2015年考研英語高分基礎(chǔ)講義

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Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoudescribethedrawingexintheintendedpurposeofthepainter,andgiveyourYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET.(20【1Asisclearlyrevealedinthedrawingabove,thewordsCleanYourtearewrittenonabeautifulte.Then,CleanYourten,urgespeopletosavefoodbynotwastinganythingonthediningtable.Then,launchedonweibo,issoonjoinedbymillionsofnetizensacrossinabidtocurbfoodwastageandappreciatethevirtueofbeingthriftyevenintimesofplenty.【2EverystudentistaughtthisTangDynastypoem:Farmersweedingatnoon,sweatdownthefieldsoon.Whoknowsfoodonatray,thankstotheirtoilingdays.Intheoriginal,theword"food"receivesemphasis,lillymeaning:"everygrainontheteisanembodimentofhardwork".parentswouldusethistoteachtheirchildrennottowastefoodbecauseitistheproductoffarmers'exhaustinglaborunderthescorchingsunorinrainstorms.Yet,whenwedineout,we'llbeastoundedbytheamountoffoodsquandered.Theestimatedannualwastageofgraininisestimatedtobe50milliontons,enoughtofeedabout200millionpeopleforoneyear.【3】Thentofinishupone'ste,or"guangpan"incatchyslang,ismeanttodrillsomecommonsenseintoavanity-conscioussocietythatfoodismeantforyourmouthandtoomuchofitwillnotmakeyouanimportant.PeoplefromacrossthesocialdivideshouldsupporttheCleanYourten.（246words）Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandwriteanessaywithin160—200words,whichisentitled“AnAgingPopulation”.YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET.Andinyouressay,thefollowingthreepointsmustbecovered:describethemakeanysisofthesocialphenomenon,advanceyourSeniorCitizensinOur140200400【1】Thecomingyearswillwitnessanincreaseinthenumberofseniorcitizens:from140millionintheyearof2010to200millionin2015,andthento400millionin2050.Asweallknow,asocietywillbedefinedasanagingsocietywhenthenumberofitsseniorcitizensovertheage60reaches10%ofthewholepopulation.Apparently,thistablerevealsthatoursocietyisstepintotheeraoftheso-called“anagingsociety”.【2Anagingsocietywillfacemanyunfavorableconsequences,althoughamajorityofpeoplearestillignorantoftheproblemsitbringsabout.Firstofall,anincreasingnumberofseniorcitizensresultsinthecorrespondingdeclininginthenumberofpeoplewhoareproductiveinthe,whichleadstomalfunctionofthetraditionalsocialwelfaresystem.Inaddition,apartfromtheirreversibledecayingofphysicalhealth,mentalhazardsonthepartoftheelderlypeoplemayconstituteamoreformidablesocialproblem.Lastbutnotleastimportant,agingpopulationposesanevengreaterthreattoourcountrythantoanyotherindustrializednationssinceweareagingbefore ewealthy.【3】Inmyview,anagingsocietycallsforurgentandeffectivecountermeasurestobattlethepotentialnegativeconsequences.Thepriorityliesintakingcareoftheelderlypeopleandhelthemlookafterthemselves.Sinceallofuswillgetold,allthepeopleinoursocietyshouldjoinhandstogethertocreateafavorableenvironmentforseniorcitizens.Aboveall,thecommonrecognitionoftheimminentserioussituationmightbethefirststeptofaceanagingpopulation.(275words)【1】Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthsofeverysocceryerin2006’sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesocceryersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.【2】Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:a)astrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b)winter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina;c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceivechildreninspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.【3】AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:trainingatohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,”Ericssonrecalls.“Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”【4】Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotdetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleach“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueason 【5Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,expertperformers–whetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogramming–arenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.ThebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsocceryersismentionedstresstheimportanceofprofessionalspotlightthesoccersuperstarsintheWorldintroducethetopicofwhatmakesexpertexinwhysomesoccerteamsybetterthanTheword“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobablyAccordingtoEricsson,gooddependsonmeaningfulprocessingofresultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveisdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalrequiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofEricssonandhiscolleaguesbelievetalentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalbiographicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellenttheroleoftalenttendstobehighachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytoWhichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriesto“Faithwillmove“Onereapswhatone“Practicemakes“Likefather,like【1】IwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroomawomen’sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheevening,onemanhadbeenparticularlytalkative,frequentlyofferingideasandanecdotes,whilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.Towardtheendoftheevening,Icommentedthatwomenfrequentlycominthattheirhusbandsdon’ttalktothem.Thismanquicklynoddedinagreement.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid,“She’sthetalkerinourfamilyTheroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt.“It’strue,”heexined.“WhenIcomehomefromworkIhavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn’tkeeptheconversationgoing,we’dspendthewholeeveninginsilence.”【2】ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorewomeninpublicsituations,theyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwith【3】ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelateSociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbookDivorceTalkthatmostofthewomensheinterviewed–butonlyafewofthemen–gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percent,thatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear–avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.【4Inmyownresearch,comintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareerto panyahusbandtohis,orngfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaning,cookingandsocialarrangements.Instead,theyfocusedoncommunication:“Hedoesn’tlistentome.”“Hedoesn’ttalktome.”Ifound,asHackerobservedyearsbefore,thatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobe,firstandforemost,conversationalpartners,butfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirwives.【5】Inshort,theimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoo