2022年8月外文研究報告grundstuecks und wohnungswesen in europa

INDUSTRIES

&

MARKETSReal

Estate

in

the

EU

–Industry

Insights

&

DataAnalysisAgenda01

Introduction04

Companies06

European

ComparisonIndustryDefinitionSelected

TopCompaniesR&D

SpendingImpactof

Russias

WarAgainstUkraineon

the

UKEnergy

shares

inEurope02

FinancialNumbers05

EmployeesandSalaries07

AppendixIndustryRevenueEmployment

ShareAuthorsIndustryComparisonCOVID-19

and

EmploymentJob

AutomationIndustryDataDescription

and

MethodsAdvertisement03

Tradeand

InvestmentTradeFlowForeign

Direct

Investments2The

EU

Industry

ReportExecutivesummary?

European

GDP

level

is

expected

toreturn

to

its2019

level

after2020?

3%

of

the

European

population

hasbeen

affected

bytheCOVID-19

hazardandexposure?

Compared

tothe

average

ofthecontinent,Germany

hasahighershareinrenewables?

Average

personnel

costsintheEU27

isaround

36,700€?

R&D

spending

decreased

on

average

by3.78

%p.a.from

2012

to20193CHAPTER

01IntroductionIndustry

DefinitionReal

Estate

-NACELThissection

includesactingaslessors,

agentsand/orbrokers

inoneor

more

ofthefollowing:

selling

or

buyingreal

estate,

renting

real

estate,

providing

other

realestate

services

suchasappraisingreal

estate

or

actingasreal

estate

escrow

agents.Activitiesinthissection

maybecarried

outon

own

or

leased

property

andmaybedoneon

afee

or

contract

basis.Alsoincludedis

the

buildingofstructures,combined

with

maintaining

ownership

or

leasing

of

suchstructures.Thissection

includesreal

estate

property

managers.5Notes:The

definition

is

based

onthe

European

industry

classification

NACE

(nomenclature

statistique

des

activités

économiques

dans

la

Communauté

européenne

=

Statistical

classification

ofeconomic

activities

in

the

Europeancommunity)Sources:

Eurostat

2008The

Russia-Ukraine

war

has

caused

huge

humanitarian

and

economicconsequencesRussia-Ukraine

War:

OverviewTheRussian

invasionof

Ukraine

startedonFebruary

24,

2022.

Attacks

byRussianforces

were

reported

inmajor

citiesacross

Ukraine,

including

Berdyansk,

Chernihiv,Kharkiv,andthecapitalKyiv.Western

officialsclaimed

thatbyscope,

thewar

couldbethelargest

inEuropesince

1945.

Findthelatestdevelopments

at:

Russia-Ukrainewar

2022.

Serious

spillovers

ofthewar

havebeen

already

observed

inneighborcountries,

EU,and

theglobaleconomy,

inalmost

allmajor

fronts.Total

number

of

refugeesfrom

Ukraineinneighboring

countries(1)Poland3,396,792RomaniaRussia930,341863,086Humanitarian

ConsequencesAsof

May5,

2022,

thewar

causes

14,000

fatalitiesandforces

over

6millionrefugees

toleave

home.Hungary615,256Economic

ConsequencesThewar

may

lead

to

aloss

of1%

global

GDP

growth

in2022

and0.2%

in2023.Global

inflationisprojected

tobe2-3%

higherthanpre-war

projection.Republicof

ModovaSlovakia465,435Globalreactions426,605Asof

May11,

2022,

numerous

sanctionsare

imposed

on

Russianindividuals(6,524)andinstitutions

(1,002).

Military,

financialandhumanitarianaid

commitments

toUkraine

reached

€64.6

billionuntilMay10,

2022.Belarus

27,3086Notes:Forthe

latestupdates,

seefact

that

people

are

crossing

bordersRussia-Ukrainewar2022

-statistics

&facts

and

Russia-Ukraineconflict

2021-2022

-statistics

&facts

(1)

As

ofMay

19,

2022;

accumulated

number

is

higher

than

the

total

number

due

to

theSources:2022;

?zdamar

&Shahin

2021;

IMF

2022;

UN

2022;

Kiel

Institute

2022;

Castellum.AI

2022Implications

for

the

global

economy

due

to

the

Russia-Ukraine

warRussia-Ukraine

War:

Global

Impacts2022

global

GDPprojection

revisionbyselected

institutions(1)Projected

economic

situation

changessince

war(2)NIESRMoody’sAnalyticsIMF-0.5%-0.6%-0.8%FitchRatingsKielInstituteTheEconomistOECD-0.9%-0.9%-1.0%-1.1%WorldBank-1.2%Oxford

EconomicsConferenceBoard-1.4%-1.5%DisasterStrongly

negativeModeratelynegativeSlightlynegativeAlmostnoimpacts/SlightlypositiveUNCTAD

-1.8%7Notes:Forthe

latestupdates,

seeRussia-Ukrainewar2022

-statistics

&facts

and

Russia-Ukraineconflict

2021-2022

-statistics

&facts

(1)

Difference

between

May2022

(orlatest)

forecastand

pre-warbaseline

forecast(4.4%

WEO

IMF

Jan2022)

(2)

Country

groupings

arebasedonthe

differences

between

pre-warand

currentforecastsof2022

GDP/inflation.

GDP/inflation

data

is

published

by

IMF

WEO

October2021

and

April

20222022;

IMF

2022;

ConferenceBoard

2022;

The

Economist

2022;

NIESR

2022;

Fitch

Ratings

2022;

OxfordEconomics

2022;

UNCTAD

2022;

Kiel

Institute

2022;

OECD

2022;

World

Bank

2022Sources:The

war

has

caused

strong

fluctuations

in

the

global

commodities

marketRussia-Ukraine

War:

TradeImpactsTopproducts(1)

exportedbyRussiaandUkraine

inbillionUS$Topproducts(1)

exportedbyRussiaandUkraine

as%oftheglobal

exportvalueCommodities

priceindex

(2019=100)Russia-Ukraineconflict300Fuels

&oils142.5CerealsFertilizersNickel15.8Preci.

metals&jewellery14.113.82502001501005030.5Iron

&steel23.7Fuels

&

oilsFats

&oilsIron

&steelWood10.29.8Cereals18.87.57.4Nuclear

reactors&machin.10.29.7Metals5.45.4Fats

&oilsPreci.

metals&jewelleryFishWood9.64.54.43.9Ores,slag&ash8.87.46.9CopperOres,slag0Fertilizers&ashRailway2019M012020M012021M012022M022023Forecast3.83.6Elec.

machin.&equip.AluminiumEnergyFoodFats/OilsGrainsFertilizersMetals

&MineralsUkraineRussia8Notes:Forthe

latestupdates,

seeRussia-Ukrainewar2022

-statistics

&facts

and

Russia-Ukraineconflict

2021-2022

-statistics

&facts

(1)

Product

groupings

are

based

onHS-2

code,

data

in

2021

orlatest2022Sources:

UNComtrade

2022;

Intracen

2022;

WorldBank

2022;Generous

fiscal

policy

measures

have

been

introduced

in

many

parts

of

Europeand

the

worldRussia-Ukraine

War:

Country-specific

ImpactsGDP

growth

andInflation

projection

for

2022

intheEU(1)Votingon

the

UNresolution

condemning

Russia’s

invasion6.83.93.22.6Pre-war

forecastCurrent

forecastInfavorofAgainstNotvoteAbstainGDPGrowthInflation9Notes:Forthe

latestupdates,

seeRussia-UkraineWar2022

-statistics

&facts

and

Russia-Ukraine

conflict

2021-2022

-statistics

&facts

(1)

BasedonIMF

WEO

and

ECB

Macroeconomicprojections

ofdifferent

versions,EU272022;

IMF

2022;

UN

2022;

ECB

2022Sources:

UNComtrade

2022;

Intracen

2022;European

GDP

level

is

expected

to

return

to

its

2019

level

after2020COVID-19:

Projected

ImpactonEuropean

GDPLevelCOVID-19

impact

ongrossdomestic

product(1)

compared

to2019

level(2)14013513012512011511010510095908520192020Germany2021Italy2022Switzerland2023Belgium2024Europe(3)2025FranceSpainCzechiaSweden10

Notes:Sources:(1)

GDPlevelforecast2022–2025

using

currentexchange

rates.Datashown

does

reflectmarketimpacts

ofRussia-Ukraine

war

(2)

GDP2019=100

(3)

The

European

average

GDP

levelrefers

to

the

European

countriescoveredin

the2022Country

OutlookThe

European

employment

rate

increased

in

the

first

quarter

of

2022

incomparison

to

the

first

quarter

of

2021COVID-19:

Impacton

EmploymentPercentage

changeintheemploymentrate(1),(2)0.9Startof

COVID-0.91.00.50.819

crisis0.50.50.40.40.10.0-0.1-0.10.0-0.5-1.0-1.5-2.0-2.5-3.0-2.72019-Q22019-Q32019-Q42020-Q12020-Q22020-Q32020-Q42021-Q12021-Q22021-Q32021-Q42022-Q111

Notes:Datais

referringto

all

industries

(1)

Reflects

the

data

of27

Europeancountries

(without

the

United

Kingdom)

(2)

Percentagechange

onprevious

period(based

on

persons)Sources:

Eurostat

20223%

of

the

European

population

has

been

affected

by

the

COVID-19

hazard

andexposureCOVID-19

Risk

Levels:

INFORM

IndexCountriesbyCOVID-19

risklevels(1)Population

affected

byCOVID-19

hazard

andexposurein%6%4%4%3%3%AsiaEuropeAfricaAmericasAustralia&OceaniaVery

LowLowMediumMissing12

Notes:(1)

The

INFORM

COVID-19

RiskIndex

identifies

countries

atriskfromhealth

and

humanitarian

impacts

ofCOVID-19

that

could

overwhelmcurrentnational

response

capacity,

and

thereforelead

to

aneed

foradditionalinternational

assistance.

Dataforcountry

groupings

is

the

sumofdata

forindividual

countries.

Forthe

classification

ofcountry

groupings,

seeappendixSources:

INFORM

2022;2022Stringent

and

widespread

containment

andpublic

health

measures

areimposed

in

EuropeCOVID-19

and

Government

Responses

(1/2)Containment

andHealth

Index(1)Containment

andHealth

Index(1)

inJune

20228070605040302010001/2004/20Africa08/20Americas01/2104/2108/21EuropeAsiaAustralia&Oceania0-20>20-40>40-60>60-8013

Notes:(1)

The

Containment

and

Health

Index

trackslockdown

restrictions,closure

policies,

and

health

systempolicies,

such

astesting

and

contact

tracing,

with

0corresponding

to

leaststringent

and

100

to

moststringentDataforcountry

groupings

is

made

up

ofaverage

data

forindividual

countries.

Forthe

classification

ofcountry

groupings,

seeappendixSources:

OxfordCOVID-19

GovernmentResponse

Tracker

(Hale

etal.2020)Generous

fiscal

policy

measures

have

been

introduced

in

many

parts

of

Europeand

the

worldCOVID-19

and

Government

Responses

(2/2)Fiscal

measuresinbillionUS$

andas

%ofGDP(1)Fiscal

measuresas

percentageof

GDP(1)6,69025%326%5,7062211504,35420%2,39515%5,9542,3335%3,3122,021Asia318291667352824

42AfricaAustralia&OceaniaEuropeAmericasLiquiditysupport(2)Fiscal

measures

aspercentage

of

GDPSpending&revenues(3)0-2>2-5>5-7>7-9>9-20>2014

Notes:(1)

GDPdata

is

based

onOctober

2021

WorldEconomic

Outlook

andestimates

(2)

Equity

injections,

loans,

asset

purchase,

debt

assumptions,

guarantees,and

quasi-fiscal

operations

(3)

Additional/acceleratedspending

orforegone/deferredrevenues.Dataforcountry

groupings

is

the

sumofdata

forindividual

countries.

Forthe

classification

ofcountry

groupings,

seeappendixSources:

International

MonetaryFund

2021;

2022The

industry

had

an

air

emission

intensity

of

4.0

grams

per

euro

in

2020AirEmission

IntensityAiremissionintensities(1)

perindustry

inEurope(2)

ingramspereuroin2020Energy

supply2,948.8Agriculture,Forestry

&FishingMining&quarryingOil&Gas2,176.81,523.31,523.3Water

Supply,

Sewerage,

WasteManagement

&Remediation

Activities1,252.3ConstructionAccommodation,

Restaurants

&NightlifeCarDealers,

Wholesale

&Retail

TradeAdministrative&SupportServices78.973.560.633.6Professional,

Scientific&Technical

Activities

22.6Information

&Communication

12.8Real

Estate

4.015

Notes:(1)

Greenhouse

gases(CO

,

N

O,

CH

,

HFC,

PFC,

SF

,NF

in

CO2

equivalent)

(2)

Reflects

the

data

of27

EUmember

states2

2

4

6

3Sources:

Eurostat

2022Compared

to

the

average

of

the

continent,

Germany

has

a

higher

share

inrenewablesEnergy

ShareEnergysharesinGermany

in2020Energy

sharesinEurope

in202015.6%19.6%30.6%34.8%8.9%Growth

inrenewablesAve.Growth

inrenewables4.7%6.71%4.67%2016-2020

CAGR(2)2016-2020

CAGR(2)11.5%25.7%33.4%15.2%Renewables(1)NuclearGasCoalOil16

Notes:Regional

average

value

refers

to

the

countries

coveredby

theGrowthRate/average

growthrate

per

yearCountry

Reports

and

the

source(1)

Renewable

energies

include

hydropower,

solar,wind,

and

otherrenewable

sources(2)

CAGR:

Compound

AnnualSources::

bp

2022;2022CHAPTER

02Financial

NumbersWith

11.6%,

the

revenue

growth

in

the

United

Kingdom

was

higher

than

theEuropean

averageRevenue:

GrowthRevenue

growth,

revenue

andreal

GDPin2021(1)Revenuegrowth

2020-2021

in%

(1)13MaltaPortugal1211109CzechiaCyprusUnited

KingdomFranceSlovakiaIrelandRomaniaHungarySwedenLuxembourgSloveniaNetherlandsItalyCroatia8AverageGreeceBulgariaGermany7AustriaSpainLatvia6BelgiumDenmark5Estonia43Poland21-10

-50510

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

140

145

150

155

160

165

170RealGDP:

￡500billionRevenuein2021inm€(1)18

Notes:Sources:(1)estimateIndustry

Outlook

2022;2022;

OECD

2022;

Statistical

Office

of

the

EuropeanUnion

(Eurostat)

2022;

International

Monetary

Fund

2020The

gross

operatingratein

"Real

estate

activities"

was

higher

than

the

average

in2019Operating

RateGross

operatingrate

in%(1)43.643.842.342.342.642.041.041.141.316.716.016.115.215.415.415.515.515.5201120122013201420152016Allindustries(2)201720182019Real

EstateThegross

operating

rateis

anindicatorof

profitabilitythatcorresponds

tothe

share

ofgross

operating

surplusinturnover.

Thegrossoperating

surplusisthe

surplusgenerated

byoperating

activitiesafterthelaborfactorinput

hasbeen

deducted.

Itcanbecalculated

fromthevalue-added

atfactorcost

minusthe

personnel

costs.19

Notes:(1)

Reflects

the

data

of27

European

countries

(2)

Datareflectsthe

average

ofall

industry

data.Sources:

Eurostat

2022CHAPTER

03Trade

and

InvestmentFor

“Real

Estate”,

Europe

is

the

biggest

trade

partnerInternational

Trade:

Imports

and

ExportsExport

flow

inbillionUS$Importflow

inbillionUS$1,321.71,378.218%1,310.218%1,332.41,458.613%1,334.914%13%58%18%56%60%58%55%53%27%24%1%23%24%24%26%1%20191%20201%1%20181%1%20191%3%3%3%1%2018Europe2020AfricaAustralia&OceaniaAsiaAmericas21

Notes:Sources:Aggregatedata

(in

currentUS$)

covers

all

countries

inProfessionaland

management

consulting

services(legal,

accounting,

auditing,

marketresearch,etc.);and

Technical,

trade-related,

and

otherbusiness

services2022;

WTO

2022country

list

with

data

availability.

Datarefers

toEBOPS

code

"Other

business

services".Other

business

servicesinclude

Researchand

development

services;Germany

is

the

second

most

important

player

of

the

global

FDI

flowsInvestment

byTopCountriesHighestFDIinflows

inbillionUS$

in2021HighestFDIoutflows

inbillionUS$

in2021Highestnetcross-border

M&AssalesinbillionUS$

in2021Highestnetcross-border

M&AspurchasesinbillionUS$

in2021United

StatesUnited

StatesMainland

ChinaHongKongSingaporeCanada367United

StatesGermanyJapan403United

StatesUnited

KingdomSingaporeCanada28421618114115214714595FranceCanada8666605043382317452999Mainland

ChinaUnited

KingdomCanadaJapan60501089062474629IrelandSaudiArabiaSpain242422212020171413BrazilGermanyUnited

KingdomAustraliaSingaporeNorwayIndiaSouthAfricaRussia454138323130282726252525212019171616IrelandSingaporeBelgiumIsraelGermanyAustraliaMexicoGermanyIsraelNetherlandsLuxembourgSaudiArabiaBrazil15141312LuxembourgNetherlandsItaly2524232322201716ItalyDenmarkThailandSwitzerlandUAEUnited

KingdomSwedenSwitzerlandUAE8Ireland

10BelgiumDenmarkSweden6443332222FinlandNorway9AustraliaPolandSweden888665554ThailandNetherlandsLuxembourgHongKongIndiaIndiaJapanUAEIndiaSouthKoreaHongKongPapuaNew

GuineaSwedenChile

12IndonesiaSaudiArabiaSouthKoreaIrelandItaly

12Austria

11Israel

10Mainland

ChinaIsraelAustraliaMaltaCzechia976New

ZealandFranceMainland

ChinaRussiaVietnamFrance

14BelgiumPoland222

Notes:Sources:Datais

referringto

an

aggregate

ofall

industries.

FDI:Foreigndirectinvestment,

M&A:

Mergers

and

Acquisitions.

Datais

in

currentUS$2022;

UNCTAD

2022CHAPTER

04CompaniesFinatis

Sa

registered

the

largest

revenue

in

2021Selected

TopCompaniesRankCompany(1)Total

revenue

inmillion€No.ofemployees(2)Headquarters12FinatisSa37,492n/aFranceFinanciereDeL’OdetDcc30,37873,407n/aFrance324,442IrelandSwedenFrance4Skanska

Ab16,77428,699n/a5WendelSe8,5186,5065,5263,8566VonoviaSe15,8718,296n/aGermanyFrance7NexitySa8Schouw&CoA/SAltareitSaDenmarkFrance93,5503,0551,540n/a10LeLundbergf?retagen

AbSweden24

Notes:(1)

Only

stock-listed

companies;

the

selection

ofcompanies

is

based

ontheir

majorsourcesof

revenue

(2)

Latestavailable

dataSources:

Marketdata

by

Quandl

and

WBV

2022;

Company

DB

2022CHAPTER

05Employees

and

SalariesGermany

had

the

highest

number

of

employees

in

this

industryEmployment:

Number

of

EmployeesNumberofemployeesinthousandsin20210600026

Notes:Austria

2020,

Belgium

2020,

Bulgaria

2020,

Cyprus

2020,

Czechia

2020,

Germany2020,

Denmark2020,

Estonia

2020,

Greece

2020,Spain

2020,

France2020,

Hungary

2020,

Ireland2020,

Lithuania

2020,

Luxembourg

2020,Latvia

2020,

Poland

2020,

Portugal2020,

Sweden

2020,

Slovenia

2020,

Slovakia

2020,Sources:

Eurostat

2022Europe

was

less

affected

in

terms

of

the

lost

working

hours

than

the

AmericasCOVID-19’s

Impact

onWorking

HoursWorking

hourslost(1)

in2021

in%4.74.43.63.31.8EuropeAustraliaAsiaandthe

PacificAfricaAmericas27

Notes:(1)

Please

refertoILO

Monitor:COVID-19

and

the

worldofwork.

Seventh

editionSources:

ILO

2022Overall,

average

weekly

working

hours

in

the

EU27

have

decreased

from

2020to

2021Working

HoursAverageweeklyhoursworked

peremployee(1)2,0202,01550454035020122013AustriaBulgaria201420152016FranceItaly201720182019RomaniaTurkey20202021SwitzerlandGermanyEstoniaGreeceSpainFinlandLithuaniaNetherlandsNorwayPortugalEU2728

Notes:(1)

Includes

the

number

ofweekly

working

hours

forfull-time

and

part-time

employees,

temporaryemployees,

and

self-employed

individuals,

aswell

asindividuals

with

a

second

jobwho

workoutsideofregularbusinesshours

and

comewithin

the

agegroupof15

to64

yearsoldSources:

Eurostat

2022Average

personnel

costs

in

the

EU27

is

around

36,700€Personnel

Costs(1/2)Averagepersonnelcosts(1)

inthousand€in201955.548.741.433.936.733.519.918.215.29.4CzechiaFinlandFranceGermanyItalyPolandPortugalRomaniaSpainEU27

202029

Notes:(1)

Total

remuneration,

in

cashorin

kind,

payable

by

an

employer

toan

employee

forwork

carriedout.

This

is

divided

by

the

number

ofemployees

(paid

workers),

which

includes

part-time

workers,

seasonal

workers

etc,but

excludes

persons

onlong-termleaveSources:

Eurostat

2022Accommodation

and

food

service

activities

industry

had

the

lowest

averagepersonnel

costsPersonnel

Costs(2/2)Averagepersonnelcosts(1)

inthousand€and

growth

in2019Electricity,

gas,steam

and

airconditioning

supplyInformation

and

communicationProfessional,

scientificandtechnical

activitiesManufacturing60.7+1.0%+3.3%+3.7%+3.0%-2.6%+3.4%+2.8%+1.4%+2.6%+3.0%+3.6%+2.2%56.448.144.1Miningandquarrying38.036.7ConstructionReal

estateactivitiesWater

supply;sewerage,

wastemanagement

andremediation

activities36.736.5Transportation

and

storageWholesale

and

retail

trade;

repairof

motor

vehicles

and

motorcycles35.231.2Administrativeandsupportservice

activities25.8Accommodation

andfood

service

activities18.730

Notes:(1)

Total

remuneration,

in

cashorin

kind,

payable

by

an

employer

toan

employee

forwork

carriedout.

This

is

divided

by

the

number

ofemployees

(paid

workers),

which

includes

part-time

workers,

seasonal

workers

etc,but

excludes

persons

onlong-termleave.Datais

referringtothe

EU27Sources:

Eurostat

2022Job

automation

is

shaping

the

future

of

work

across

all

industriesPotential

Rates

ofJob

Automation

(1/3)Impactof

automation

andoverviewof

wavesJob

automation

isadvancingatarapid

pace.

Whileboosting

productivity

andenhancingthe

qualityand

quantity

of

products

andservices,

automation

alsoproducesdisruptiontothe

job

market.

Theunderlying

study

byPwC

categorizes

the

automation

process

over

theperiod

to

the2030s

in

three

overlapping

waves:WavesAlgorithmAugmentationAutonomyYearsEarly

2020sLate2020s2030sAutomationofsimple

computational

tasksanddataanalysisDynamic

interaction

withtechnology,

including

robotictasksAutomationofphysical

labor,

problem-solving,

andresponsive

actionsDescriptionFinancial

andinsurance,

information

andcommunication,

professional,

scientific

andtechnicalservicesFinancial

andinsurance,

publicadministration,manufacturing,

transportation

andstorageConstruction,

water,sewage

andwastemanagement,transportation

andstorageIndustries

impactedCountries

impactedSlovakia,Slovenia,Lithuania,

Czechia,

Italy,

France,GermanyFrance,

Italy,

Slovakia,Netherlands,

BelgiumLithuania,

Czechia,Slovakia,Slovenia,Germany,

Italy31

Notes:Datais

obtained

fromthe

OECD

PIAAC

survey.Therefore,

some

countries

outside

ofEurope

are

included,

such

as

the

United

States

orJapan.Foramoredetailed

analysis

and

the

methodology,

refertothe

sourceSources:

PwC

2018Transportation

and

storagehas

the

highest

rate

of

job

automationPotential

Rates

ofJob

Automation

(2/3)Potential

rates

ofjob

automation

across

wavesTransportation2%2%22%23%27%andstorageManufacturing20%Construction

1%15%21%15%Administrativeand2%2%3%17%20%support

serviceWholesale

and11%7%retail

tradePublicadmin.andsupport

servicesFinancialand22%6%6%7%23%1%insuranceInformation

andcommunicationProfessional,

scientificor

technical

servicesAccommodation

andfood

services18%17%3%1%12%11%Algorithmwave1%Augmentation

waveAutonomy

wave32

Notes:Datais

obtained

fromthe

OECD

PIAAC

survey.Therefore,

some

countries

outside

ofEurope

are

included,

such

as

the

United

States

orJapan.Foramoredetailed

analysis

and

the

methodology,

refertothe

sourceSources:

PwC

2018Employees

in

Eastern

European

countries

are

potentially

facing

a

higher

risk

ofjob

automationPotential

Rates

ofJob

Automation

(3/3)Potential

jobsat

riskof

jobautomationImpactsdifferacross

countries(1)SlovakiaSlovenia

4%Lithuania

4%Czechia

3%Italy

4%France

4%Germany

3%Austria

3%Spain

3%4%21%21%22%22%19%19%16%15%17%15%13%13%13%Theimpactof

jobautomation

bytheearly

2030s

variesacross

countries.

EspeciallyEastern

European

countries

facehigh

risks(upto

44%

inSlovakia).

Thisisduetothe

large

shareof

industrialproduction

inthese

countries,

which

tendstobeeasiertoautomateinthe

augmentation

andautonomy

waves.

Incontrast,Nordiceconomies

such

asFinland

or

Sweden

with

relatively

high

average

education

levelsandemployment

ratesfacelower

risks.

Service-dominated

countries,

forexamplethe

United

Kingdom,havemedium

levels

of

potentialautomation.5018%18%20%19%18%Poland

3%Ireland

3%13%14%17%17%16%13%16%13%9%10%10%Netherlands4%40%30%20%10%0%United

Kingdom

3%Cyprus

3%Belgium

4%Denmark

3%Norway

3%Sweden

4%Greece

3%10%9%14%14%13%8%8%10%12%11%7%Finland

3%2019202220252028Service2031Nordic20342037Algorithm

waveAugmentationwaveAutonomywaveIndustrial33

Notes:(1)

The

exactcategorizationofthe

countries

is

documented

in

the

sourceDatais

obtained

fromthe

OECD

PIAAC

surveySources:

PwC

2018CHAPTER

06Research

and

InnovationR&Dspending

decreased

onaverage

by

3.78

%

p.a.

from

2012

to

2019SpendingBusinessexpenditure

onR&D(1),(2)

inmillion€-3.78%(3)576.8453.8261.1225.6148.2106.584.664.62012201320142015201620172018201935

Notes:(1)

All

expenditures

plus

grossfixed

expenditure

forR&D(2)

Reflects

the

data

of23

European

countries

(3)

CAGR:Compound

Annual

GrowthRate/average

growthrateperyear4:Datais

referringtoNACE

L068

("Realestateactivities")Sources:

Eurostat

20