉素和磺胺類藥物對任何潛伏的活動性鏈球菌感染有效。Little

is

known

of

the

underlying

mechanism

of

this

disorder.

amend:

make

changes

in

the

workings,

a

proposed

law,etc.1.改正，修正；2.修改，修訂，改進The

new

government

decided

to

amend

the

law.The

member

of

the

club

voted

to

amend

the

constitution.amendable

a.Cf.emend:take

out

errors

from1.修訂2.訂正，校訂

e.g.

Prof.

Johnson

decided

to

emend

the

first

chapter

ofthis

book.amend

指改動（字句），相當于change，reform；emend指改正（錯誤），相當于correct,check

error.可以定義為營養(yǎng)病A由B引起維生素缺乏并發(fā)癥誘因心理疾患防礙can

be

defined

asnutritional

disorderB

is

responsible

for

Avitamin

deficiencycomplicationpredispositionpsychological

disturbanceinterfere

withAfter

reading1.Supplementary

material2.translation1.Supplementary

materialHow

Can

Obesity

Affect

Your

Health?

Obesity

is

bad

news

for

both

body

and

mind.

Not

onlydoes

it

make

a

personfeel

tired

and fortable,

it

can

weardown

joints

and

put

extra

stress

on

other

parts

of

the

body.When

a

person

is

carrying

extra

weight,

it's

harder

to

keepup

with

friends,

play

sports,

or

just

walk

between

classes

atschool.

It

is

also

associated

with

breathing

problems

such

asasthma

and

sleep

apnea

and

problems

with

hips

and

kneejoints

that

may

require

surgery.There

can

be

more

serious

consequencesas

well.

Obesity

in

young

people

can

cause

illnessesthat

once

were

thought

to

be

problems

only

for

adults,such

as

hypertens