船舶安全與管理-人為因素控制與國際安全管理規(guī)則之一課件

第三章

人為因素控制和國際安全管理規(guī)則

HumanElementControl&ISMCodeHumanElementControl&

ISMCodeShipSafetyManagementandHumanElementSafetyBehaviorScienceandHumanElementISO9000andItsGeneralPrinciplesISMCodeandItsGeneralPrinciplesSMS(SafetyManagementSystem)MaritimeSecurity&ISPSCodeHumanElementControl&

ISMCode船上安全管理和人為因素安全行為科學(xué)與人為因素ISO9000及其基本原理ISM規(guī)則及其安全機(jī)制安全管理體系國際船舶和港口設(shè)施保安規(guī)則Section1:ShipSafetyManagement

andHumanElementTheEssentialofShipSafetyManagement:

HumanElementStatisticstudyshowed:80percentmarineaccidentswerecausedbyhumanfactor

Grounding：90％： Fire&explosion：70％： Collision：96％： Contact:70%。第一節(jié)船上安全管理和人為因素船上安全管理要點(diǎn)：

HumanElement人為因素人為因素與船舶事故 據(jù)國際海事界1991年的權(quán)威統(tǒng)計(jì)，人為因素原因?qū)е碌拇笆鹿时壤秊椋簲R淺90%，火災(zāi)爆炸70%，碰撞96%，觸碰70%。第一節(jié)船上安全管理和人為因素人為因素的控制和人員安全素質(zhì)要求 控制人為因素，是保證安全的關(guān)鍵人員安全教育 安全教育是提高人員安全素質(zhì)和控制人為因素的有效途徑之一。 安全教育的內(nèi)容 安全教育的手段 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)四階段安全教育法和四階段安全作業(yè)法Section2:SafetyBehaviorScienceandHumanElementBehavioristK.Lewin’sSORModelTheCoreofSafetyBehaviorScience:MotivationGroup:FormalGroup&InformalGroupCommunication’EffectonSafetyTheInfluenceofLeadershiponSafety第二節(jié)安全行為科學(xué)與人為因素一、人的行為原理與人為失誤二、安全行為的激勵(lì) 激勵(lì)是安全行為科學(xué)的核心。

1.需要層次理論 2.X理論—Y理論 3.雙因素理論 4.強(qiáng)化理論 5.期望理論 6.公平理論第二節(jié)安全行為科學(xué)與人為因素三、群體行為對(duì)安全的影響 正式群體和非正式群體 非正式群體的積極作用，應(yīng)予適當(dāng)鼓勵(lì) 非正式群體的消極作用不容忽視，應(yīng)該因勢(shì)利導(dǎo)四、人際關(guān)系及溝通對(duì)安全的重要性五、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為對(duì)安全的影響

領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的主要功能是組織和激勵(lì)。Section3:

ISO9000andItsGeneralPrinciplesISO(InternationalOrganizationforStandardization)QualityManagementSystemISO9000’sGeneralPrinciples第三節(jié)

ISO9000及其基本原理ISO9000簡介 ISO(國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織) ISO9000

質(zhì)量管理體系 ISO9000安全保障原理WhoISOisISO(InternationalOrganizationforStandardization)ISOisanetworkofthenationalstandardsinstitutesof148countries.ISOisanon-governmentalorganizationISO-qualitymanagementTheISO9000familyisprimarilyconcernedwith"qualitymanagement".ISO9000hasbecomeaninternationalreferenceforqualitymanagementrequirementsinbusiness-to-businessdealings

ISO-environmentalmanagementThe

ISO14000

familyisprimarilyconcernedwith

"environmentalmanagement".Thismeanswhattheorganizationdoesto: -minimizeharmfuleffectsontheenvironmentcausedbyitsactivities,andto

-achievecontinualimprovementofitsenvironmentalperformance.ISO-GeneralPrinciplesThevastmajorityofISOstandardsarehighlyspecifictoaparticularproduct,material,orprocess.However,thestandardsthathaveearnedtheISO9000andISO14000familiesaworldwidereputationareknownas"genericmanagementsystemstandards".ISO-GeneralPrinciples"Generic"meansthatthesamestandardscanbeapplied: -toanyorganization,largeorsmall,whateveritsproduct

-includingwhetherits"product"isactuallyaservice,

-inanysectorofactivity,and

-whetheritisabusinessenterprise,apublicadministration,oragovernmentdepartmentISO-GeneralPrinciplesPrinciple1CustomerfocusPrinciple2LeadershipPrinciple3InvolvementofpeoplePrinciple4ProcessapproachPrinciple5SystemapproachtomanagementPrinciple6ContinualimprovementPrinciple7FactualapproachtodecisionmakingPrinciple8MutuallybeneficialsupplierrelationshipsISO-9000一般原理系統(tǒng)工程全面質(zhì)量管理全員參與過程控制閉環(huán)控制雙贏關(guān)系外部審核體系文件化Section4:

ISMCodeandItsGeneralPrinciplesWhatisISM "InternationalSafetyManagement(ISM)Code"meanstheInternationalMana-gementCodefortheSafeOperationofShipsandforPollutionPrevention第四節(jié)ISM規(guī)則及其安全機(jī)制WhatisISM

國際安全管理規(guī)則全稱:國際船舶安全營運(yùn)和防止污染管理規(guī)則ISMCode—BackgroundStatisticstudyshowed:80percentmarineaccidentswerecausedbyhumanfactorandtheEssentialofShipSafetyManagementisHumanElementControlTheIMOAssemblyadoptedresolutionA647(16),A.680(17)andA.741(18)successively.SOLAS,ChapterIX-ManagementfortheSafeOperationofShipswhichwasadoptedinMay1994andenteredintoforceon1July1998madetheISMCodemandatory.ISM規(guī)則的產(chǎn)生背景統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果表明，船舶安全和污染事故的80%是人為因素造成，且重點(diǎn)在于公司和船員對(duì)船舶的管理和操作。IMO致力于尋找有效地控制公司和船員的人為因素的途徑。海上安全委員會(huì)（MSC）于1992年4月草擬,并顧及了修改中的ISO9000，于1993年11月4日由IMO第18屆大會(huì)通過A741（18）號(hào)決議，即ISM規(guī)則。1994年3月的SOLAS公約外交大會(huì)上通過SOLAS74第11章“船舶安全營運(yùn)管理”，使ISM規(guī)則獲得了法律強(qiáng)制力。ISMCode—Objectives

ThepurposeoftheCodeistoprovideaninternationalstandardforthesafemanagementandoperationofshipsandforpollutionprevention.TheobjectivesoftheCodearetoensuresafetyatsea,preventionofhumaninjuryorlossoflife,andavoidanceofdamagetotheenvironment,inparticulartothemarineenvironmentandtoproperty.

ISMCode—ObjectivesISM規(guī)則目的是為船舶營運(yùn)安全和防污染管理提供一個(gè)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。ISM規(guī)則的目標(biāo)是保證海上安全，防止人員傷亡，避免對(duì)環(huán)境，特別是海洋環(huán)境造成危害以及對(duì)財(cái)產(chǎn)造成損失。ISMCode—RequirementsSafetymanagementobjectivesoftheCompanyshould,interalia:.1provideforsafepracticesinshipoperationandasafeworkingenvironment;.2establishsafeguardsagainstallidentifiedrisks;and.3continuouslyimprovesafetymanagementskillsofpersonnelashoreandaboardships,includingpreparingforemergenciesrelatedbothtosafetyandenvironmentalprotection.ISMCode—Requirements公司的安全管理目標(biāo)尤其應(yīng)該是： 1.提供船舶營運(yùn)的安全做法和安全工作環(huán)境； 2.針對(duì)已認(rèn)定的所有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，制定防范措施； 3.不斷提高岸上及船上人員的安全管理技能，包括安全及環(huán)境保護(hù)方面的應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備。ISMCode—RequirementsEveryCompanyshoulddevelop,implementandmaintainasafetymanagementsystem(SMS)whichshouldensure:.1compliancewithmandatoryrulesandregulations;and.2thatapplicablecodes,guidelinesandstandardsrecommendedbytheOrganization,Administrations,classificationsocietiesandmaritimeindustryorganizationsaretakenintoaccount.ISMCode—Requirements每個(gè)公司應(yīng)當(dāng)建立并維護(hù)一個(gè)安全管理體系并保證：符合強(qiáng)制性規(guī)定及規(guī)則； 并對(duì)國際海事組織、主管機(jī)關(guān)、船級(jí)社和海運(yùn)行業(yè)組織所建議的適用的規(guī)則、指南和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)予以考慮。FunctionalrequirementsforSMS.1asafetyandenvironmental-protectionpolicy;.2instructionsandprocedurestoensuresafeoperationofshipsandprotectionoftheenvironmentincompliancewithrelevantinternationalandflagStatelegislation;.3definedlevelsofauthorityandlinesofcommunicationbetween,andamongst,shoreandshipboardpersonnel;.4proceduresforreportingaccidentsandnon-conformitieswiththeprovisionsofthisCode;.5procedurestoprepareforandrespondtoemergencysituations;and.6proceduresforinternalauditsandmanagementreviews.安全管理體系要求：（1）安全和環(huán)境保護(hù)方針；（2）確保船舶的安全營運(yùn)和環(huán)境保護(hù)符合有關(guān)的國際和船旗國立法的指令和程序；（3）船、岸人員的權(quán)限和相互間的聯(lián)系渠道；（4）事故和不符合規(guī)則規(guī)定情況的報(bào)告程序；（5）對(duì)緊急情況的準(zhǔn)備和反應(yīng)程序；（6）內(nèi)部評(píng)審和管理性復(fù)查程序。SAFETYANDENVIRONMENTAL-PROTECTIONPOLICYTheCompanyshouldestablishasafetyandenvironmental-protectionpolicywhichdescribeshowtheobjectivesgivenbythiscodewillbeachieved.TheCompanyshouldensurethatthepolicyisimplementedandmaintainedatalllevelsoftheorganization,bothship-basedandshore-based.安全和環(huán)境保護(hù)萬針公司應(yīng)當(dāng)制定安全和環(huán)境保護(hù)方針，說明如何實(shí)現(xiàn)公司的安全管理目標(biāo)。公司應(yīng)當(dāng)保證船岸各級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)均能執(zhí)行和保持此方針。COMPANYRESPONSIBILITIESANDAUTHORITYIftheentitywhoisresponsiblefortheoperationoftheshipisotherthantheowner,theownermustreportthefullnameanddetailsofsuchentitytotheAdministration.TheCompanyshoulddefineanddocumenttheresponsibility,authorityandinterrelationofallpersonnelwhomanage,performandverifyworkrelatingtoandaffectingsafetyandpollutionprevention.TheCompanyisresponsibleforensuringthatadequateresourcesandshore-basedsupportareprovidedtoenablethedesignatedpersonorpersonstocarryouttheirfunctions.公司的責(zé)任和權(quán)力如果負(fù)責(zé)船舶營運(yùn)的實(shí)體不是船舶所有人，船舶所有人應(yīng)向主管機(jī)關(guān)報(bào)告其名稱以及詳細(xì)信息。對(duì)管理、從事和審核涉及安全和防止污染工作的所有人員，公司應(yīng)當(dāng)明確并用文件形式規(guī)定其責(zé)任、權(quán)力及相互關(guān)系。公司應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)責(zé)保證向指定的人員提供足夠的資源和岸上的支持，以便使其能夠履行各自的職責(zé)。DESIGNATEDPERSON(S)ToensurethesafeoperationofeachshipandtoprovidealinkbetweentheCompanyandthoseonboard,everyCompany,asappropriate,shoulddesignateapersonorpersonsashorehavingdirectaccesstothehighestlevelofmanagement.Theresponsibilityandauthorityofthedesignatedpersonorpersonsshouldincludemonitoringthesafetyandpollution-preventionaspectsoftheoperationofeachshipandensuringthatadequateresourcesandshore-basedsupportareapplied,asrequired.指定人員為保證各船的安全營運(yùn)和提供公司與船上之間的聯(lián)系渠道，公司應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)情況指定一名或數(shù)名能直接同最高管理層聯(lián)系的岸上人員。被指定人員的責(zé)任和權(quán)力應(yīng)包括對(duì)各船的安全營運(yùn)和防止污染方面進(jìn)行監(jiān)控，并確保按需要提供足夠的資源和岸上的支持。MASTER'SRESPONSIBILITYANDAUTHORITYTheCompanyshouldclearlydefineanddocumentthemaster'sresponsibilitywithregardto:.1implementingthesafetyandenvironmental-protectionpolicyoftheCompany;.2motivatingthecrewintheobservationofthatpolicy;.3issuingappropriateordersandinstructionsinaclearandsimplemanner;.4verifyingthatspecifiedrequirementsareobserved;and.5reviewingthesafetymanagementsystemandreportingitsdeficienciestotheshore-basedmanagement.MASTER'SRESPONSIBILITYANDAUTHORITYTheCompanyshouldensurethatthesafetymanagementsystemoperatingonboardtheshipcontainsaclearstatementemphasizingthemaster'sauthority.TheCompanyshouldestablishinthesafetymanagementsystemthatthemasterhastheoverridingauthorityandtheresponsibilitytomakedecisionswithrespecttosafetyandpollutionpreventionandtorequesttheCompany'sassistanceasmaybenecessary.船長的責(zé)任和權(quán)