2023年考研考博考博英語(yǔ)哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試高頻考點(diǎn)參考題庫(kù)帶答案

2023年考研考博考博英語(yǔ)哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試高頻考點(diǎn)參考題庫(kù)帶答案（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）答案解析附后第1卷一.綜合題(共20題)1.單選題Forcenturies,explorershaveriskedtheirlivesventuringintotheunknownforreasonsthatweretovaryingdegreeseconomicandnationalistic.ColumbuswentwesttolookforbettertraderoutestotheOrientandtopromotethegreatergloryofSpain.LewisandClarkjourneyedintotheAmericanwildernesstofindoutwhattheU.ShadacquiredwhenitpurchasedLouisiana,andtheAppoloastronautsrocketedtothemooninadramaticshowoftechnologicalmuscleduringthecoldwar.Althoughtheirmissionsblendedcommercialandpolitical-militaryimperatives,theexplorersinvolvedallaccomplishedsomesignificantsciencesimplybygoingwherenoscientistshadgonebefore.TodayMarsloomsashumanity’snextgreatterraincognita.Andwithdoubtfulprospectsforashort-termfinancialreturn,withthecoldwararapidlyfadingmemoryandamidagrowingemphasisoninternationalcooperationinlargespaceventures,itisclearthatimperativesotherthanprofitsornationalismwillhavetocompelhumanbeingstoleavetheirtracksontheplanet’sreddishsurface.Coulditbethatscience,whichhaslongplayedaminorroleinexploration,isatlastdestinedtotakeleadingrole?Thequestionnaturallyinvitesacoupleofothers:ArethereexperimentsthatonlyhumanscoulddoonMars?Couldthoseexperimentsprovideinsightsprofoundenoughtojustifytheexpenseofsendingpeopleacrossinterplanetaryspace?WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen.Theissueofwhetherlifeexistedontheplanet,andwhetheritpersiststothisday,hasbeenhighlightedbymountingevidencethattheRedPlanetoncehadabundantstable,liquidwaterandbythecontinuingcontroversyoversuggestionsthatbacterialfossilsrodetoEarthonameteoritefromMars.AmoreconclusiveansweraboutlifeonMars,pastorpresent,wouldgiveresearchersinvaluabledataabouttherangeofconditionsunderwhichaplanetcangeneratethecomplexchemistrythatleadstolife.IfitcouldbeestablishedthatlifearoseindependentlyonMarsandEarth,thefindingwouldprovidethefirstconcretecluesinoneofthedeepestmysteriesinallofscience:theprevalenceoflifeintheuniverse.1.Accordingtothepassage,thechiefpurposeofexplorersingoingtounknownplaceinthepastwas（

）.2.Atpresent,aprobableinducementforcountriestoinitiatelarge-scalespaceventuresis（

）.3.WhatisthemaingoalofsendinghumanmissionstoMars?4.Bysaying“WithMarsthescientificstakesarearguablyhigherthantheyhaveeverbeen”(linel,Para.4),theauthormeansthat（

）.5.ThepassagetellsusthatproofoflifeonMarswould（

）.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.todisplaytheircountry’smilitarymightB.toaccomplishsomesignificantscienceC.tofindnewareasforcolonizationD.topursuecommercialandstateinterests問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.internationalcooperationB.nationalisticreasonsC.scientificresearchD.long-termprofits問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.Tofindoutiflifeeverexistedthere.B.Toseeifhumanscouldsurvivethere.C.Toprovethefeasibilityoflarge-scalespaceventures.D.Toshowtheleadingroleofscienceinspaceexploration.問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.withMarstherisksinvolvedaremuchgreaterthananypreviousspaceventuresB.inthecaseofMars,therewardsofscientificexplorationcanbyveryhighC.inthecaseofMars,muchmoreresearchfundsareneededthaneverbeforeD.withMars,scientistsargue,thefundamentalinterestsofscienceareissue問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.makeclearthecomplexchemistryinthedevelopmentoflifeB.confirmthesuggestionthatbacterialfossilstraveledtoEarthonameteoriteC.revealthekindofconditionsunderwhichlifeoriginatesD.provideanexplanationwhylifeiscommonintheuniverse2.單選題Inthelast12yearstotalemploymentintheUnitedStatesgrewfasterthanatanytimeinthepeacetimehistoryofanycountry-from82to110millionbetween1973and1985-thatis,byafullonethird.Theentiregrowth,however,wasinmanufacturing,andespeciallyno-blue-collarjobs.Thistrendisthesameinalldevelopedcountries,andis,indeed,evenmorepronouncedinJapan.Itisthereforehighlyprobablethatin25yearsdevelopedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandJapanwillemploynolargeraproportionoftheharborforceinmanufacturingthandevolvedcountriesnowemployinfarming-atmost,10percent.TodaytheUnitedStatesemploysaround18millionpeopleinblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingindustries.By2010,thenumberislikelytobenomorethan12million.Insomemajorindustriesthedropwillbeevensharper.Itisquiteunrealistic,forinstance,toexpectthattheAmericanautomobileindustrywillemploymoreone-thirdofitspresentblue-collarforce25yearshence,eventhoughproductionmightbe50percenthigher.Ifacompany,anindustryoracountrydoesnotinthenextquartercenturysharplyincreasemanufacturingproductionandatthesamesharplyreducetheblue-collarworkforce,itcannothopetoremaincompetitiveoreventoremain"developed”.Theattempttopreservesuchblue-collarjobsisactuallyaprescriptionforunemployment.ThisisnotaconclusionthatAmericanpoliticians,laborleadersorindeedthegeneralpubliccaneasilyunderstandoraccept.WhatconfusestheissueevenmoreitthattheUnitedStatesisexperiencingseveralseparateanddifferentshiftsinthemanufacturingeconomy.Oneistheaccelerationofthesubstitutionofknowledgeandcapitalformanuallabor.WhenHenryFordintroducedtheassemblylinein1909,hecutthenumberofman-hoursrequiredtoproduceamotorbysome80percentintwoorthreeyearsfarmorethananyoneexpectstoresultfromeventhemostcompleteprioritization.Butthereisnodoubtthatwearefacinganew,sharpaccelerationinthereplacementofmanualworkersbymachines—thatis,bytheproductsofknowledge.1.Accordingtotheauthor,theshrinkageinthemanufacturinglaborforcedemonstrates（

）.2.Accordingtotheauthor,incoming25years,adevelopedcountryorindustry,inordertoremaincompetitive,oughtto（

）.3.Americanpoliticiansandlaborleaderstendtodislike（

）.4.Theword"prescription"in’’aprescriptionforunemployment"maybetheequivalentto（

）.5.Thispassagemayhavebeenexceptedfrom（

）.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.thedegreetowhichacountry'sproductionisrobotizedB.areductioninacountry’smanufacturingindustriesC.aworseningrelationshipbetweenlaborandmanagementD.thedifferencebetweenadevelopedcountryandadevelopingcountry問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.reducethepercentageoftheblue-collarworkforceB.preserveblue-collarjobsforinternationalcompetitionC.acceleratemotor-carmanufacturinginHenryFord’sstyleD.solvetheproblemofunemployment問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.confusioninmanufacturingeconomyB.anincreaseinblue-collarworkforceC.internalcompetitioninmanufacturingproductionD.adropintheblue-collarjobopportunities問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.somethingrecommendedasmedicaltreatmentB.awaysuggestedtoovercomesomberdifficultyC.somemeasurestakeninadvanceD.adevicetodire問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.amagazineaboutcapitalinvestmentB.anarticleonautomationC.amotor-carmagazineD.anarticleonglobaleconomy3.單選題HowdidalankyDanishvegetarianwhowearsT-shirtstoimportantmeetingsandvotesonlyforleft-wingpoliticiansbecomethegreatSatanofenvironmentalism?Bytellingeveryoneheisanenvironmentalistbutsoundingliketheopposite.“Wearenotrunningoutofenergyornaturalresources,”writesBjornLomborg,37,anassociateprofessorofstatisticsatDenmark'sUniversityofAarhusandaformermemberofGreenpeace,inhis1998bookTheSkepticalEnvironmentalist.“Airandwateraroundusarebecominglessandlesspolluted.Mankind'slothasactuallyimprovedintermsofpracticallyeverymeasurableindicator.”Thebook,whichwaspublishedinEnglishlastyear,becameabestseller,andconservativesworldwideuseitsideastojustifyinactiononsuchissuesasdeforestationandglobalwarming."Weshoulddosomethingthatactuallydoesgoodandnotsoundsgood,”hesaysoftheexpenseofcomplyingwiththeKyotoProtocolonglobalwarming.“ForthecostofKyotoforoneyear,wecouldgivecleandrinkingwaterandsanitationtoeveryhumanbeingonearth."SomescientistssaytheyinitiallyhopedtoignoreLomborgbutinthewakeofhisbook’spopularityhavereactedwithafuryrarelyseeninacademia.PeterRaven,chairmanoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience,callsLomborg“theprimeexampleinourtimeofsomeonewhodistortsstatisticsandstatementstomeethisownpoliticalend.”Adozenesteemedenvironmentalscientists,includingRavenandHarvard’sEdwardO.Wilson,aredemandingthatLomborg’spublishercuthimloose.“WearedeeplydisturbedthatCambridgeUniversityPresswouldpublishandpromoteanerror-filled,poorlyreferencedandnon-peer-reviewedwork,”theywriteinalettercallingonCambridgetotransferpublishingrightstoapopular,non-scholarlypress.Theproblemis,Lomborggetsmanyofhisfactsrightandprovides2,930footnotestomakethemeasytocheck.Somescientistsandenvironmentaladvocateshavemadeexaggeratedclaimsaboutenvironmentaldoom,andit’snotsurprisingthattheyhavefinallybeencatalogued.YetLomborgisasguiltyofexaggerationandselectiveuseofdataasthosehecriticizes.Heisrightthatairandwaterqualityandagriculturalproductivityhaveimprovedinmuchoftheworld.Buttolookatthedataonglobalwarming,biologicaldiversity,marinedepletionanddeforestationandstillsaythingsaregenerallygettingbettertakesawillfulblindness.That’swhyit’sashamesomanyoftheattacksonLomborgrelyonnamecalling.Allthatdoesistoavoidwhatcouldbeavaluabledebateonthesubstanceofenvironmentalpolicy—and,ofcourse,helpLomborgsellbooks.“I'mmakingafairamountofmoneyfromthebook,’’saysLomborg,‘‘AlotmorethanCambridgethought,1.WhyisBjornLamborgcriticizedbyenvironmentalists?2.WecanlearnfromthetextthatTheSkepticalEnvironmentalistisabookthat（

）.3.ConservativesworldwidesharewithLomborgthesameviewthatdeforestationandglobalwarmingare（

）.4.Thescientists,accordingtothetext,demandthatCambridgeUniversityPress（）.5.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofthecriticismagainstLomborg'sbook?問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.Becausehehasalwaysbeenagainstprotectingtheenvironment.B.Becausehebelievesthatenvironmentalproblemsarebecomingworse.C.Becauseheputforwardanewhypothesisofprotectingtheworldenvironment.D.Becauseheclaimstobeanenvironmentalistbutdoubtsthatenvironmentalproblemsareasseriousastheyusedtobe.問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.hasattractedattentionfromboththepublicandthescholarsB.hasbeenneglectedbythereaderssinceitspublicationC.hasbeengreatlypraisedbythereaderssinceitspublicationD.hasbeengreatlycriticizedbythereaderssinceitspublication問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.gettingworseandworsebecausenothinghasbeendoneaboutthemB.gettingbetterandbetterbecausemuchmoneyhasbeenspentonthemC.notseriousproblemsthatshouldbesolvedatgreatcostatpresentD.seriousproblemsthatshouldbesolvedatanycost問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.sellallthebookstoapopular,non-scholarlypress,forthebookisfulloferrorsB.stoppublishingthebookandsellthepublishingrightstoanon-scholarlypress,forthebookisnotanacademicbookC.stoppublishinganybookswrittenbyLomborg,forheisnotacceptedbyhispeerstransferthepublishingrightsofthebooktoanotherpress,forthebookisnotwellreferenced問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.Itisnotfair,forthebookiswell-referenced.B.Itisfairandhasbeenconductedinagoodway.C.ItpreventsLomborgfromgettingmoremoneyfromthebook.D.Itshouldnotbename-callingbutshouldbecarriedoutinawaythatcouldstartameaningfuldiscussiononhowtosolveenvironmentalproblems.4.單選題Whyshouldanyonebuythelatestvolumeintheever-expandingDictionaryofNationalBiography?Idonotmeanthatitisbad,asthereviewerswillagree.Butitwillcostyou65pounds.Andhaveyougottherestofvolumes?Youneedthebasic22plusthelargelydecennialsupplementstobringthetotalto31.Ofcourse,itwillbeanswered,publicandacademiclibrarieswillwantthenewvolume.Afterall,itadds1068livesofpeoplewhoescapedthenetoftheoriginalcompilers.Yetin10years’timearevisedversionofthewholecaboodle,calledtheNewDictionaryofNationalBiography,willbepublished.Itseditor.ProfessorColinMatthew,tellsmethathewillhaveroomforabout50,0001ives，some13,000morethaninthecurrentDNB.Thisratherputsthe1,068inMissingPersonsintheshade.WhenDr.NichollswrotetoTheSpectatorin1989askingfornamesofpeoplewhomreadershadlookedupintheDNBandbeendisappointednottofind,shesaysthatshereceivedsome1009000suggestions.(Well,shehadwrittento“otherqualitynewspapers”too.)Assoonashercommitteehadwhittledthenumbersdown,theprofessionalproblemsofaneditorbegan.Contributorsdidn’tfilecopyontime;somewhodidsenttoomuch.50,000wordsinsteadof500isarecord,accordingtoDr.Nicholls.Thereremainsthedinner-partygameofwho’sout.Thatisagamethatthereviewershaveplayedandwillcontinuetoplay.Criminalsweremayinitialworry.Afterall,theoriginaleditionoftheDNBboasted.Malefactorswhosecrimesexciteapermanentinteresthavereceivedhardlylessattentionthanbenefactors.Mr.JohnGrossclearlyhadsimilaranxieties,forhecomplainsthat,whilethemurdererChristieisin.Crippenisout.OnemightsayinreplythattheinjusticeofthehangingofEvansinsteadofChristies(entryinMissingPersons)notes.ButthenCrippenwasreputedasthefirstmurderertobecaughtbytelegraphy(hehadtriedtoescapebyshiptoAmerica).ItissurprisingtofindMaxMillerexcludedwhenreallynotverymemorablenamesgetin.TherehasbeenaconsciousefforttoputinartistsandarchitectsfromtheMiddleAges.Abouttheirlivesnotmuchisalwaysknown.OfHugoofBuryStEdmunds,a12th-centuryilluminatorwhosedatesofbirthanddeatharenotrecordedhisbiographercomments.“WhetherornotHugewasawall-painter,therecordsofhisactivitiesascarverandmanuscriptpainterattesttohisversatility”.Thentherehadtobemorewomen,too(12percent,againsttheoriginalDBN’s3),suchasRoyStrong’ssubject,theTudorpainterLevinaTeerlinc,ofwhomheremarks,“Hermostcharacteristicfeatureisaheadattachedtoatoosmall,spindlybody.Hertechniqueremainedawkward,thinandoftencursory.”Doesn’tseemtoqualifyherasamemorableartist.YetitmaybebetterthantherecordoftheoriginalDNB,whichincludedlivesofpeoplewhoneverexisted(suchasMerlin)andevenmanagedtogivethankstoJ.W.Clerkeasacontributor.Though,asalatereditionadmitsinashamefacedfootnote,“exceptfortheentryintheListofcontributorsthereisnotraceofJ.W.Clerke”.1.Thewritersuggeststhatthereisnosenseinbuyingthelatestvolume（

）.2.OntheissueofwhoshouldbeincludedintheDNB,thewriterseemstosuggestthat（

）.3.CrippenwasabsentfromtheDNB（

）.4.Theauthorquotedafewentriesinthelastparagraphto（

）.5.Throughoutthepassage,thewriter’stonetowardstheDNBwas（

）.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.becauseitisnotworththepriceB.becauseithasfewerentriesthanbeforeC.unlessonehasallthevolumesinhiscollectionD.unlessanexpandedDNBwillcomeoutshortly問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.theeditorshadclearrulestofollowB.thereweretoomanycriminalsintheentries.C.theeditorsclearlyfavoredbenefactors.D.theeditorswereirrationalintheirchoices問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.becauseheescapedtotheU.sB.becausedeathsentencehadbeenabolishedC.forreasonsnotclarifiedD.becauseoftheeditor’smistake問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.illustratesomefeaturesoftheDNBB.giveemphasistohisargumentC.impressthereaderwithitscontentD.highlightthepeopleintheMiddleAge問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.complimentaryB.supportiveC.sarcasticD.bitter5.翻譯題研究人員稱，遠(yuǎn)程辦公等彈性工作模式有益于身體健康。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果人們有條件在家工作，壓縮工作周的時(shí)間，那他們就可以選擇更為健康的生活方式，鍛煉身體的機(jī)會(huì)增多，睡眠也會(huì)更好?？赡軓椥怨ぷ髂Ｊ阶屓藗兡苡懈湓５臅r(shí)間來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)健康的生活方式，或者是它讓人們能更好的安排自己的時(shí)間。彈性工作制最初是為了幫助人們（尤其是女性）同時(shí)兼顧工作和家庭，但有關(guān)證據(jù)表明這顯然不僅僅是女性的問(wèn)題。研究人員對(duì)一家大型醫(yī)藥公司職員的“健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估”進(jìn)行了分析，職員涉及倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)，生產(chǎn)和管理等多個(gè)不同的崗位。一名研究人員說(shuō)：“這不僅僅針對(duì)管理層，而是涉及到公司各個(gè)崗位的員工。”他說(shuō)，該研究能讓衛(wèi)生部門和相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)識(shí)到，給員工更多的自由其實(shí)能帶來(lái)很多益處。但他也說(shuō)，要評(píng)估彈性工作制的長(zhǎng)期益處還需要開(kāi)展進(jìn)一步研究。6.單選題Itisadevastatingprospect.TerroristselectronicallybreakintothecomputersthatcontrolthewatersupplyofalargeAmericancity,openandclosevalvestocontaminatethewaterwithuntreatedsewageortoxicchemicals,andthenreleaseitinadevastatingflood.Astheemergencyservicesstruggletorespond,theterroristsstrikeagain,shuttingdownthetelephonenetworkandelectricalpowergridwithjustafewmouseclicks.Businessesareparalysed,hospitalsareoverwhelmedandroadsaregridlockedaspeopletrytoflee.

Thiskindofscenarioisinvokedbydoom-mongerswhoinsistthatsteppingupphysicalsecuritysincetheSeptember11thattacksisnotenough.Road-blocksandsoldiersaroundpowerstationscannotpreventdigitalterrorism."Untilwesecureourcyber-infrastructure,afewkeystrokesandanInternetconnectionisalloneneedstodisabletheeconomyandendangerlives,"LamarSmith,aTexascongressman,toldajudiciarycommitteeinFebruary.Heendedwithhiscatchphrase:’’Amousecanbejustasdangerousasabulletorabomb.”Isheright?

ItistruethatutilitycompaniesandotheroperatorsofcriticalinfrastructureareincreasinglyconnectedtotheInternet.Butjustbecauseanelectricitycompany'scustomerscanpaytheirbillsonline,itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowthatthecompany’scriticalcontrolsystemsarevulnerabletoattack.Controlsystemsareusuallykeptentirelyseparatefromothersystems,forgoodreason.Theytendtobeobscure,old-fashionedsystemsthatareincompatiblewithInternettechnologyanyhow.Evenauthorizedusersrequirespecialistknowledgetooperatethem.Andtelecomsfirms,hospitalsandbusinessesusuallyhavecontingencyplanstodealwithpowerfailuresorflooding.AsimulationcarriedoutinAugustbytheUnitedStatesNavalWarCollegeinconjunctionwithGartner,aconsultancy,concludedthatan"electronicPearlHarbor"attackonAmerica’scriticalinfrastructurecouldindeedcauseseriousdisruption,butwouldfirstneedfiveyearsofpreparationand$200moffunding.Therearefarsimplerandlesscostlywaystoattackcriticalinfrastructure,fromhoaxphotocallstotruckbombsandhijackedairliners.

OnSeptember18thRichardClarke,America’scyber-securitytsar,unveiledhislong-awaitedblueprintforsecuringcriticalinfrastructurefromdigitalattacks.Itwasabitofadampsquib,makingnofirmrecommendationsandproposingnonewregulationorlegislation.Butitslily-liveredapproachmight,infact,betherightone.Whenariskhasbeenoverstated,inactionmaybethebestpolicy.Itisdifficulttoavoidcomparisonswiththe"millenniumbug”andthepredictionsofwidespreadcomputerchaosarisingfromthechangeofdatetotheyear2000.Then,asnow,thealarmwassoundedbytechnologyvendorsandconsultants,whostoodtogainfromscare-mongering.ButRossAnderson,acomputerscientistatCambridgeUniversity,preferstodrawananalogywiththeenvironmentallobby.Likeeco-warriors,heobserves,thoseinthesecurityindustrybetheyvendorstryingtoboostsales,academicschasinggrants,orpoliticianslookingforbiggerbudgets—haveabuilt-inincentivetooverstatetherisks.1.Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthat（

）.2.Speakingofthedoom-mongers,theauthorimpliesthat（

）.3.IntheviewofGartnerconsultant,（

）.4.’’Lily-liveredapproach"(para.3)probablymeansanapproachcharacterizedby（

）.5.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat（

）問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.terroristscouldplungealargeAmericancityintochaosthroughelectronicattackB.AmericanpeoplehavenoexperienceindealingwithterrorismC.thecomputersystemsofutilitycompaniesarerathervulnerableD.theresponseofemergencyservicesisfarfromsatisfactory問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.theirworriesarequitereasonableB.theirwarningsshouldbetakenseriouslyC.theyexaggeratethethreatutilitycompaniesarefacingD.theyarefamiliarwiththewayterroristsstrike問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.terroristsmaylaunchanother"PearlHarbor"attackB.terroristshaveamplecapitalandtimetoprepareastunningstrikeC.itisverycostlyandtime-consumingtoattackcriticalinfrastructureD.itisunlikelythatterroristswouldresorttoelectronicmeanstoattackcriticalinfrastructure問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.flexibilityB.boldnessC.cowardiceD.conservatism問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.thecomputerindustrysufferedheavylossduetothe“millenniumbug"B.doom-mongerscaremoreabouttheirownintereststhannationalsecurity.C.computerscientistshavebetterjudgmentthandoom-mongersD.environmentalistsarecriticizedfortheireffortsofprotectingenvironment7.翻譯題October16thisWorldFoodDay,adayofactionagainsthunger.Thedatecommemoratesthefoundingin1945oftheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganization,orFAO.Onthisday,peoplearoundtheworldcometogethertodeclaretheircommitmenttoeradicatehungerinourlifetime.Overthepastdecadeorso,wehaveseenagreatreductionofpeoplelivingwithhungeronanearlydailybasis.Backthen,aboutoneinsixpeoplewenttobedhungrymostnights.Nowit’saboutoneineverynine.Nonetheless,thatstillleavessome795,000thousandchronicallyhungrypeoplearoundtheworld.Ofthese,60percentarewomen,andthisdespitethefactthatmostsmallfarmerslivinginthedevelopingworldarewomen.Andwhenwomengohungry,so,alltoooften,dochildren.About161millionkidsundertheageoffivemalnourished.Thismeansthattheirbrainswon’tdevelopnormally,theymayhavedifficultieslearning,andtheirphysicalandcognitivegrowthisstunted.Lackofnutritioncompromisesnotonlytheirownsuccessinthefuture,butalsothedevelopmentofthecommunities,economiesandcountriesinwhichtheylive.Inadditiontothosechildrenwhoarechronicallyundernourished,almost5millionchildrenundertheageof5dieofmalnutrition-relatedcauseseveryyear.Theglobalcommunityisworkingtoeradicatehunger,becauseitistherightthingtodo.ThefirstoftheUnitedNationsMillenniumDevelopmentGoals,calledforhalvingtheproportionofpeoplesufferingfromhungerandfacingextremepoverty.Wehaveachievedthatgoal.Aswetransitiontoasustainabledevelopmentagendafor2030,wehaveraisedourambitionsandarestrivingtoeffectivelyendhungerandextremepovertyaltogether.8.單選題Everyprofessionortrade,everyart,andeveryartsciencehasitstechnicalvocabulary.Differentoccupations,however,differwidelyinthecharacteroftheirspecialvocabularies.Intradesandhandicrafts,andothervocations,likefarmingandfishery,thathaveoccupiedgreatnumbersofmenfromremotetimes,thetechnicalvocabulary,isveryold.Itconsistslargelyofnativewords,orofborrowedwordsthathaveworkedthemselvesintotheveryfiberofourfamiliarinsound,andmoregenerallyunderstoodthanmostothertechnicalities.Thespecialdialectsoflaw,medicine,divinity,andphilosophyhavealso,intheirolderstrata,becomeprettyfamiliartocultivatedpersonsandhavecontributedmuchtothepopularvocabulary.Yeteveryvocationstillpossessesalargebodyoftechnicaltermsthatremainessentiallyforeign,eventoeducatedspeech.Andtheproportionhasbeenmuchincreasedinthelastfiftyyears,particularlyinthevariousdepartmentsofnaturalandpoliticalscienceandinthemechanicarts.Herenewtermsarecoinedwiththegreatestfreedomandabandonedwithindifferencewhentheyhaveservedtheirturn.Mostofthenewcoinagesareconfinedtospecialdiscussions,andseldomgetintogeneralliteratureorconversation.Yetnoprofessionisnowadays,asallprofessiononcewere,acloseguild（行會(huì)）.Thelawers,thephysician,themanofscience,thedivine,associatedfreelywithhisfellow-creatures,anddoesnotmeettheminamerelyprofessionalway.Furthermore,whatiscalled’’popularscience"makeseverybodyacquaintedwithmodemviewsandrecentdiscoveries.Anyimportantexperiment,thoughmadeinaremoteorprovinciallaboratory,isatoncereportedinthenewspapers,andeverybodyissoontalkingaboutitasinthecaseoftheRoentgenraysandwirelesstelegraphy.Thusourcommonspeechisalwaystakingupnewtechnicaltermsandmakingthemcommonplace.1.Specialwordsusedintechnicaldiscussion（

）.2.Itistruethat（

）3.Inrecentyears,therehasbeenamarkedincreaseinthenumberoftechnicaltermsintheterminologyof（

）.4.Thewriterofthearticlewasundoubtedly（

）.5.Theauthor'smainpurposeinthepassageisto（

）.問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)A.neverlastlongB.shouldbeconfinedtoscientificfieldsC.maybecomepartofcommonspeechD.areconsideredartificiallanguagespeech問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)A.everyoneisinterestedinscientificfindingB.theaveragemanoftenusesinhisownvocabularywhatwasoncetechnicallanguagenotmeantforhimC.aneducatedpersonwouldbeexpectedtoknowmosttechnicaltermsD.variousprofessionsandoccupationsofteninterchangetheirdialectsandjargons問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)A.fisheryB.farmingC.governmentD.sports問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)A.alinguistB.anattorneyC.anscientistD.anessayist問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)A.describeaphenomenonB.proposeasolutionC.beentertainingD.argueabelief9.單選題Backintheearly1990s,Iknewlittleaboutcomputersbeyondwhatittooktogetthroughaworkingday.Buthere’swhatIdidknow:somethinghugewashappening.ItwasstirringeconomiesandimaginationsandpossibilitieslikenothingIhadeverknown.IknewtheworldwaschanginginwaysthatmeantIshouldn’tcountonoldassumptions.AndIknewIhaddreamsIstillhadn’tfulfilled.ButIdidn’tknowhowtorealizethemuntilImetwithmyoldfriend,RollyRouse,whenwehappenedtomoveintothesameneighborhood.Rollyoftencalledmewithastreamofideas.Hisrateofideaproductionpersecondseemedalmostincredible.Soonwewereonthephonewitheachothereveryday.TalkingabouttheInternet.Talkingaboutstartinganewonlinecompany—maybetogether.Hewasthendevelopingaplanandhewantedmetobeapartofit:wewouldgivepeoplewonderful,wholeelectronichousesonaCD-ROMandletthemmodifythosehomestotheirownneeds.Tryoutdifferentwindowsanddoors,differentpaintcolorsandfurnishings.Whentheyweresatisfied,wewouldenablethemtogoonlinetomaketheprojecthappen,togettheproductsandthefinancingandtheprofessionaldesignandconstruc