大學思辨英語教程-精讀3教學課件Unit-11

Unit11

Urbanizationand

theEnvironmentUnit11

Urbanizationand

the1

TextA

AlternativestoSprawl:ShapingTomorrow’sCities

MarciaD.LoweTextA2Learning

ObjectivesReadingSkills

CriticalThinkingCommunicativeCommunicativeCompetenceInterculturalCompetenceLearningObjectivesReadingSki3DistinguishbetweengeneralandspecificstatementsCheckandmonitoryourcomprehensionScanforrequiredinformationLearning

ObjectivesIllustrateyourpointsinalogical,structuralmannerAdoptandargueforaperspectiveinapro-condebateDevelopacoherentandcohesiveoral/writtendiscourseCommunicativeCompetenceReadingSkillsDistinguishbetweengeneralan4CriticalThinkingLearning

ObjectivesEvaluatethelogicalstrengthsoftheauthor’sevidenceandargumentsNoteandreflectonthedifferencesinurbandesignsacrosscultureUsedifferentexamplestosupportdifferentaspectsofanideaExploreandinterpretthedifferencesbetweencitydesignsacrossculturesAnalyzethestrengthsandweaknessesoftheChineseideaandpracticeoffengshuiincomparisonwithmodernscienceUnderstandthedifferentperspectivesbetweendevelopedcountriesInterculturalCompetenceCriticalThinkingLearningObj5LeadinWhiletheworldhasbecomeincreasinglyindustrialized,morepeoplehavemovedtocitiesseekingjobsandadaptingtotheurbanwayoflife.Somecitieshavegrowntobecomeametropolis,megacityorconurbation,resultingincontinuousLeadinWhiletheworldhasbec6Leadinurbansprawl,trafficjams,noise,pollutionanddisparitybetweentherichandthepoor.Howshouldweresolvetheseproblemsandmakeourcitiespeople-friendlyandenvironment-friendly?TextAanalyzesthecausesoftheurbanproblemstroublingthedevelopedaswellasthedevelopingcountriesaroundtheworld,andprovidesalternativewaystourbandevelopmentthatwouldmakecitiesmorehumaneforfuturegenerations.Itisarguedthatwhiledevelopedcountrieshavebecomericher,cleanerandsafer,developingcountrieshavebecomepoorer,dirtier,andmoredangerous,becauseoftheWesternLeadinurbansprawl,traffic7Leadintransferofitslow-value-addedpollutingindustriestothelatter.Worsestill,thedevelopedcountriestendtoblamedevelopingcountriesforpollutingtheworld.TextBoffersaninsightfulcriticismofthisimperialisticandneo-colonialistbehavior.Leadintransferofitslow-va8BackgroundKnowledge1.UrbanizationUrbanizationreferstothepopulationshiftfromruraltourban“thegradualincreaseinthepopulationofpeoplelivinginurbanareas”,andthewaysinwhicheachsocietyadaptstothechange.Itispredominantlytheprocessbywhichtownsandcitiesareformedandbecomelargerasmorepeoplebeginlivingandworkingincentralareas.Itispredictedthatby2050about64%ofthedevelopingworldand86%ofthedevelopedworldwillbeurbanized.Notably,theUnitedNationshasalsorecentlyprojectedthatnearlyallglobalpopulationgrowthfrom2017to2030willbeabsorbedbycities,about1.1billionnewurbanitesoverthenext13years.Today,inAsiatheurbanBackgroundKnowledge1.Urbaniz9BackgroundKnowledgeagglomerationsofOsaka,Karachi,Jakarta,Mumbai,Shanghai,Manila,SeoulandBeijingareeachalreadyhometoover20millionpeople,whileDelhiandTokyoareforecasttoapproachorexceed40millionpeopleeachwithinthecomingdecade.OutsideAsia,MexicoCity,S?oPaulo,London,NewYorkCity,Istanbul,LagosandCairoare,orsoonwillbe,hometoover10millionpeopleeach.Urbanizationisnotmerelyamodernphenomenon,butarapidandhistorictransformationofhumansocialrootsonaglobalscale,wherebypredominantlyruralcultureisbeingrapidlyreplacedbypredominantlyurbanculture.Urbanizationcreatesenormoussocial,economicandenvironmentalchanges,whichBackgroundKnowledgeagglomerat10BackgroundKnowledgeprovideanopportunityforsustainabilitywiththe“potentialtouseresourcesmoreefficiently,tocreatemoresustainablelanduseandtoprotectthebiodiversityofnaturalecosystems.”Urbanizationisrelevanttoarangeofdisciplines,includingurbanplanning,geography,sociology,economics,andpublichealth.Thus,ithasnotonlybroughtbenefitstotheurbanitesbutalsocausedvariousproblemssuchastrafficcongestion,pollution,povertyandcrimesthatneedtobeaddressed.BackgroundKnowledgeprovidean11BackgroundKnowledgeBackgroundKnowledge12BackgroundKnowledge2.Shanty-townAshantytownorsquatterareaisasettlementofimprovisedhousing,calledshantiesorshacks,madeofplywood,corrugatedmetal,sheetsofplastic,andcardboardboxes.Suchsettlementsareusuallyfoundontheperipheryofcities,inpublicparks,ornearrailroadtracks,rivers,lagoonsorcitytrashdumpsites.Sometimescalledasquatter,informalorspontaneoussettlement,atypicalshantytownoftenlackspropersanitation,safewatersupply,electricity,hygienicstreets,orotherbasichumannecessities.BackgroundKnowledge2.Shanty-13BackgroundKnowledge3.InfrastructureInfrastructurereferstostructures,systems,andfacilitiesservingacountry,city,orarea,includingtheservicesandfacilitiesnecessaryforitseconomytofunction.Ittypicallycharacterizestechnicalstructuressuchasroads,bridges,tunnels,watersupply,sewers,electricalgrids,telecommunications,andsoforth,andcanbedefinedas“thephysicalcomponentsofinterrelatedsystemsprovidingcommoditiesandservicesessentialtoenable,sustain,orenhancesocietallivingconditions.”BackgroundKnowledge3.Infrast14BackgroundKnowledgeDowntownisatermprimarilyusedinNorthAmericabyEnglishspeakerstorefertoacity'score(orcenter)orcentralbusinessdistrict(CBD),ofteninageographical,commercial,orcommunalsense.ThetermisnotgenerallyusedinBritishEnglish,whosespeakersinsteadusethetermcitycenter.ThetermisthoughttohavebeencoinedinNewYorkCity,whereitwasinusebythe1830storefertotheoriginaltownatthesoutherntipoftheislandofManhattan.Duringthelate19thcentury,thetermwasgraduallyadoptedbycitiesacrosstheUnitedStatesandCanadatorefertothehistoricalcoreofthecity(whichwasmostoftenthesameasthecommercialheartofthecity).4.DowntownBackgroundKnowledgeDowntowni15BackgroundKnowledgeAmegacityisusuallydefinedasametropolitanareawithatotalpopulationinexcessoftenmillionpeople.Amegacitycanbeasinglemetropolitanareaortwoormoremetropolitanareasthatconverge.Asof2015,thereare35megacitiesinexistence.ThelargestofthesearethemetropolitanareasofTokyoandShanghai,eachofthesehavingapopulationofover30millioninhabitants,with38.8millionand35.5millionrespectively.Tokyoistheworld'slargestmetropolitanarea,whileShanghaihastheworld'slargestcityproperpopulation.5.Megacity,globalcityandMetropolisBackgroundKnowledgeAmegacity16BackgroundKnowledgeAglobalcity,alsocalledworldcityorsometimesalphacityorworldcenter,isacitygenerallyconsideredtobeanimportantnodeintheglobaleconomicsystem.Theuseof“globalcity”,asopposedto“megacity”,waspopularizedbysociologistSaskiaSasseninher1991work,TheGlobalCity:NewYork,London,Tokyo;althoughtheterm“worldcity”,whichreferstocitiesthatcontroladisproportionateamountofglobalbusiness,datestoatleasttheMay1886descriptionofLiverpool,byTheIllustratedLondonNews.Morerecently,thetermhasbeendescribedasbeingsynonymouswithacity’sinfluenceand“financialcapital”,withotherfactorsbecominglessrelevant.continuedBackgroundKnowledgeAglobalc17BackgroundKnowledgeAmetropolisisalargecityorconurbationwhichisasignificanteconomic,political,andculturalcenterforacountryorregion,andanimportanthubforregionalorinternationalconnections,commerce,andcommunications.ThetermisGreekandmeansthe"mothercity"ofacolony(intheancientsense).Abigcitybelongingtoalargerurbanagglomeration,butwhichisnotthecoreofthatagglomeration,isnotgenerallyconsideredametropolisbutapartofit.continuedBackgroundKnowledgeAmetropol18BackgroundKnowledgeAgreenwayis“astripofundevelopedlandnearanurbanarea,setasideforrecreationaluseorenvironmentalprotection”.However,thetermcaninfactinclude"ascenicroad"andthoughmanyareinurbanareas.Agreenwayisatrail(andsometimesawildlifecorridor),foundinbothurbanandruralsettings,thatisfrequentlycreated,outofadisusedrailway,canaltowpath,utility,orsimilarrightofway,orderelictindustrialland.6.GreenwayBackgroundKnowledgeAgreenway19BackgroundKnowledgeUrbansprawlorsuburbansprawldescribestheexpansionofhumanpopulationsawayfromcentralurbanareasintolow-density,monofunctionalandusuallycar-dependentcommunities,inaprocesscalledsuburbanization.Inadditiontodescribingaparticularformofurbanization,thetermalsorelatestothesocialandenvironmentalconsequencesassociatedwiththisdevelopment.Thetermurbansprawlishighlypoliticized,andalmostalwayshasnegativeconnotations.Itiscriticizedforcausingenvironmentaldegradation,andintensifyingsegregationandunderminingthevitalityofexistingurbanareasandattackedonaestheticgrounds.7.UrbansprawlBackgroundKnowledgeUrbanspra20BackgroundKnowledgeTrafficcongestionisaconditionontransportnetworksthatoccursasuseincreases,andischaracterizedbyslowerspeeds,longertriptimes,andincreasedvehicularqueuing.Themostcommonexampleisthephysicaluseofroadsbyvehicles.Whentrafficdemandisgreatenoughthattheinteractionbetweenvehiclesslowsthespeedofthetrafficstream,thisresultsinsomecongestion.Trafficcongestioncanleadtodriversbecomingfrustratedandengaginginroadrage.8.TrafficcongestionBackgroundKnowledgeTrafficco21BackgroundKnowledge9.InformationofsomecitiesinthistextCityLocationPopulationImportanceSaoPauloBrazil,SouthAmerica11,244,369 themostpopulouscityinBrazil,theAmericas,andtheSouthernHemisphere MexicoCityMexico,NorthAmerica8.84millionCapitalofMexico,oneofthemostimportantfinancialcentersintheAmericas.SeattleTheUnitedStates,NorthAmerica684,451LargestcityinboththestateofWashingtonandthePacificNorthwestregionofNorthAmerica.BackgroundKnowledge9.Informa22BackgroundKnowledgeCityLocationPopulationImportanceNewYorkUnitedStates,NorthAmerica8,550,405 ThemostpopulouscityintheUnitedStates,thecenteroftheNewYorkmetropolitanarea,oneofthemostpopulousurbanagglomerationsintheworld,aglobalfinancialcenter. ShanghaiChina,Asia24millionThemostpopulouscityinbothChinaandAsiaaswellasthemostpopulouscityproperintheworld,aglobalfinancialcenter,andatransporthubwiththeworld'sbusiestcontainerport.continuedBackgroundKnowledgeCityLocati23BackgroundKnowledgeCityLocationPopulationImportanceBombayIndia,Asia18.4million ThemostpopulouscityinIndiaandtheninthmostpopulousagglomerationintheworld,thewealthiestcityinIndia ParisFrance,Europe10,550,350ThecapitalandmostpopulouscityofFrance,knownforitsfashionandmuseums,thehomeofthemostvisitedartmuseumintheworld,theLouvrecontinuedBackgroundKnowledgeCityLocati24BackgroundKnowledgeCityLocationPopulationImportanceLondonTheUnitedKingdom,Europe8,673,713ThecapitalandmostpopulouscityofEngland,GreatBritain,andtheUnitedKingdom,aleadingglobalcity,oneoftheworld’sleadingfinancialcenters.continuedBackgroundKnowledgeCityLocati25

TextStructureTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructurePartPara(s).MainideaI.Backgroundofurbanizationintheworld1-3II.Urbanplanningaroundtheglobe4-9III.Cityplanningastransportationplanning10-15Urbanizationandurbanplanninghasprofoundimpactsonhumanandenvironmentalwell-beingSomecitiesarewellplanned(ParisandsomeEnglishcities),somecitiesdidn’thaveagoodplan(NorthAmerica&Australia),andtheworstcityplanningisinthedevelopingcountries.Acity’stransportsystemfunctionsbetterifthingsareclosertohome.Antiquatedzoninglawsneedupdating.TextStructureTextAnalysisD26

continuedDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructurePartPara(s).MainideaIV.Increasingdensityanddiversity16-21V.Roomenoughforall22-24Integratehomesnotonlywithworkplacesbutwithotheramenities;allowhomeownerstorentoutsmallapartmentswithintheirhouses;theexampleofPortland,OhioSomecitiesarewellplanned(ParisandsomeEnglishcities),somecitiesdidn’thaveagoodplan(NorthAmerica&Australia),andtheworstcityplanningisinthedevelopingcountries.TextAnalysiscontinuedDetailedAnalysisEv27

DetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructurePartPara(s).MainideaVI.Humanecities25-30VII.Agroundworkforurbanland-usepolicy31-37Makingurbanareasmorehumaneincludesplanningtheuseofstreetspace,holdingthetrafficincheck,creatingandincreasing“greenways”,andinvolvingthepublicintheurban-planningprocess.Land-useshouldconfinethedevelopmentwithinexistingboundariessothatcitiescanprotectboththeirownfutureandthatofruralareas.Nationalfundingsupportisneededforbetterurbanplanninginbothdevelopedworldandthedevelopingworld.

continuedTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationa281.Facingrapidurbanizationtheworldover,whatsuggestion(s)regardingurbanplanningdoesMarciaD.Loweputforward?City-planninghasprofoundimpactsonhumanandenvironmentalwell-being.Uncontrolledurbangrowthcandestroythenaturalresourcesandcreatesocialdisparity.Thustheworldneedsanurban-planningethicthatissensitivetotheseenvironmentalandhumandimensions.PartIComprehensionCheckPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII1.Facingrapidurbanizationt29

1.drawonsth.(Para.2,line4)touseinformationoryourknowledgeofsomethingtohelpyoudosomething利用，依賴（信息或知識）

e.g.Hisnovelsdrawheavilyonhischildhood.

PartIWordStudyPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII1.drawonsth.(Para.2,lin30

2.equitable(Para.3,line5)

adjectiveformaltreatingallpeopleinafairandequalway平等的，公正的e.g.anequitabledistributionoffoodsuppliesAntonym:inequitableDerivation:equitably

adverbe.g.

Theworkshouldbesharedmoreequitably.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII2.equitable(Para.3,line5)31

1.AccordingtotheUnitedNations,thepopulationsofThirdWorldcitiesarenowdoublingevery10to15years,overwhelminggovernments’attemptstoprovidecleanwater,sewerage,adequatetransport,andotherbasicservices.(Para.1)PartISentenceAnalysisParaphrasethesentenceEstimatesfromtheUNshowthatthepopulationsofThirdWorldcitiesarenowdoublingevery10to15years,andthisisposingaseriouschallengetogovernments’effortstoprovidecleanwater,sewerage,adequatetransport,andotherbasicservices.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII1.AccordingtotheUnitedNa321.Whatarethecommonland-relatedconcernsallcitiesshare?Congestionandpollutionfrommotorvehicles,alackofaffordablehousing,andthecancerousgrowthofblighteddistricts.PartIIComprehensionCheckPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII1.Whatarethecommonland-re33WesternEuropehasalongtraditionofactivelycontrollinglandusesothatthesmallamountofavailablespaceservesthepublic’sinterestmorethanthatofprivatedevelopers.NorthAmericaandAustraliahavetheweakestplanningtraditions.Governmentsonthesecontinentshavedonerelativelylittletoguidedevelopmentbeyondseparatingindustrialareasfromthosezonedforcommerceandhousing.Developingcountrieshavetheloosestcontrolsoverhowcitiesdevelop.Theenormousrapidlygrowingcitestherearerackedwithpollutionandrimmedbyshanty-towns.2.Intermsoflanduseandplanning,whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenthefollowingthreeregionsintheworld—WesternEurope,theUnitedStatesandAustralia,andthedevelopingcountries?PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVIIWesternEuropehasalongtrad34PartIIWordStudy1.blighted(Para.4,line3)adjectiveinabadlydamagedordeterioratedconditione.g.

ablightedlandscapee.g.

ablightedcity

PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVIIPartIIWordStudy1.blighted352.sprawl(Para.5,line6)noun[uncountable,countable]1)（城市）雜亂無序拓展的地區(qū)e.g.Effortstostop/preventsprawl2)Agroupofthings(suchasbuildings)thatcoveranareainanunevenanduglywaye.g.asprawlofstoresandrestaurantsPartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII2.sprawl(Para.5,line6)Par363.dispersed(Para.7,line1)adjectiveScattered,separated,orspreadthroughalargeareae.g.Adispersedpopulationofasylumseekerse.g.TheylivehighinAndes,insmallanddispersedgroups.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII3.dispersed(Para.7,line1)374.amenity(Para.7,line8)noun

(plural

amenities)[countableusuallyplural]somethingthatmakesaplacecomfortableoreasytolivein便利設施，娛樂場所e.g.

Thehotelisinthecitycenter,closetoshopsandlocalamenities.e.g.

housesthatlackbasicamenities(=basicthingsthatpeopleneed,suchasheatandrunningwater)PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII4.amenity(Para.7,line8)Par385.rack(Para.8,line4)verb

[transitive]tomakesomeonesuffergreatmentalorphysicalpain折磨e.g.

Greatsobsrackedherbody.e.g.

Herfacewasrackedwithpain.e.g.

Lizawasrackedbyguilt.Grammar:Rackisoftenpassiveinthismeaning.Collocation:

rackyourbrainstotryveryhardtorememberorthinkofsomething絞盡腦汁e.g.

Irackedmybrains,tryingtorememberhisname.PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII5.rack(Para.8,line4)PartI396.squatter(Para.9,line3)noun[countable]someonewholivesinanemptybuildingoronapieceoflandwithoutpermissionandwithoutpayingrent擅自占用空屋（或荒地）者PartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII6.squatter(Para.9,line3)Pa401.ManyofEngland’surbanareas,stillfulfillingafarsighteddecreebyQueenElizabethIin1580,areringedbygreenbeltsintendedtoprotectfarmlandandpreventsprawl.(Para.5)PartIISentenceAnalysisManyofEngland’surbanareasarestillcircledbygreenbeltsintendedtoprotectfarmlandandpreventcitysprawl;thetraditionhasbeencarriedoutaccordingtoafarsighteddecreebyQueenElizabethIin1580.ParaphrasethesentencePartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII1.ManyofEngland’surbanare412.Zoningcodesthatrestrictresidentialdensity,usuallybyrequiringeachhousetooccupyitsownlargelot,haveforceddevelopmenttoconsumeevengreatertractsofopenspace.(Para.6)Zoningcodesrestrictresidentialdensitybyrequiringeachhousetooccupyitsownlargelot,andthishasforceddevelopmenttouseevengreatertractsofopenspace.ParaphrasethesentencePartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII2.Zoningcodesthatrestrict423.Thesegiantcities,rackedwithpollutionandrimmedbyshanty-towns,havebecomeincreasinglycharacteristicofthedevelopingworld.(Para.8)Thesegiantcitiesarerackedwithpollutionandrimmedbyshanty-towns.Theyhavebecomeincreasinglyfeaturesofthedevelopingcountries.ParaphrasethesentencePartIPartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII3.Thesegiantcities,racked43Compartmentalizingandzoninglaws,whichseparateworkplacefromlivingquarters,havecausedbothwasteoflandintheenvironmentandwasteoftimeforthecommuters.Tosolvetheseproblems,cityplanningshouldfocusontransportationplanning,andacity’stransportsystemfunctionsbetterifthingsareclosertohome.Inurbandesign,whataretheconsequencesofcompartmentalizingandzoninglaws?Howdoyouunderstand“cityplanningastransportationplanning”?PartIIIComprehensionCheckPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVIICompartmentalizingandzoning44PartIIIWordStudy1.plague(Para.10,line8)verb

[transitive]1)tocausepain,suffering,ortroubletosomeone,especiallyforalongperiodoftime不斷困擾，折磨e.g.

Hewasplaguedbyeyetroubles.e.g.

Financialproblemscontinuedtoplaguethecompany.Grammar:Plagueisoftenpassiveinthismeaning.2)toannoysomeone,especiallybyaskingforsomethingmanytimesoraskingthemmanyquestions使煩惱，打攪e.g.

Thekidshavebeenplaguingmewithquestions.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVIIPartIIIWordStudy1.plague452.marginalize(Para.10,line9)verb

[transitive]tomakeapersonoragroupofpeopleunimportantandpowerlessinanunfairway使邊緣化e.g.

Femaleemployeescomplainedofbeingmarginalizedbymanagement.Derivation:marginalizedadjectivePartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII2.marginalize(Para.10,line463.antiquated(Para.13,line2)adjective

old-fashionedandnotsuitableformodernneedsorconditions–usedtoshowdisapproval過時的，陳舊的e.g.antiquatedlawsSynonym:

outdated

PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII3.antiquated(Para.13,line474.compartmentalize(Para.15,line1)verb

[transitive]todividesomethingintoseparateareasorgroups劃分，區(qū)分e.g.

Womenarebetterthanmenatcompartmentalizingtheirlives.Derivation:

compartmentalized

adjectivePartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII4.compartmentalize(Para.15,485.repercussion(Para.15,line2)noun

[countableusuallyplural]theeffectsofanactionorevent,especiallybadeffectsthatcontinueforsometime

持續(xù)影響，反響e.g.

Thecollapseofthecompanyhadrepercussionsforthewholeindustry.e.g.

Therewereseriousrepercussionsonhiscareer.e.g.

therepercussionsofthecrisisPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII5.repercussion(Para.15,lin49However,itisimpossibletostopfurtherdevelopmentbecauseprohibitinggrowthintheirownjurisdictionsandcommunitiessimplyshiftsittoneighboringareas.Intheseareas,controlsmaybelooserandpoliciesmaybemoreencouragingtofurtherexpansion.1.Butitisimpossibletohaltfurtherdevelopment;byprohibitinggrowthintheirownjurisdictions,communitiesmerelyshiftittoneighboringareas,wherecontrolsmaybelooserandmoreconducivetofurthersprawl.(Para.11)PartIIISentenceAnalysisPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVIIHowever,itisimpossibletos502.Manyneighborhoodsarelittlemorethanthroughwaysforcardriversenroutetosomewhereelse.(Para.14)Manyneighborhoodsservemerelyaspathwaysforcardriverstopassthroughtootherplaces.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVII2.Manyneighborhoodsarelitt51Inwell-establishedcities,dispersedareascanbemademorecompactbyfillinginunderusedspacetoimprovetheirland-usepatterns.1.Howcanwell-establishedcitiesimprovetheirland-usepatternsaccordingtoLowe?PartIVComprehensionCheckPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVIIInwell-establishedcities,di52Thesecitiescanalsoallowhomeownerstorentoutsmallapartmentswithintheirhousestoincreasehousingdensity.2.Howcanwell-establishedcitiesincreasedensityinresidentialareasaccordingtoLowe?PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVIIThesecitiescanalsoallowho53Portlandisarapidlygrowingcityofroughly500,000people.Steadofgivingintoevergrowingautomobiledependenceandsprawl,PortlandhasencircleditselfwithanUrbanGrowthBoundarybeyondwhichnewdevelopmentisnotallowed.Reinforcedbyzoningreforms,theUrbanGrowthBoundaryallowsPortlandtogrowquicklybutcompactly.Thecityhasincreaseditshousingdensitybyencouragingablendofmulti-andsingle-familyhomesinpleasant,compact3.WhathasPortlanddoneinroughlytwodecadesofgrowthtofendoffsprawlandtoclaimvaluablecityspacebackfromtheautomobile?Sumupinyourownwords.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVIIPortlandisarapidlygrowing54pattern.Itsvibrantdowntownboastsgreenspaces.Cityofficialswelcomenewofficeconstructionbutrestricttheamountofaccompanyingparking.Asaresult,intwodecades,thevolumeofcarsenteringPortland’sdowntownhasremainedthesameeventhoughthenumberofjobstherehasincreasedby50%.continuedPartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVIIpattern.Itsvibrantdowntown55PartIVWordStudy1.hamper(Para.16,line4)verb

[transitive]tomakeitdifficultforsomeonetodosomething妨礙，束縛e.g.

Shetriedtorun,butwashamperedbyherheavysuitcase.e.g.

Anattempttorescuethemenhasbeenhamperedbybadweather.PartI

PartIIPartIIIPartIVDetailedAnalysisPartVPartVIPartVIIPartIVWordStudy1.hamper(562.inhibit(Para.16,li