10020701課件信息檢索第1講

信息檢索與文獻閱讀（化學0701-0702）2009年9月3日第一部分化學專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語閱讀（20學時）第二部分英文閱讀材料（12學時）第三部分信息檢索（16學時）第一章作為定量科學和物質(zhì)科學的化學第二章原子、分子和離子第三章氣態(tài)第四章熱化學第五章有機化合物和基團的命名第六章無機化學、有機化學、物理化學、分析化學和生物化學化學術(shù)語

第一部分化學專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語閱讀（20學時）第二部分英文閱讀材料（12學時）

第一章松香酸度的標準測試方法

第二章Ⅲ－Ⅴ族半導(dǎo)體制備的新方法：InP納米晶的超聲化學合成

第三章分子離子材料的計算機模擬

第四章銷售合同

第五章專利說明書

第六章透射Laue法的X射線衍射

第三部分信息檢索（16學時）

第一章信息檢索基礎(chǔ)

第二章超星圖書館

第三章中國期刊網(wǎng)

第四章維普

第五章工程索引（Ei）

第六章美國化學文摘（CA）

第七章專利

教材和參考書：

1、魏高原，

化學專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語知識（I）（IntroductoryChemistrySpecialityEnglish），

北京大學出版社，2004。

2、

ReadingMaterials(自編講義)。3、

陳英，科技信息檢索（第二版），科學出版社，2005。4、

萬錫仁，InformationRetrievalandRelatedReadingMaterials，（待出版）。5、

[美]PhilipBall著，魏高原等注釋，

化學專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語（II），

北京大學出版社，2001。

課堂教學內(nèi)容安排第一節(jié)課教學要求說明詞匯預(yù)習課文閱讀理解第二節(jié)課課文閱讀理解（續(xù)）答疑布置課后作業(yè)課堂書面練習Chapter1ChemistryasaQuantitativeScienceandaScienceofMatter第一章作為定量科學和物質(zhì)科學的化學一、教學要求掌握：1、化學測量中基本數(shù)字、單位和有效數(shù)字的運算規(guī)則；2、原子結(jié)構(gòu)、原子與元素以及物質(zhì)的概念；3、有關(guān)專業(yè)英語詞匯。熟悉：化學變化的本質(zhì)。了解：原子結(jié)構(gòu)測定的經(jīng)典實驗。

二、詞匯(Newwordsandexpressions)swamp

沼澤地

rusting生銹curiosity好奇心irritation刺激,疼痛rotten(rot)腐爛的amultitudeof許多的,大量的mixture混合物quantitative定量的

accumulate積聚,堆積

physicalproperty物理性質(zhì)

significantfigure有效數(shù)字

instrument儀器

analyticalbalance分析天平

randomerror隨機誤差

precision精密度二、詞匯(Newwordsandexpressions)

systematicerror系統(tǒng)誤差

accuracy精確性

ambiguous(ambiguity)含糊不清的

decimalpoint

小數(shù)點

arithmetic算術(shù),算法

round…to…把…四舍五入

additionandsubtraction

multiplicationanddivision

scientificnotation科學記數(shù)法

二、詞匯(Newwordsandexpressions)

metricsystem米制

discipline學科

atmosphere大氣壓

dimensionalmethod量綱法

conversionfactor轉(zhuǎn)換因子

figureout推斷

atomandelement原子和元素（單質(zhì)）

abbreviation縮寫二、詞匯(Newwordsandexpressions)AluminumAlCarbonCNitrogenNSiliconSiArsenicAsChlorineClOxygenOSulfurSBromineBrChromiumCrPhosphorusPUraniumUCalciumCaHydrogenHPlatinumPtZincZn二、詞匯(Newwordsandexpressions)AntimonySbCopperCuGoldAuIronFeLeadPbMercuryHgPotassiumKSilverAgSodiumNaTinSnTungstenW二、詞匯(Newwordsandexpressions)nucleus(nuclei)原子核proton

質(zhì)子neutron

中子footballstadium

足球場marble大理石,石子atomicnumber原子序數(shù)

massnumber質(zhì)量數(shù)puresubstance

純凈物二、詞匯(Newwordsandexpressions)isotope

同位數(shù)homogeneous均勻的

solution

溶液intermingle混合

heterogeneous非均勻的

microscope

顯微鏡solute

溶質(zhì)transition

轉(zhuǎn)變二、詞匯(Newwordsandexpressions)Length(l) meter(ormetre) mMass(m)kilogram kgTime(t)secondsElectriccurrent(I)ampere ATemperature(T) kelvin KLuminousintensity(Iv)candela((新)燭光(光度單位))cd發(fā)光強度Amountofsubstance(n)mole molSIDerivedPhysicalQuantitiesandUnitsQuantity(symbol)NameofUnit(symbol)DerivedUnitArea(A)squaremeterm2Volume(V)cubicmeterm3Density()kilogrampercubicmeterkg/m3Velocity(u)meterpersecond m/sPressure(p)pascal(Pa) kg/(m.s2)Energy(E)joule(J) (kg.m2)/s2Frequency(v)hertz(Hz)1/sQuantityofelectricity(Q)coulomb(C)A.sElectromotiveforce(E)volt(V) (kg.m2)/(A.s3)電動勢Force(F)newton(N) kg.m/s2PrefixesforMultiplesandFractionsofSIUnitsDecimalLocationPrefixPrefixSymbol1012teraT109gigaG106megaM103kilo k102hecto h10deka da0.1decid10-2 centi c10-3 millim10-6 micro10-9 nano n10-12 picoP10-15 femtof10-18 atto.渺(微微微,毫塵)a三、課文的閱讀理解

學生閱讀課文5~10分鐘，教師指定學生逐段朗讀課文，并翻譯成中文，教師及時評講。Chapter2ChemistryasaQuantitativeScienceandaScienceofMatter作為定量科學和物質(zhì)科學的化學

2.1Introduction

Everyobjectintheworldaroundyoucanbedescribedintermsofchemistry.Manyeventsthatyoucanseeoccurringinnatureinvolvechemicalchanges:thechangingcoloroftheleavesinthefall,thetransformationofapondintoaswamp沼澤地,therusting生銹ofiron.

Curiosity好奇心aboutwhatcanbeobservedintheworldhasledtothestudyofchemistry.Let'sdescribewhatisseeninonespecificchemicalchange.Twosubstancesareinvolved.

Oneisablackpowderysolid.Theotherisacolorlessliquidthatcausesirritation刺激,疼痛ifspilledontheskin.Ifsomeoftheblacksolidisplacedinacontainerandtheliquidslowlyadded,thingshappen.Theblacksolidbeginstodissolve.Thesolutionthatisformedisnotblack,butverypalegreen.Atthesametime,agasbeginstobubbleoutofthesolution.Andtheairisfilledwithaterriblesmell,likethatofrotten腐爛的

eggs.

Whatamultitudeofadj.許多的,大量的

questionscanbeaskedhere.Whatarethesesubstances?Whydidtheblacksoliddissolve?Whatwasformedinitsplace?Howmuchoftheliquiddoesittaketodissolvealloftheblacksolid?

Howmuchofthegascanbeproduced?Howlongdidthechangetake?Willeventsspeedupifweheatthemixture?Ifso,byhowmuchperdegreeoftemperature?Noticehowmanyofthequestionsarequantitativeones.Observationandmeasurementbothplayvitalrolesinansweringthequestionsofchemistry.Achemicalchangeisnotcompletelyunderstooduntilitisunderstoodquantitatively--intermsofmeasurementsandnumbers.

Ourunderstandingofchemistryistestedbymakingmeasurements.Ifapredictionismadebasedonwhatwethinkweunderstand,andifthepredictionisshowntobecorrectbyobtainingthepredictednumbersinaquantitativetest,wehavegreaterconfidenceinourunderstanding.

Instudyingchemistryyouwillbepresentedwithfactsaccumulatedduringhundredsofyearsofobservationandmeasurement.Youwillalsolearnhowtheprinciplesofchemistryareusedtoexplainwhathasbeenobserved.

Totestyourunderstandingofchemicalprinciples,youwillsolveproblems,frequentlyproblemsthatutilizetheresultsofmeasurementsofphysicalproperties.2.2NumbersinPhysicalQuantities(物理量中的數(shù)字)MeasurementandSignificantFigures(測量和有效數(shù)字)

(1)Theresultofmeasuringaphysicalpropertyisexpressedbyanumericalvaluetogetherwithaunitofmeasurement,forexample,180pounds91kilograms

(2)Exactnumbersarenumberswithnouncertainty;theyarise(產(chǎn)生)bydirectlycounting

wholeitemsorbydefinition.Numbersthatresultfrommeasurementsareneverexact.

Thereisalwayssomedegreeofuncertaintyduetoexperimentalerrors:limitationsofthemeasuringinstrument,variationsinhoweachindividualmakesmeasurements,orotherconditionsoftheexperiment.

(3)Significantfiguresinanumberincludeallofthedigitsthatareknownwithcertainty,plusthefirstdigittotherightthathasanuncertainvalue.Forexample,theuncertaintyinthemassofapowdersample,i.e.（也就是，即）3.1267g,asreadfroman"analyticalbalance”,is±0.000lg.

(4)Errorsinmeasurement:（4）測量誤差

(i)Randomerrorswhichresultfromuncontrolledvariablesinanexperimentandaffectprecision--thereproducibilityoftheresultsofameasurement;(ii)Systematicerrorswhichcanbeassigned分配,指派todefinitecausesandaffectaccuracy

theclosenesstothetrueresultofameasurementoranexperiment.(1)Thenumberofsignificantfiguresisfoundbycountingfromlefttoright,beginningwiththefirstnonzerodigitandendingwiththedigitthathastheuncertainvalue,e.g.,（舉例來說）

454(3)0.296(3)7.31(3)0.00846(3)10.7(3)1520(3)1520.(4)N.B.[(Lat.)注意

(notabene)]Zerosattheendofanumbergivenwithoutadecimalpointpresent

aproblembecausetheyareambiguous.Ingeneral,werecommend推薦

thatsuchterminalzeros(should)beassumedtobenotsignificant.Theambiguityisremovedifadecimalpoint小數(shù)點isgiven;thenallthezerosprecedingthedecimalpointaresignificant

后跟賓語從句中的謂語常用“（should+）動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞

...

堅持（insist），命令（order，command），建議（suggest，propose，advise，recommend），...

(2)Ex.（

Example例如,例子）Howmanysignificantfiguresareinthenumbers(a)57,(b)82.9,(c)340,(d)700.,(e)10.000,(f)0.000002,(g)0.0402,and(h)0.04020?

3.ArithmeticUsingSignificantFigures(利用有效數(shù)字的計算)(1)Additionandsubtraction:Roundtheanswertotheplace(beforeorafterthedecimalpoint)withthegreatestuncertainty,e.g.,(2)Multiplicationanddivision:Roundtheanswertothesamenumberofsignificantfiguresasinthenumberwiththefewestsignificantfigures,e.g.[例如

(exempligratia)](23.2)(0.1257)=[2.91624]=2.92

(3)Ex.Performthefollowingcalculationandexpresstheanswertothepropernumberofsignificantfigures.

4.ScientificNotation（記數(shù)法)(ExponentialNotation)(科學記數(shù)法)(1)Instandardscientificnotationthesignificantfiguresofanumberareretained保持,保留

inafactorbetween1and10andthelocationofthedecimalpointisindicatedbyapowerof10,e.g.

0.0063=6.3×10-3900,000,000=9×108

(2)ArithmeticUsingScientificNotation(使用科學記數(shù)法計算)2.3UnitsofMeasurement(測量單位)1.SystemsofMeasurement（測量單位制）

(1)

TheweightofanEnglishman=14stone(英石，14pounds)(89kilograms)anAmerican=180pounds(82kilograms)(2)Metricsystem:米制

devisedbytheFrenchNationalAcademyofSciencesin1793.米制：1793年由法國國家科學院提出(3)SIsystemn.國際單位制(forSystemeInternational):adoptedbytheInternationalBureauofWeightsandMeasures國際計量局

in1960,itisarevisionandextensionofthemetricsystem.Scientistsandengineersthroughouttheworldinalldisciplinesarenowbeingurged迫切要求touseonlytheSIsystemofunits.

(4)Equivalencebetweenunits(Theequivalencesmarkedby"*"areexact):

2.UnitsofMeasurementinChemistry(化學的測量單位)Length:1?=10-10m=0.1nmVolume:1mL(milliliter=millilitre)=10-3L=1cm3(centimeters)

MassandWeight:BoththeSIandmetricsystemsrelyonthegram,andthemultiplesandfractionsofthegram,astheunitsformass作為質(zhì)量的單位.Strictlyspeaking,weightshouldbeexpressedinunitsofforce.

Inpractice,however,thedistinctionbetweenweightandmassisoftenignored.Expressionssuchas"weighout30gramsofthismaterial”,or"Howmanygramsdoesthatsampleweigh?"areoftenused.

Density:g/cm3=g/mLTemperature:Therearethreetemperaturescales:theSIscale,measuredinKelvinunits;theCelsiusorcentigradescale,measuredindegreesCelsius(℃);andtheFahrenheitscale,measuredindegreesFahrenheit(℉).℃=[(℉+40)(5/9)]-40℉=[(℃+40)(9/5)]-40K=℃+273.15Heatandenergy:1cal(calorie卡路里)=4.184JForceandpressure:1N=1kgm.s-21Pa=1N/m2=1kg/(m.s2)Theunitsforpressureincludeatmospheres(atm),bars(bar),poundspersquareinch(psi,n.磅/平方英寸),torr(Torrtorr托（真空度單位）,),andmillimetersofmercury(mmHg).

2.4TheDimensionalMethodandProblemSolving(量綱法和問題的求解)1.TheDimensionalMethod(量綱法)

(1)Thenumericalvalueofameasurementshouldalwaysbeexpressedtogetherwiththecorrectunit.Inaproblem,unitsaremultiplied,divided,andcancelledexactlyasnumberswouldbe.Iftheproblemiscorrectlysetupandworked,itshouldproduceananswerinthecorrectunits.

2.ConversionFactors(轉(zhuǎn)換因子)(1)Theconversionofaphysicalquantityfromoneunittoanotherisdonewithconversionfactorsderivedfromthenumericalrelationshipbetweenthetwounits.Choosingthecorrectconversionfactorallowsthecancellationoftheunwantedunits.Conversionfactorsorphysicalconstantsshouldincludeasufficientnumberofsignificantfiguressoasnottoaffecttheuncertaintyoftheanswer.(Ifaconversionfactorisanexactnumberitcanbetreatedashavingasmanysignificantfiguresasneeded.)3.AProblem-SolvingMethod(1)Tosolveaproblem,firstmakesurethatyouunderstandexactlywhatisknownandwhatisunknown.Thentrytofigureout（推斷）howtheknownsandunknownsintheproblemareconnected.Payspecialattentiontounitsandconversions.Insettinguptheproblemandsolvingit,checktoseeiftheansweremergesinthecorrectunits.Makesuretoobeytherulesforthecorrectnumberofsignificantfiguresintheanswer.Finally,seeiftheanswerseemsreasonable.四、答疑

一般情況下，爭對學生提出的問題進行個別答疑。1.

TranslatethetechnicaltermsinthetextintoChinesebyreferringtorelevantdictionaries.2.

(18)01((a),(b),(e),(k));03((a),(c));073.

TranslatethistextintoChinese.五、課后作業(yè)Exercises01Performthefollowingcalculationsandexpresstheanswersinthepropernumberofsignificantfigures.(a)

423.1+0.256+100(b)

52.987+9.3545+6.12(e)

14.000/6.1(k)

(6.0+9.57+0.61)(1.113)03Performthefollowingcalculationsandexpresstheanswerinstandardscientificnotation:(6.057×103)+9.35(c)(4.51×10-3)/(8.78×104)07Themassofanemptycontaineris66.734g.Themassofthecontainerfilledwithwateris91.786g.Calculatethevolumeofthecontainerusingadensityof1.0000g/cm3forwater.Apieceofmetalwasaddedtotheemptycontainerandthecombinedmasswas87.807g.(b)Calculatethemassofthemetal.Thecontainerwiththemetalwasfilledwithwaterandthemassoftheentiresystemwas105.408g.(c)Whatmassofwaterwasadded?(d)Whatvolumeofwaterwasadded?(e)Whatisthevolumeofthemetal?(f)Calculatethedensityofthemetal?

01Performthefollowingcalculationsandexpresstheanswersinthepropernumberofsignificantfigures.(a)

423.1+0.256+100=500(b)

52.987+9.3545+6.12=68.46(c)

14.3920-4.4=10.0(d)

(5183)(2.2)=（11402.6）=11000(有兩位有效數(shù)字)(e)

14.000/6.1=2.3(f)

(6.11)()=19.2(g)

(14.3)(60)=(858)=900(60有一位有效數(shù)字)(h)

1020/1.2=850（2位）(i)

(3.2)(454)/(8.6214)=（168.51）=170(k)

(6.0+9.57+0.61)(1.113)=18.0(l)

(2.93)(14.7)+(1203)(0.0296)+(9.38)(5.2)=(127.4558)=12703Performthefollowingcalculationsandexpresstheanswerinstandardscientificnotation:(a)(6.057×103)+9.35=6.066×103(b)(2.35×10-14)-(7.1×10-15)=1.64×10-14(c)(4.51×10-3)/(8.78×104)=5.14×10-8(d)(1812)(1492)/1979=1.366×103

[(7.33×10-3)+(4.29×101)]/[(5.88×10-3)+(4.29×101)]=1.00(f)(5km)(14.6)=(73)=7×101km(1位)

預(yù)習內(nèi)容：

復(fù)習內(nèi)容：1、復(fù)習和整理本課文的專業(yè)詞匯；2、本課文的全文翻譯。

Chapter2

Atoms,Molecules,andIons六、課堂練習swamprustingcuriosityirritationrottenamultitudeofmixturequantitative1、翻譯下列詞匯：

accumulatephysicalproperty

significantfigureinstrument

analyticalbalance

randomerror

precision

systematicerror

accuracy

ambiguous(ambiguity)decimalpoint

arithmeticround…to…additionandsubtraction

multiplicationanddivision

scientificnotation

metricsystemdisciplineatmospheredimensionalmethodconversionfactorfigureoutatomandelementabbreviationAluminumCarbonNitrogenSiliconArsenicChlorineOxygenSulfurBromineChromiumPhosphorusUraniumCalciumHydrogenPlatinumZincAntimonyCopperGoldIronLeadMercury