語言學(xué)基礎(chǔ)2課件

Syntax一座湖邊的小房子asmallhousebythelake2023/7/24這里有十朵花。Therearetenflowershere.ここでは十の花です。2023/7/24“把”字句我把他打了。Ibeathim.2023/7/24回文詩《秋》秋江楚雁宿沙洲淺水流。秋江楚雁宿沙洲，雁宿沙洲淺水流。流水淺洲沙宿雁，洲沙宿雁楚江秋。清代女詩人吳絳雪2023/7/24Whatissyntaxthestudyoftheprinciplesandrulesforconstructing

sentences

in

naturallanguages.Manyprofessionalsinthisdisciplineattempttofindgeneralrulesthatapplytoallnaturallanguages.Whystudysyntax淺析英漢句法差異及翻譯中西思維方式初探英漢句法差異英漢句法差異對學(xué)生英漢翻譯水平的影響從英漢句法差異看并列法翻譯英語定語從句2023/7/24OutlineWhatissyntax?CategoryPhrasestructurerulePhraseelementsSentenceruletransformationsSyntaxStudyconcerningtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentencesinnaturallanguagesinaparticularlanguagecategoriesCategoryGroupoflinguisticelementsthatfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguageSentencePhraseWordWord-levelcategoryBasedontheirfunctioninsentenceformationSyntacticcategoryBasisfordivisionTypeofmeaningTypeofaffixTypeofstructuretheyoccurMajorlexicalcategoryMinorlexicalcategoryNounschool,sun,boyDeterminera,the,this,that,thoseVerbgo,come,loveDegreewordsvery,quite,more,less,soAdjectivebig,lovely,lonelyQualifieroften,sometimes,seldomPrepositionin,out,offAuxiliarymust,can,mayConjunctionand,or,butCategorystandardsMeaningInflectionDistributionWhatkindofelementco-occurwithit?Phrase-levelcategoryPhrase:SyntacticunitbuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryTypesofphrase-levelcategoryNounVerbAdjectivePrepositionalThecatinthebushisverylovely.Thecatsleepssoundlyinthebush.NPPPAPVPNPPPPhraseelementsthecatinthebushheadspecifiercomplementPHRASEELEMENTS2023/7/24Specifiers(標(biāo)志語)MakethemeaningoftheheadmorespecificMarkaphraseboundary2023/7/24SpecifierSpecifierHeadExampleDeterminerNounadesk,anapple,thegirlQualifierVerbNeversleep,oftenchange,sometimescryQualifierAdjectiveverystrange,moreabsurd,quitereasonablePrepositionalmostout(oftheroom),neverunder(thesun)2023/7/24Complements(補(bǔ)足語)Differentiatingfromgrammaticalcomplements(補(bǔ)語)Thepartfollowingaverbandcompletingasentence2023/7/24Subjectc.Sheisadoctor.Objectc.Wemadeherourmonitor.Adjectivec.I’mgladthatyoucancome.Prepositionc.Theyarguedaboutwhattodo.2023/7/24DefinitionofcomplementAphrasethatprovidesinformationabouttheentitiesandlocationsofthehead2023/7/24TypesofcomplementNPabookonlinguisticsAPexcitedatthenewsPPintheroomVPcryopenawindowGiveme

akeyPlacethebookinthedrawermonotransitiveditransitiveComplextransitive2023/7/24SentenceasaNPcomplementIthinkthatyoushouldnothavecome.IthinkcomplementizerComplementclauseComplement

phrase(CP)Matrixclause2023/7/24OthertypesofCPAdj.N.Prep.CompareitwithGrammaticalComplementClause（補(bǔ)語從句）2023/7/24Modifiers(修飾語)Phraseelementswhichspecifies(optionally)expressiblepropertiesofheads2023/7/24PositionofmodifiersAPBeforeheadGoodbooksNiceplanPPAfterheadBookaboutlovePlanforthenewyearAdvPBefore/AfterheadPlancarefullyCarefullyplan2023/7/24Complementvs.ModifierComplementisusuallyneededtocompleteasentenceModifierisnot2023/7/24Justputthemoneyinmypocket!Themoneyinmypocketisagiftfromheaven.ComplementModifier2023/7/24PHRASESTRUCTURERULESPhrasestructurerulesGrammaticalmechanismthatregulatestheorderofphraseelements(head,specifierandcomplement)NP-->(Det)N(PP)VP-->(Qual)V(NP)AP-->(Deg)A(PP)PP-->(Deg)P(NP)XX=SpcifierComplementXPRule(1)XP-->(Specifier)X(Complement)2023/7/24CoordinationruleHowlanguagecanexpandaboygoodatmakingmoneyagirlgoodattakingcareofparentsaboygoodatmakingmoneyANDagirlgoodattakingcareofparents2023/7/24ABandorConXX2023/7/24XX*ConX2023/7/24Moreexamplesabighouseandaswimmingpoolsmartandhandsomeintheclassroomorinthedorm2023/7/24XPwithcomplementvariability(2)XP(Specifier)X(Complement*)Therecanbemorethanonecomplement.2023/7/24XPwithmodifiervariability(3)XP(Specifier)(Mod)X(Complement*)(Mod)Modifierscanoccurbeforetheheadorafterit2023/7/24THESRULEElementsandstructureofsentences2023/7/2442TraditionalviewIloveyou.NPVPSentenceNPVPWithoutheadWithoutinternalstructure2023/7/24Newphrase-viewAsentencehasahead,andrelevantinternalstructure.Head:Inflection(曲折變化)2023/7/24Structure2023/7/242023/7/24TRANSFORMATIONSRulesgoverningsyntacticmovement2023/7/24FunctionoftransformationHowelementsaremovedinasentencestructuretoformdifferenttypesofsentencessuchasnegationandquestion2023/7/24Shouldshecometoclass?Iwonderifsheshouldcometoclass.Doesshecometoclass?2023/7/24Auxiliarymovement2023/7/24Auxiliarymovement

forYes-NoquestionNPInflVP2023/7/24Auxiliarymovement

forYes-NoquestionTheboywillDance.2023/7/242023/7/242023/7/24DoinsertionSentenceswithoutauxiliaryIloveyou!NPInflVPdo2023/7/24DEEPSTRUCTURE

&SURFACESTRUCTURE2023/7/24XPrulesInternalstructureofphraseandsentenceTransformationrulesElementmovementtocreatenewstructureDeepstructureFormedbyXPrulesShowinghead’ssubcategorizationpropertiesSurfacestructureResultedfromtransformationofdeepstructure2023/7/24Workingprocess2023/7/24WhmovementWhatwillyoueat?YouwilleatwhatWillyoueatwhat[inversion]Whatwillyoueat[whmovement]2023/7/24WhmovementruleMovewhphrasetothespecifierpositionunderCP(complementphrase)Turningwhphraseintospecifier2023/7/24RelativeclauseIhavefoundthebookwhichIlookedfor.…thebookIlookedforwhich(deepstructure)…thebookwhichdidIlookfor(inversion,wh)…thebookwhichIlookedfor(complement)2023/7/24MoveɑAruletogeneralizeallmovementrulesInversioncanmoveauxiliarytothenearestCposition.Noelementmayberemovedfromcoordinatestructure.2023/7/24SUMMARY2023/7/24SyntaxPhraseelementsandstructureSentenceelementsMovementrulesDeepvs.surfaces