應(yīng)試寶四級長語法難句講義

一.二.三從句的概念四.主語從句五.賓語從句六賓語從句（2）七.表語從句八.狀語從句九.狀語從句（2）一〇.定語從句（1）一一.定語從句（2）一二.定語從句（3）一三.同位語從句一四.非謂語動詞一五.非謂語動詞一六.非謂語動詞—Peoplearegenerallybeinggivenbadadvicetoslowdown,takeiteasystopworrying,andretiretoFlorida.（2013122套／123句）:簡單句的擴充Indeed,accordingtosurveys,employershaveexpressedapreferenceforstudentswhohavereceivedabroadly-basededucationthathastaughtthemtowritewell,thinkcritically,researchcreatively,andcommunicateeasily.4）Theoneswhowilldothebestinthisnewenvironmentwillbethosewhoseeducationshavepreparedthemtobeflexible.（20146月／第142句）Thequestionofwhetherourernmentshouldpromotescienceandtechnologyortheliberalartsinhighereducationisn’taneither/orproposition(命題)，althoughthecurrentemphasisonpreparingyoungAmericansforSTEM（science,technology,engineering,maths）-relatedfieldscanmakeitseemthatway.（2014611段／第1句）Theabilitytodrawuponeveryavailabletoolandinsight—pickedupfromscience,arts,andtechnology—tosolvetheproblemsofthefuture,andtakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatpresentthemselves,willbehelpfultothemandtheUnitedStates.（2014614段Junkfoodis（201361111句系動詞：be(isamare)|感官動 TheappleisIloveWe’reeatingwaytoomuchof（201361112句語態(tài)主語和動作之間的關(guān)系主動do be+done------was/were+done（動詞的ed形式）Iwriteyoualetter.Ifinditbeautiful.OnecouldremovejunkfoodtothebackofthestoreandbanthemfromthIn1976,the commanded90%ofthemarketforphotographicfilmand85%ofthemarketforcameras.（201361262句5)Toadisturbinglylargeextent（在很大且令人困擾的程度上）,theyoungandthebrokearerelyingoncreditcardstomake（支撐）untiltheirnextpayday（直到下一個還款日來臨）.（2013122231句）theyoungandthebrokearerelyingoncredit6）Butlikemanycures（就像很多治療方式那樣）,thissolu-tionhascomewithanunintendedsideeffect（未曾設(shè)想的副作用）|doctorsandnursescanbefocusedonthescreenandnotthepatient,evenduringmomentsofcriticalcare（即使是在關(guān)鍵性的時刻）.（201462112句）一個句子一般皆由兩部分組成，即主語部分（subjectgroup）和謂語部分（predicategroup）。ProfessorWardteachesEnglishtouniversity“We’renoteducatingpeopleabouttheproblemandit’sgettingworse.”(20146月／第一篇／第四段／第二句）引導詞：andbutor不是從句的引導詞！Whywhatwhenwherewhowhichhowthatifbecausesoas“Youjustifycarryingdevicesaroundthehospitaltodomedicalrecords,butyoucansurfInternetordo,andsometimesFa-cebookismoretempting,”saidDr.PeterPapadakosattheUniversityofRochesterMedicalCenter（20146313段1句并列句（不是從句，原因：沒有自己的引導詞TheUKenjoysanexcellentreputationaroundtheworldforthehighqualityofoureducationsystem,sothe mentneedstoensurethatinstitutionshaveallthesupporttheyneedtoattractinternationalstudentswhomakeatre-mendousacademic,culturalandeconomiccontributiontotheUK.”（2013123242句）從句結(jié)果狀語從句賓語從句定語從句Whenyoungwomenwerefoundtomakeonly82%ofwhattheirmalepeersdojustoneyearoutofcollegemanywereatalosstoexinit.(2014年6月／第一篇／第一段／第一句）Whathaschanged,saydoctors（插入語）,especiallyyoungerones,isthattheyfaceincreasingpressuretoin withtheirdevices.(2014年6月／第1篇／第6段／第2句）Today’syoungadultswereraisedbyparentswhomadesuretoboosttheirself-esteemateveryturn, lingthemtheycouldachievewhatevertheysettheirmindsto,andhandingoutprizesforthesixthce.(2014年6月／第2篇／第6段／第3句）從句定語從句賓語從句Ihavecloselywatchedmygeneration,knownastheMillennials,for29yearsnow.(2014621段／第1句）非謂語動詞復(fù)合句（CompoundSentence）分為并列復(fù)合句和主從或從屬復(fù)合句，并列復(fù)合句是有并列連詞：and、or、but（PrincipalClause)和一個或一個以上的從句(SubordinateClause)構(gòu)成。用疑問詞作引導詞，主句是全句的主體，通常可以獨立存在；從句則是一個句子成分，不能獨立存在。從句不能單獨成句，但它也有主語部分和謂語部分，就像一個句子一樣。所不同在于，從句須由一個關(guān)聯(lián)詞（connective）據(jù)引導從句為主不同大大可分為：主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、定語從句、狀語從句等。主語從句（Subject表語從句（Predicative賓語從句（ObjectIfwhatwefoundcontinuestoholdtrue,wemayhavemoreel-derlypeoplewithsubstantialfinancialproblemsinthefuture,（2013122242句）If條件狀語從句whatisthattheyfaceincreasingpressureto ctwithisthattheyfaceincreasingpressureto ctwiththeirvices.（201462262句that和whether、連接代詞或連接副詞以及關(guān)系代詞型what引導。that（Thatheisstillalive）isawonder.他還活著，真是S1主句主語V1主語謂 （主干S2V2（從屬S1:（ThatheisstillaliveS2:heV2:that(Thatheisstillalive)isa(Whetheritwilldousharmremainstobeseen.S1WhetheritwilldousV1S2V2willThatheisstillaliveisawonder.這是個Whoeveristopfromwinsthegamewhentwomatchedyersmeet.兩強相爭勇(Whoeveristopfrom)winsthegame.S1(Whoeveristopfrom)V1V2S2Itmatters.(Whenwearrive主語doesn’tmatter（謂語） doesn’tS1WhenwearriveV1doesn’t S2V2（Whatweneed）ismoney.S1Whatwe V1S2weV2頭重腳輕that引導的主語從句，通常用形式主語代主語從句：Itisessentialthatameetingbeconvenedthisweek.ThatameetingbeconvenedthisweekisItisappropriatethatthistaxbeabolished.這個稅是恰當?shù)腡hat It’sunfairthatsomanypeopleshouldlosetheirjobs.竟有這么多人失業(yè)這是的thatsothatsomanypeopleshouldlosetheirIt=(whenweshouldleave)isnotdecided.whenweshouldleaveisnotdecided.WhatweshouldeatisnotThatweoughttoleaveis主語的部分是一個句子（最大特征（1）Iremember（thatwehavelearnedthiswordS1IV1真正的謂語S2weV2haveIagreewithyouIloveyou1）(Mostofusknowwhat ng)and(（201361113句）what Mostofus V1know;doS2V2

doit”Manymeasurestocontrolobesity(肥癥assumethatpeopleconsciouslyandrationallychoosewhatandhowmuchtheyeatandthereforefocusonprovidinginformationandmoreaccesstohealthierfoods,"notethetworesearchers.（201361131句）Manymeasuresassume假定（thatpeoplechoosewhattheyeatandhowmuchtheyeatandthereforefocusonprovidinginformationandmoreaccesstohealthierS1:Manythatwhat和howmuchTodoIhavealotofwork(toConsciouslyRationallyWehope（thatthiscatchesfireinsomeothercountries.（201362181句）引導詞that省略Shesuggests(thathumanshavetriedalwaystostrength-enthepair-bond ize(使最大化reproductive（201363213句）S1VIS2V2havetried（增益）使繁殖、繁衍的Inmodernwesternsocietieshowever,thefocus（on關(guān)于individualityandindependence）meansthatpeoplearelessconcernedaboutconformingto(遵守)thedictatesoffamilyandculture.（201363223句）S1thefocusVImeansS2peopleV2areconcerned（關(guān)心使關(guān)心）Concern:Heconcernsme.Concern使關(guān)心=6）Anewstudysuggestedthatourshort-termmemoryalsomayyaroleinappetite.（2013121121句）S1AnewVIS2ourshort-termV2 翻譯一項新的研究表明我們短期的也會影響食欲第六節(jié)賓語從句Itdependson（whetheryouwanttodoitordependon的固定搭配。Wejudgeapotentialpartneraccordingtoourspecificcul-turalexpectations(狀語about（whatromanticloveshouldfeellike）.（201363241句）S1V1S2romanticloveV2shouldfeellike賓語從句的引導詞（疑問詞）我們會根據(jù)自己文化背景中關(guān)于愛情的樣子來判斷一個潛在的。我們判斷一個潛在的是根據(jù)自己文化背景中關(guān)于愛情的樣子。Severalhoursafterameal,people'shungerlevelswerepredictednotby(howmuchthey'deaten)butratherby(howmuchfoodthey'dseeninfrontofthem)—inotherwords,howmuchtheyrememberedeating.（2013121122句）Severalhoursafterameal狀語S1：people'shungerlevelsV1werepredictednotby1howmuchthey'd2howmuchfoodthey'dseeninfrontofWemightlooktoothercountriesformodelsof（howhighschoolscanofferbettertraining）,（20131212篇／第31句）S1V1MightlooktoS2highschoolsV2canofferWemightlooktoothercountriesforromanticlove’sRomanticlovehasclearevolutionaryrootsbutourviewsabout（whatmakesanidealromanticrelationship）canbeswayedbythesocietywelivein定語從句).（20136月第3211句）法可能會被我們所處的社動搖。ButRomanticlovehasclearevolutionarywhatwhat5)Observersaresplitonwhetherthisisawhollygood（2013122131句）引導詞Whethers1Observersv1aresplitonS2thisv2is（我說的話）他沒明白。(WhatIsaid)isnotclearto他沒明白（我說的話）。Hedon’tunderstand(whatI表語是用來說明主語的、性質(zhì)、品性、特征和狀態(tài)的，表語常由名 e,appear,seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等詞）之后。如果句子的表語也是由一個句子充當?shù)?，那么這個充That’s（whyhistoricallyweseeanincreaseinro-manticloveasabasisforforminglong-termrelationships.（201363225句））S1thatV1isS2weV2seeIfyoubelieve(thatyouhavefoundtrueromance),andyourculture lsyou（thatthisiswhatalong-termrelation-shipshouldbebasedon）thereislessneedtorelyonsocialorfamilypressurestokeepcouplestogether,O’Sullivanar-gues.（201363242句）IFthatyourculture lsyou（thatthisiswhatalong-termrelation-shipshouldbebasedon）3)Itmayseem（thattheseelderlypeoplearetryingtocheatSeem是系動詞（BE感官動詞ThatItoldyouthatyoucouldn’tleaveandthatyoumustobeymy(whatyousaidis賓語從 Iagreewith(whatyou表 Thatis(whatIThekeyisthatweareshortofAnew it that主語從句引導詞whenwhileasbeforeuntilafter直到；在···之前；在···之后bythetime;once;theBythetime(=The realizeditsmistake,itwastoolate.（20131232句）引導詞：Bythetime當這個公司錯誤的時候，已經(jīng)太晚了S1itV1wasS2theV2TheGataisusedtofrown,whentheyreceivedpower（thatroutinelytopped（201363111句）S1TheV1usedtoS2V2S3thatV3topped當蓋塔思一家人收到（常常高達 Solarhomesproducethemostpoweronthehotsunnyaf-ternoonswheneveryonerusheshometoturnuptheaircon-ditioner.“（201363152句）S1SolarhomesV1produceS2everyoneV2rushes在極其炎熱的午后，此時大家一進家門都趕緊打開空調(diào)，裝載能的房如果If/provided/IfyouaskJapanesestudentstolistthepositiveattributestheyexpect（inaromanticpartner）,theyratehighlythingslikeloyalty,commitmentanddevotion,（201363套／第233句）ifS1TheyV1rateS2youV2ask如果你問學生列出他們對于未來伴侶所期待的特征，他們會將這三樣Iftheygeneratemorepowerthanthehomeisusing,theexcessflowsintotheutility’spowergrid(電網(wǎng)).（20136月第3143句）Ifahome(S2)generates(V2)morepowerthanitusestheIfourfindingspersist持續(xù)下去,wemaybefacedwith面對afinancialcrisis財務(wù)amongelderlypeople老人（定從whocan'tpayofftheircreditcards）（20131231篇43句如果我們的研究持續(xù)下去，我們就會發(fā)現(xiàn)有許多財務(wù)嚴重的老年人，他們還不起。If引導虛擬語氣我是個IfIwereyou, am/isS1V1maybefacedS2ourfindingsV2So=inorderAsasociety（方式狀語）wemightwanttorethink(非謂語動詞)thetimeandmoney（spentoneducation非謂語動詞做定語）|,sothattheseresourcescanbenefitagreaterpercentage百分ofthepopulation.（201312121段／第1句）引導詞：sothatS1we主語的主語V1mightwantS2theseresources（離引導詞更近V2can一員amemberofthe間和金錢，從而（目的）讓這些資源能夠惠及的人口。 讓步狀語從句Though |evenif|eventhough盡1）Althoughithardly（不）seemspractical（實際的）totrick，?；ㄕ衞urselvesintoeatingless,thenewfindingsdohigh-light（強調(diào)）thebenefitsoffocusingonourfoodandavoidingTVandmultitasking（多任務(wù)）whileeating.S1thenewV1do doS2V2盡管自己少吃點是不實際的，新發(fā)現(xiàn)確實強調(diào)了吃飯時（集中注houghKodakanticipatedtheinevitableriseofdigitalphotograpitscorporateculturewastoorootedinthesuccessesofthepastforittomakethecleanbreaknecessarytofullyembracethefutS1itscorporateV1wasrootedin itrootsintheS2V2ItistoohardformetounderstandIwanttogo.走我走3)Althoughmanyyoungpeopleblame（責怪）“socializing”(社交)asabarrier()tosavingmoney,mostofthemaren'tknockingback（花費）$20drinksintrendy(時尚的)lounges酒吧.盡管很多人將阻礙社交的原因歸結(jié)為滅有足夠的錢，的人將錢花20元酒的酒吧里，在時尚酒吧里豪擲20來買酒。因為becauseasLargecompanies(s1)have(v1)adifficulttimetonewmarketsthereis(v2)atemptation(s2)toputexistingassets（現(xiàn)有資產(chǎn)）intothenewbusinesses.haveadifficulttimeinngsth.做某事thereisa =agirlisthereSincetheyhaven'tbuiltuptheircredithistoriesyet,it'sasafebetthattheseyoungadultsarepayingrelativelyhighinterestratesontheresultingcreditcarddebt.（2013122222Thesectorwasexpectingadeclineingrowth,buttheactualreductioninpostgraduatenumbersisofrealconcernasinternationalstudentsmakeupthemajorityofnumbersinmanypostgraduatecoursesandresearchteamsinscience,technology,engineeringandmathematics"“Manypeopleareborrowingoncreditcardssoheavilythatpayoffratesattheselevelsarenotsufficienttorecovertheircreditcarddebtbytheendoftheirlife,whichcouldhavelossimplicationsforthecreditcardissuingbanks.（2013122245（1)A whois關(guān)系代詞thatwhichwhowhom關(guān)系副詞whenIlikethatIlikethatgirlwho/thatisstandingunderthetree).S1主句的主語IV1S2whothat當關(guān)系詞在定從主語的位置，不能省V2isthatthatIlikethecup(which=thatwasgivenbymymomlastS1V1S2which=that當關(guān)系詞在定從主語的位置，不能省略，充當了主V2wasIlikethatgirl(who/thatisstandingunderthetree).Ilikethegirl(who/thatmysisteristalkingwith).S1V1S2myV2istalkingIlikethegirl(withwhommysisteris介詞+that+who是錯誤的介詞+which正確介詞+whom正確我喜歡那個正和我妹妹說話的who=That，當關(guān)系詞充當賓語(who=ThatmysisteristalkingMysister(主語istalkingwith（謂語）thegirl（賓語+句子IlikethegirlwhosedressisS1V1S2whosedressV2 like whoseIlikethecup(which=thatwasgivenbymymomlastilovethatgirl（whoseythepianoilovethatgirl（whoysthepiano定語從句就是修飾主句里的名詞或代詞的從句，本質(zhì)上相當于“形容"Incontrast,"theresearcherscontinue,"manyregulationsthatdon'tassumepeoplemakerationalchoiceshavebeensuccessfullyappliedtocontrolalcohol.（20136月1141句）manyregulationsthatdon'tassumepeoplemakerationalchoices做出havebeensuccessfullyappliedtocontrolS1manyV1havebeenappliedS2thatmanyV2don'tIlikeIdon’tlikemanyregulationsthatdon'tassume（thatpeoplemakerationalchoices）havebeensuccessfullyappliedtocontrolalcohol.dakisanexampleofafirm(thatwasverymuchawarethat賓theyhadtoadapt,andspentalotofmoneytryingtodoso),butultima yfailed.（201361262句） is that引導的是定語從句不可以省略是定從的主語=firm wass3v3had，有很多公司自己必須要去適應(yīng)，而且花了很多錢這么執(zhí)行，但Buffett（thenumberofpeople【whohadagreedtosignon】wasatthehighendofhisexpectations.）（20136211句說（有很多人達成一致意見是在他意料之外的）S1BuffettV1saidS2thenumberofpeopleV2wasS3V3hadHesaidsomepeoplewhodeclinedtosignthepledgewerepningtogiveawaymostoftheirwealthbutdidnotwanttowattentiontothosens.（2013年6月第2套／第1篇／第2句gytycoonPickens,whoisworthabout$1billion,saidinhisGivingPledgeletter:"I'velongstatedthatIenjoymakingmoney,andIenjoygivingitaway.（2013621篇／第101句）Ina2011study,forinstance,peoplewhodrankthesame380-calorie)milkshakeontwoseparateoccasionsproduceddiffer-entlevelsofhunger-relatedhormones(),dependingonwhethertheshake'slabelsaiditcontained620or140calories.（201312月1152句）Weneedtocontinuetovaluebroadpreparationinthinkingskillsthatwillserveforalifetime.（201312125段／2句）whenwhen=atwhichwhere=inwhichInaknowledgeeconomy（在一個知識型的經(jīng)濟體中）wherepro-fessionalroleschangerapidlyandmanycollegestudentsarepre-paringforpositions(thatmaynotevenexistyet),theskillsetneededisone（thatpreparesthemforchangeandlearning）（2013121242句 theskillV1S2professionalroleschangerapidlyandmanycollegeV2arepreparingS3V3S4V4maynot22）Atsupermarkets,foodcompaniespaytohavetheir（貨品） （wherethey'reeasilyseen）（2013611篇／82句）在超市食品公司花錢來使他們的貨品放在顧客可以容易看見的地方引導詞where=in They?= foodcompaniesV1payS2V2areWhereveryougo,IwillgowithWhere第十二節(jié)定語從句，Which可以指代前面一個句子里面的某一個詞，IlikeEnglish,whichistrue.IlikeEnglishwhichisagloballan-guage.代指英語Which指物、事whoButthe1980sbroughtnewcompetitionfromJapanesefilmFujiPhoto,whichunderminedKodakbyofferinglowerpricesforfilmandphotos.（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第4段／第1ThebidwentinsteadtoFuji,whichexploiteditssponsorshiptowinapermanentfootholdinthemarketce.（2013年6月1264句）“Manypeopleareborrowingoncreditcardssoheavilythatpayoffratesattheselevelsarenotsufficienttorecovertheircreditcarddebtbytheendoftheirlife,whichcouldhavelossimplicationsforthecreditcardissuingbanks.（2013122245Theideathatwewouldliveinairiscarriedout.同位語從that不省略ThatTheidea（hecameupwith）iscarriedout.定語That致，并常常緊挨在一起。同位語從句即重復(fù)說明同一個稱謂或的從Lastmonththehomesecretary,TheresaMay,announcedthatembassystaffwouldinterviewmorethan100,100applicantsinanattempttopreventbogus(的)onesenteringthecounty.Thereisgrowingfearamongvice-chancellorsthatthisreve-nue—aswellastheculturalacademicandeconomicbenefitin-ternationalstudentsbring—isbeingputatrisk.（201312月Beallsaid:” ernmentstatisticsforthefirsttimeproviderealevidencethatthechangestoUKvisaregulationsmayhavediscouragedmanystudentsfromapplyingtotheUK,andinparticularpostgraduatestudentswhoaresoimportanttotheUK’sresearchoutput.（201312324段1句todo/+ingToTodo ngthis表語：Myjobistodo

ismyIhavealotofwork(todo).Igetupearlytocatchthebus.我起早為了趕上車heordersmetodothe非謂語動詞（edingtodo）做定語=Theskillsetneededisthatone.Needed不是表示時態(tài)而是表示。Theskillset(whichisneeded)isthatone.需要的技能Thegirlstandingunderthetreeismysister.standing不是表示時態(tài)而是表示主動。Thegirl(whostands)underthetreeismySimilarly,theresearcherssaybeingpresentedwithjunkfoodstimulatesourdesiretoeatit.（201361171句Learningtoexpressideaswellinbothwritingandspeech,knowinghowtofindinformation,andknowinghowtodoresearchareallsolidbackgroundskillsforawidevarietyofroles,andsuchtrainingismoreimportantthananyparticularmajorinaliberalartscollege.（2013年122251句）StudieshaveshownthateatinginfrontoftheTV(orasimilardistraction)canincreasebothhungerandtheamountoffoodcon-sumed.（2013121112句）Thenumberofpostgraduatestudentstravellingfromnon-EUcountriestostudyatUKuniversitieshasfallenforthefirsttimein16years,fuellingfearsthattheernment’simmigrationcrackdownisdiscouragingthousandsofthebrighteststudentsfromcontinuingtheirstudiesinBritain.（20131232篇／11句）5)（Attractingthebrightestandmostambitiouspostgraduateandre-searchstudents）iscritical/iftheUKistomain