獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)及其用法

關(guān)于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)及其用法第1頁，講稿共12頁，2023年5月2日，星期三12大家知道，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是由兩部分構(gòu)成的詞組組成。第一部分一般由名詞、名詞詞組或代詞擔(dān)任，第二部分由動詞的非謂語形式(動詞不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞短語和過去分詞短語)、形容詞、副詞、名詞和介詞短語擔(dān)任。這兩部分在邏輯意義上有主謂關(guān)系，即第一部分是第二部分的邏輯主語。例如：Thequestion

settled,theywenttohavetheirlunch.Theweather

(being)fine,wedecidedtogoonanouting..Theteachercamein,book

inhand.Themanlaythere,hishands

trembling.第2頁，講稿共12頁，2023年5月2日，星期三13獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中可擔(dān)任不同的句子成分。例如：Thequestion

ratherdifficult,wemustspendmoretimeconsideringitcarefully.(表示原因)此句可改寫為:Asthequestionisratherdifficult,wemustspendmoretimeconsideringitcarefully.Weather

permitting,wewillgoforanoutingtomorrow.(表示條件)此句可改寫為：Ifweatherpermits,wewillgoforanoutingtomorrow.第3頁，講稿共12頁，2023年5月2日，星期三14獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)根據(jù)其不同詞類的搭配可歸納如下：1.名詞(或代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞短語；在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，名詞(或代詞)與現(xiàn)在分詞短語之間為主動關(guān)系。例如：It

beingSunday,theyhadnoclasses.此句可改寫為：AsitwasSunday,theyhadnoclasses.Thebell

ringing,allthestudentsenteredtheclassroom.此句可改寫為：Assoonasthebellrang,allthestudentsenteredtheclassroom.2.名詞(或代詞)+過去分詞短語；在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，名詞(或代詞)與過去分詞之間為被動關(guān)系。例如：Everything

takenintoconsideration,heisthemostsuitablepersonforthejob.此句可改寫為：Ifeverythingistakenintoconsideration,heisthemostsuitablepersonforthejob.Herhomework

done,Marydecidedtogoshopping.此句可改寫為：Asherhomeworkwasdone,Marydecidedtogoshopping.第4頁，講稿共12頁，2023年5月2日，星期三153.名詞(或代詞)+動詞不定式；在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，名詞(或代詞)與動詞不定式之間為主動關(guān)系，動詞不定式表示將來。例如：Thestudentsweredividedintothreegroups,each

tofinishonethirdofthework.此句可改寫為：Thestudentsweredividedintothreegroups,andeach(group)wouldfinishonethirdofthework.Herearethefirstthreevolumes,thefourthone

tocomeoutnextmonth.此句可改寫為：Herearethefirstthreevolumes,andthefourthonewillcomeoutnextmonth.Hesuggestedgoingforapicnic,Mary

toprovidethefood.此句可改寫為：HesuggestedgoingforapicnicandMarywouldprovidethefood.第5頁，講稿共12頁，2023年5月2日，星期三164.名詞(或代詞)+形容詞；例如：Thebabybegantocryagain,hisface

verypaleandhislips

colorless.此句可改寫為：Thebabybegantocryagainwithhisfaceverypaleandhislipscolorless.Theyweremakingasnowman,hands

redwithcold.此句可改寫為：Theyweremakingasnowmanwiththeirhandsredwithcold.第6頁，講稿共12頁，2023年5月2日，星期三175.名詞(或代詞)+介詞短語；例如：Hewaslyingonthelawn,hishands

underhishead.此句可改寫為：Hewaslyingonthelawnwithhishandsunderhishead.So,Oliverrosefromthetableandwentuptothemaster,bowlandspoon

inhand.此可改寫為：So,Oliverrosefromthetableandwentuptothemasterwithabowlandaspooninhishand.6.名詞(或代詞)+副詞；例如：Themeeting

over,theywenthomeatonce.此句可改寫為：Afterthemeetingwasover,theywenthomeatonce.Hishead

down,hewasstandingatthedooroftheclassroom.此句可改寫為：Hewasstandingatthedooroftheclassroomwithhisheaddown.第7頁，講稿共12頁，2023年5月2日，星期三187.名詞(或代詞)+名詞；例如：Hisfirstattempt

failure,hetriedagain.此句可改寫為：Ashisfirstattemptfailed,hetriedagain.Hefoughtthethreerascalsbravely,astick

hisonlyweapon.此句可改寫為：Hefoughtthethreerascalsbravelywithastickashisonlyweapon.8.Here(或there)+現(xiàn)在分詞短語；例如：There

beingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.此句可改寫為：Astherewasnobus,wehadtowalkhome.Here

cominganotherguest,Ihadtobuyonemorebottleofwine.此句可改寫為：Becauseherecameanotherguest,Ihadtobuyonemorebottleofwine.第8頁，講稿共12頁，2023年5月2日，星期三199.介詞with(like,without,等)+賓語(名詞或代詞)+賓語補(bǔ)足語構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，作賓語補(bǔ)足語的主要有現(xiàn)在分詞短語、過去分詞短語、動詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、名詞和介詞短語等?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示目前狀態(tài)(主動)，過去分詞表示動作已經(jīng)完成(被動)，動詞不定式則表示動作將要發(fā)生。例如：Hewassotiredthathefellasleepwiththelampburning.Withyoutoleadtheway,wearesuretogetthereontime.WithsomanypeoplecommunicatinginEnglisheveryday,itwillbecomemoreandmoreimportanttohaveagoodknowledgeofEnglish.Withhishomeworkfinished,hewenttoseeafilm.Wecouldhardlyseeanythingwiththelightsout.Twoguardswerestandingatthegate,withagunintheirhands.Withoutonemorewordspoken,theywentaway.Theoldmanaddedafewlinesandcoloredtheopenspacelikeachildplayingwithapicturebook.Theoldmanlivesalonewiththedoghisonlycompanion.第9頁，講稿共12頁，2023年5月2日，星期三110注意：⑴從1—8種結(jié)構(gòu)可以看出，這些獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于相應(yīng)的狀語從句或其他結(jié)構(gòu)，只不過這些從句的主語與主句主語不同罷了。如果從句的主語與主句主語一致，則只能變?yōu)榉衷~短語；從句為主動語態(tài)時，變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在分詞短語；若從句為被動語態(tài)時，則變?yōu)檫^去分詞短語。試比較：Afterhedidthework,hewenthome.=Havingdonethework,hewenthome.Aftertheworkwasdone,hewenthome.=Theworkdone,hewenthome.Ifwaterisheated,itwillturnintosteam.=Heated,waterwillturnintosteam.Assomanypeoplewereabsent,themeetinghadtobeputofftillnextweek.=Somanypeople(being)absent,themeetinghadtobeputofftillnextweek.第10頁，講稿共12頁，2023年5月2日，星期三111

⑵從第9種結(jié)構(gòu)可以看出，此結(jié)構(gòu)就是介詞+復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可以起到不同的語法功能。例如：Withtheboyleadingtheway,wehadnodifficultyinfindingMr.Green’shouse.此句相當(dāng)于Becausetheboyledtheway,wehadnodifficultyinfindingMr.Green’shouse.WithJimtohelpmewithmyEnglish,Icandobetterinit.此句相當(dāng)于IfJimhelpsme

withmyEnglish,Icandobetterinit.Helivesinaroomwithitswindowfacingnorth.此句相當(dāng)于Helivesinaroomwhosewindow

facesnorth.Ourschoollooksmorebeau