江蘇省揚(yáng)州市寶應(yīng)縣2021-2022八年級(jí)下學(xué)期期末英語(yǔ)試卷+答案

八年級(jí)英語(yǔ)期末試卷2022.06本試卷分第I卷（選擇題）和第II卷（非選擇題）兩部分,第I卷為第1至65題,第II卷為第66至101題。試卷總分140分,考試時(shí)間100分鐘。第I卷（選擇題80分）一、聽力部分（共20小題;每小題1分,計(jì)20分）A）聽對(duì)話回答問題本部分共有10道小題,每小題你將聽到一段對(duì)話,每段對(duì)話聽兩遍。1.Howdoesthegirlgotoschooleveryday?2.WhatdoesAndylikebetter?3.Wherearethespeakerstalking?4.Whoarethemanandthewoman?5.HowmuchdoesJohn'swatchcost?A.50yuan B.35yuan C.65yuan6.Whogavethefoodtohomelesspeople?A.Sandy. B.Somevolunteers. C.Jack.7.HowdidTongotoschoolthismorning?A.Bybus B.Onfoot C.Bybike8.Whattimeisitnow?A.8:15. B.8:30. C.8:45.9.Howwilltheymaketheirschoolmorebeautiful?A.Bybuyingsomeflowers. B.Bydoingsomecleaning.C.Byplantingsometreesaroundtheirschool.10.Howlonghasthemanhadthecamera?A.Threeyears. B.Sixyears. C.Eightyears.B）聽對(duì)話和短文回答問題。你將聽到一段對(duì)話和兩篇短文,各聽兩遍。聽一段對(duì)話,回答第11?12小題。11.HowmanytimeshasMr.KingbeentoChina?A.Once. B.Twice. C.Threetimes.12.HowlongwillMr.KingstayinShanghai?A.Aweek. B.Twoweeks. C.Threeweeks.聽第一篇短文,回答第13?15小題。請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,選擇正確答案,完成信息記錄表。AdviceonHowtoBeHappy13__________Leaveusinagoodmoodandbringothersagoodmood. ListentomusicMakeyou14_______whenyou'reunhappy.Doexercise15_________orgorunning,andyoumayforgetsomethingunhappy. |13.A.Smile B.Cry C.Shout14.A.happy B.relaxed C.excited15.A.Gosleeping B.Goshopping C.Takeawalk聽第二篇短文,回答第16~20小題。16.Howdidtheladyinvitethedoctortodinner?A.Shewrotetohim. B.Shecalledhim. C.Shewenttohishome.17.Whywastheladyworried?A.BecausethedoctorwascomingtodinnerB.Becausethedoctorrefusedtocometodinner.C.Becausethedoctordidn'twriteclearlyenough.18.Whatwasthehusband'ssuggestion?A.Tomakeatelephonecalltothedoctor.B.Togotothechemist（藥劑師）forhelp.C.Tostudythedoctor'shandwriting.19.Howwastheladyfeelingwhenthechemistgaveherthemedicine?A.Happy B.Excited C.Sad20.Whydidthechemistgivetheladyabottleofmedicine?A.Becausetheladywantedabottleofmedicine. B.Becausehecouldn'treadthenote.C.Becausethedoctoraskedhimtodothat.二、單項(xiàng)選擇（共15小題；每小題1分,計(jì)15分）在下列各題A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)能填入題干空白處的最佳答案。21.Excuseme,you're___________myway.A.in B.by C.on D.with22.It'skind________youtohelporganizeourHelpingHandsMeetingbecauseit'sstilldifficult________childreninpoorareastogotoschool.A.of;of B.for;for C.for;of D.of;for23.ThesongIBetMyLifetellspeopleneverto__________catchingtheirdreams.A.openup B.giveup C.pickup D.lookup24.—Whataboutgoingabroadforthecomingholiday?—I'mafraidIcan't_________it.Ihavetosavemoneyformyfurthereducation.A.check B.refuse C.provide D.afford25.—Millie,whenareyougoingtohavean_______forajob?—OnJuly20th.A.instruction B.introduction C.interview D.information26.Withthenewlock,you_________searchforkeysinyourbaganymore.Justuseyourfingerprint（指紋）.A.needn't B.can't C.mustn't D.shouldn't27.Burningrubbishintheopenairwillsurely__________muchpollution.A.produce B.protect C.prevent D.practise28.--Whyareyouworried?--I'mexpectingacallfrommydaughter.She__________NewYorkforthreeyears.A.wentto B.hasgoneto C.hasbeenin D.hasbeento29.Peoplearetoobusytocookathome.They________mealsonAPPslikeMeituan.A.usedtoordering B.usedtoorder C.areusedtoorderingD.areusedtoorder30.——Mum,canIplaycomputergamesforashortwhilethisafternoon?—Notuntilyourhomework___________.A.hasfinished B.isfinished C.willbefinished D.finishes3l.Thecompositionisnotwellwritten,___________,therearemanyspellingmistakesinit.A.however B.moreover C.otherwise D.anyway32.Jackwrotetheanswers__________topasstheexam.Poorthing!A.toocarelessly B.toocareless C.carelesslyenoughD.carelessenough33.Boy,didn'tyouseepeoplewerewaitinginline?Don't________! —Iamsorry,sir.A.handin B.comein C.putin D.pushin34.一Mum,pleasechangethechannel.OurschoolisonTVat7:30tonight.—Iwatcheditjustnow.It__________forawhile.A.hasbeenover B.wasover C.hasfinished D.finished35.—Whataboutmeetingattheschoolgateateighttomorrowmorning?—____________.WillhalfpastsevenOK?A.Sure.It'suptoyou B.Sure.NoproblemC.Sorry.Ican'tmakeitD.Sorry.I'mnotfreenow三、完形填空（共15小題；每小題1分,計(jì)15分）閱讀下列短文,從文后各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)最佳答案。Marycouldseethetopsoftreesabovethewalls.Abirdwassittingonabranchofthetallesttree.Suddenlyhebegansinging.Shestoppedandlistened.Shelikedhis36littlesong.HewasdifferentfromthebirdssheknewinIndia.She37andstartedtowalkbacktothegreendoor."Perhapsthattreewasinthesecretgarden,"shethought.Justthenanoldmancame38thedoor.Hehadaspade（鐵鍬）andhestarted39inthevegetablegarden.Marywentovertohim."Please,whereisthedoortothesecretgarden?"saidMary."What40?"themansaid.Helookedangry.Thegardenontheothersideofthewall,"answeredMary."Isawa41witharedbreastthere."Theoldmanwhistled（吹口哨,鳴叫）.Suddenlythebird42andsatnearhisfoot."Hereheis!""hesaidandlaughed.Thebirdputhis43ononesideandlookedattheoldman.Hewasn'tafraidatall.Maryfeltastrange44feelinginherheart.Hewascheerfulandprettyandmorelikeapersonthanabird."Whatkindofabirdishe?"Maryasked."He'sarobin.Robinsarevery45birds.""Doeshealwayscome46youcallhim?"askedMary."Oh,yes,"themansaid."Heknowsme.""What'syourname?"Maryasked."Ben,"heanswered.Suddenlytherobinstarted47again."Doyouwanttomakefriendswithme?""Marysaidtotherobin.Buttherobin48away."He'sgoingintothesecretgarden!"Marycried,watchinghim."Helivesthere,"saidBen,"amongtheoldroses.""Aretheflowersdeadthere?Iwanttosee49,"saidMary."Pleasetellmewherethedooris!?"50cangointhere,"hesaidangrily."Goandplay.I'mbusy."Andhestoppeddiggingandleft,withoutsayinggood-bye.---TakenfromTheSecretGarden36.A.helpful B.cheerful C.careful D.thankful37.A.turnedaround B.turnedinto C.turnedon D.turnedover38.A.into B.over C.across D.through39.A.picking B.planting C.digging D.growing40.A.tree B.garden C.door D.wall41.A.bird B.dog C.cat D.pet42.A.went B.dropped C.came D.left43.A.legs B.head C.arms D.eyes44.A.warm B.hot C.cool D.cold45.A.strange B.polite C.happy D.friendly46.A.until B.when C.since D.before47.A.flying B.dancing C.singing D.running48.A.took B.went C.ran D.flew49.A.them B.it C.her D.him50.A.anybody B.somebody C.everybody D.nobody四、閱讀理解（共15小題; 每小題2分, 計(jì)30分） 閱讀下列內(nèi)容,從每小題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)最佳答案。AWelcometotheSummerPalaceOpeninghours:Apr.1―Oct.31:6:30—18:00;Insidegardens:8:30—17:00Nov.1—Mar.31:7:00—17:00;Insidegardens:9:00—16:00TicketPrice:Adultage18+ ￥30Child:age6—18￥15?Freeforchildrenunder120cm(3.9feet),orbelow6yearsold.?Theelderlyover60enjoyhalfprice.(TicketpricesofDeheGarden,TowerofBuddhistIncense,WenchangHall,SuzhouStreetandDanningHallarenotincluded)Onlinebooking:1.Theticketsaresold7daysinadvance(提前)2.YourPassportorIDinformationisrequired,andonepersoncanbookonlyoneticketperday.3.Oneadultcouldonlybookonechildticket.ImportantNotice:☆DuringCOVJD-19EpidemicControlPeriod:1.Thereal-timelocal"HealthCode”willbecheckedbeforeentering.2.Bodytemperatureover37.3°Corcoughingandshortofbreath,visitorsarenotallowedtoenter.3.Wearmasksduringthevisitandkeepdistancewithothers.Formoreinformation,youcanvisit:https://www.travelchinaguide.com/summer-palace-tickets-bookmg.htm51.OnNationalDay,visitorscanentertheSummerPalaceat___________.A.6:00am B.8:00am C.9:00pm D.anytime52.Howmuchwilla70-year-oldladypayatleasttovisittheSummerPalace?A.￥15 B.￥30 C.￥45 D.None53.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Oneadultcouldonlybookonechildticket.B.OneshouldpayextramoneytovisitDanningHall.C.PassportorIDinformationisneededwhenbookingticketsonline.D.AmanwithahighfevercanentertheSummerPalacewithamask.BAtthetopofahouseSueandJohnsyhadtheirstudio.InNovember,Johnsybecameveryill,andwaslyingonherbedandlookingthroughthewindowatthewallofthenexthouse."Heronlychance,"thedoctorsaid,"isforhertowanttolive."Afterthedoctorhadgone,SuecameintoJohnsy'sroom.JohnsywaslookingoutofthewindowandCounting."Six,"saidJohnsy."Theregoesanotherone,thereareonlyfiveleftnow.""Fivewhat,dear?"Leaves.Ontheivyvine.Iwanttoseethelastonefall.ThenI'ldie."Johnsy,dear,"saidSue,"trytosleep.ImustgoandaskBehrmantobemymodel."OldBehrmanwasapainter.Hewaspast60andearnedalittlemoneybybeingamodel.SuefoundBehrmanandtoldhimwhatJohnsyhadsaid.Johnsywassleepingwhentheywentupstairs.Theylookedoutofthewindowattheivyvine.Acoldrainwasfalling.Thenextmorning,therestoodoneivyleaf."It'sthelastone,"saidJohnsy."It'llfalltoday,andI'lldie."Atnight,thewindbegantoblow.Thenextmorning,theleafwasstillthere."Somethinghasmadethatlastleafstaythere.It'swrongtowanttodie,"saidJohnsytoSue."Pleasebringmealittlesoupnow""Afewdayslater,thedoctorsaidtoSue,"She'soutofdanger."Thatafternoon,SuecametothebedwhereJohnsylay."MrBehrmandiedtoday,"shesaid."Hewaswetandicycoldfrombeingoutallnight.Doyouknowwhytheleafnevermoved?Behrmanpainteditonthewallthenightthatthelastleaffell."54.Johnsythoughtthatshewasgoingtodiewhen______________.A.thedoctorsaidshehasnochangetolive B.shelookedthroughthewindowatatreeC.SueaskedBehrmantobehermodel D.thelastleaffellfromtheivyvine55.WhatmadeJohnsydecidetolive?A.Theivyvine. B.Alittlesoup.C.Thelastleaf'sstaying. D.Thedoctor'swords.56.WhatdidBehrmandothatcosthislife?A.Makingalittlemoneybybeingamodelattheageofover60.B.Paintingthelastleafonthewallduringthenightwhenitfell.C.Makingthatlastleafstaytherebyholdingitatnight.D.Walkingonthestreetatnightwhenacoldrainwasfalling.57.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?A.Whatabraveyoungman! B.Thelastleaf.C.Iwanttolive! D.Fivedaysleft.CIstheresomethinginyourcommunitythatcouldbechanged?Isthereapersoninyourneighborhoodwhocouldofferhelp?Ifyou'rehopingforsomeonetomakeadifference,thatsomeonecouldbeyou!Volunteeringyourtimeisagreatwaytomakeadifferenceinyourcommunity.Andyou'llfeelgoodaboutdoingsomethingthathelpspeopleorimprovestheplacesaroundyou.Thispastsummer,myfriendsand1noticedhowmessyourneighborhoodparkwas.Wewantedittobedifferent.Weworkedwithourparentsandteacherstocleanupthepark.Wchadagreattimemakingtheparkevenbetterthanbefore,andnowthewholeneighborhoodisabletoshareandenjoyitagain.Maybecleaningupaparkisn'tyourchoice,though.Noproblem!Youcanturnanythingthatmatterstoyouintoavolunteerproject.Doyoulikeplayingchess,reading,orspendingtimewithyourpet?Youcanvolunteertodowhatyoulovetodo.Forexample,youcouldhelpatanoldpeople'scenter,simplybytalkingorplayinggameswiththemtomaketheirdaysbetter.Ifyou'regreatatmathorEnglish,youcouldvolunteertobeahomeworkhelperatyourschool.You'realwaysneededtowalkdogsorplaywithcats.Oryoucancollectthingsforhomelesspeople,suchassoapandtoothbrushes.Yousee,thereissomethingforeveryone.Whateveryoudoasavolunteer,yourtimewillbeenjoyed—andthatalwaysfeelsgood.Kidseverywherearemakingadifferencebyvolunteering.Youcan,too!58.Thepassageismainlywrittenfor_____________.A.parents B.kids C.teachers D.neighbors59.Lastsummerthewritervolunteeredto________________.A.walkdogs B.teachpupilsmath C.talkwiththeold D.cleanupthepark60.ThemainideaofParagraph4isthat__________.A.collectingthingshasalotoffun B.anythingcanbecomeavolunteerjobC.theoldpeoplealwaysneedhelp D.cleaningupaparkisn'tyourchoice61.Wecaninfer（推斷）thatthewriterisfullof____________whenwritingthispassage.A.hope B.thanks C.surprise D.worriesDDidyouknowthatvocabulary（詞匯）ismoreimportantthangrammar?Ifyouhavegoodvocabulary,youcancommunicatesuccessfully,evenifthegrammarisnotcompletelyperfect.However,onecommonproblemislearningnewwordsandthenforgettingthem.Sowhenyouwanttouseanewwordinaconversation,youcan'trememberitatthatmoment.Doesthisoftenhappentoyou?Thereasonforthisdifficultyisthatmoststudentstrytolearnvocabularybystudyinglistsanddictionariesandrememberingthewords.Butitmaynotworkifyoudon'thaveaverygoodmemory.Thebestwaytolearnvocabularyandrememberthewordssuccessfully,istolearnnewwordsandusethematonce.Youcandothiswithaverysimpleexercise.Everytimeyoulearnanewword,forexample,fromanEnglishlessonoranarticle,writeitdowninyourvocabularynotebook.Writingismoreactivethanjustreadingadefinition（釋義）.Youshouldwritetheword,thedefinitioninEnglishortranslation,oneexamplesentencefromthearticleordictionaryandoneexamplesentencethatyoucreate（創(chuàng)造）.Imagine（想像）youjustlearntheword"generous"writeinyourvocabularynotebook∶generous(adjective),definition—givingorwillingtogivefreely.Exampleone,fromthearticle:Thanksforpayingformydinner,you'reverygenerous.Exampletwo,myexample:Mybrotherisgenerousbecausehevolunteersattheanimalshelteronweekends.It'sbestifyourexamplesentencesaretruetoyourlife,becausethiscreatesapersonalconnectionwiththenewword.Thenextday,readyourvocabularynotebookagainandtrytoaddonemoreexamplesentenceusingthenewword.It'shelpfulforyoutorememberit.Thesetwosimplesteps—writingthewordandusingitatonce—helpyourememberandusenewwords.Doyouhaveavocabularynotebook?Ifnot,startnow.62.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"it”inParagraph2referto?A.Theproblem. B.Thenewword. C.Theconversation. D.Thedictionary.63.What'sthecorrectorderofthefollowingstepsoftakingvocabularynotes?①M(fèi)akeyourownexamplesentence.②Writetheword,itsEnglishdefinitionortranslation.③Copyanexamplesentencefromthearticleordictionary.④Readyournotebookagainandaddonemoreexamplesentence.A.②③①④ B.②③④① C.③④②① D.③②①④64.Howcanwemakethebestexamplesentencesaccordingtothewriter?A.Byaskingforhelpfromfriends. B.Byexplainingwords'definitions.C.Byconnectingthemwithourlife D.Byaddingwordsfromthearticle.65.What'sthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TipsforTranslatingWords B.AdviceonUsingGrammarC.AbilitiesofCreatingExamples D.WaysofLearningNewWords第II卷五、詞匯運(yùn)用（共10小題；每小題1分,計(jì)10分）根據(jù)句子意思,用括號(hào)中所給漢語(yǔ)提示或英語(yǔ)單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。（每空一詞）66.Thelittleboyhasclearly__________howmuchhelovesthetoycar.（表達(dá)）67.Mymumhasdecidedto______________mebecauseIgothomelatewithouttellingher.（懲罰）68.Monicaisgoingtospendasmuchtimeasshecanafford__________herself.（train）69.Thisisthe___________thingIhaveeverdone.（驕傲的）70.Sodon'tforgettoshowyourlovetoyourmum,__________onMother'sDay.（尤其）71.Wouldyoupleaseputawaythose__________keystocars?They'reallovertheplace.（Germany）72.Themanwasbadlyhurtintheaccident.Hewas__________ tomove.（able） 73.Theyoungmanhastofacemoreproblemsthanothersbecauseof____________.（blind）74.Itisknowntoallthatairpollutionis__________toourhealth.（harm）75.Thedishesinthisrestaurantarebetterthanwe_________before.（expect）六、閱讀表達(dá)（共5小題,每小題2分,計(jì)10分）認(rèn)真閱讀下面短文,并根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容回答問題（每題回答字?jǐn)?shù)不超過10個(gè)詞）oIhavealwaysdreamedofvisitingAfrica,eversinceIreadmyfirstTarzancomicasachild.Finally,in2004,tocelebratemy60thbirthday,IwenttoTanzaniatoexperienceasafari（東非游獵）andclimbMountKilimanjaro,thehighestmountaininAfrica.ThepersonwhoseatednexttomeontheflightwasTanzania'sMinisterofWaterandWildlifeDevelopment.Wetalkedforthousandsofmiles,andhearrangedmetovisitaschool.WhenIarrivedattheschool,Iwassurprised.Thedirtfloorsturnedintomudduringtherainyseason,andthewallscouldn'tkeepouttheheat,coldorbugs（小昆蟲）.Theschoolwasinneedofbuildingmaterials.Itbrokemyheartthatthesechildrenhadtotryhardtosurvive,soIaskedtheheadmasterhowmuchitwouldcosttofeedthem.Aslittleas20centsperchildperday,hetoldme.ImmediatelyafterIgotback,Ifounded（成立）KidsofKilimanjaro.Sincethenwe'vegrownbigenoughtoprovidehotlunchesfornearly13,000schoolchildreninTanzaniaeveryday.Thefreelunchprogrammehassolvedanessential（基本的）problemthechildrenface.Iknowgoodeducationcouldreallymakeadifferenceinthesechildren'slives.Myparentsalwaystoldmetheimportanceofeducation.IpaidmyownwaythroughcollegeinTokyobyteachingEnglishtostudentsandbusinesspeople.AfterattendinguniversityImovedtoSanFrancisco,whenIwas25yearsold.In19781realizedmyAmericandreamwhen1foundedmyowncompany.Mysuccessallstartedwithgoodeducation.It’samazingthatsomethingassimpleasahotlunchcanchangesomanylives.Givingyoungpeopleabetter,healthierlifecanencouragethemtogoallthewaythroughcollegeandleadachangeintheircountry.76.HowoldwasthewriterwhenhewenttoTanzaniaforthefirsttime?_______________________________________________________________________77.Whatmadethewritersurprised,thepoorconditionoftheschoolorthepoorchildren?______________________________________________________________________ 78.Howmuchwoulditcosttofeedonechildaday?______________________________________________________________________ 79.Whatcanchangethechildren'slivesaccordingtothepassage?______________________________________________________________________ 80.Whatisthewriter'spurposeofwritingthispassage?______________________________________________________________________ 七、缺詞填空（共10空；每空1分,計(jì)10分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容和首字母提示,在下文空格處填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~使短文完整。（每空一詞）Thatevening,Robincametoasmallfishingvillage.Thesheriff'smenwerenotfarbehindhim.Heknockedonthedoorofasmallcottage.Anoldwomanopenedthedoor."Goodwoman,"Robinsaid."Robbersareafterme.Theywillkillmeiftheycatchme.Letmeh81__andresthere."TheoldwomanlookedatRobin."Hehasakindface,"shethought."Andheishurt.""Youmays__82_hereforafewdays,"shesaid.Robinstayedwiththeoldwomanformanydays.Slowly,hegotalittleb_83,andhewasabletowalkagain."HowcanIp_84_you?"hesaidtotheoldwoman."Ihavenomoney.""Iownafishingboat,"theoldwomansaid."Youcanw__85_withthefishermen.Theygotoseatonight."Robinjoinedthefishermenontheboat.Heworkedashardashecould,buthedidnotknowhowtof86.Hedidnotcatchanything."Youareu87_,"thecaptainoftheboatsaid."Wewillnotshareanythingwithyou."Atthatmoment,oneofthefishermenshouted,"Boattotheeast!Apirateship.Wewillallbek88__!"Robinsaid,"Iamnotagoodfisherman,butIcanuseabow.Lendmeyourbowandasmanyarrowsasyouhave."Thecaptainoftheboatsaid,"Ifyoufightasw89_asyoufish,wewillalldie.""T90__me,"Robinsaid.ThecaptainofthefishingboatgaveRobinhisbowandallthearrowsontheship.Thepirateshipcamenearerandnearer.Robintookaim.Heshotthefirstarrow.Itkilledthepiratecaptain.Robinshotarrowafterarrow.Soonallthepiratesweredead.---TakenfromRobinHood八、書面表達(dá)（計(jì)30分）A.將下列句子譯成英語(yǔ),詞數(shù)不限。（共5小題；每小題2分,計(jì)10分）91.我們足夠大了,可以靠自己生活。92.我己經(jīng)把所有的報(bào)紙分發(fā)給了我的學(xué)生。93.這些書太有趣了,孩子無(wú)法停止閱讀。94.對(duì)于李華來(lái)說(shuō),最重要的不是贏得金牌而是參與。95.所有的護(hù)士和醫(yī)生都被邀請(qǐng)到了這個(gè)醫(yī)院了解眼部手術(shù)。B.寫作（計(jì)20分）96.為促進(jìn)文明城市發(fā)展,推動(dòng)社區(qū)人文建設(shè),中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)（ChinaDaily）教育版近期將舉辦英語(yǔ)征文競(jìng)賽其主題為構(gòu)建模范社區(qū)（ModelCommunity）。假設(shè)你是Tony,住在城市花園社區(qū),請(qǐng)以"Howtobuildamodelcommunity"為題,寫一篇參賽短文。注意∶1.文中必須包含所提供的主要信息,并作適當(dāng)發(fā)揮;2.文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名、校名等信息;詞數(shù)∶100字左右（文章開頭已給出,不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)）。HowtobuildamodelcommunityMynameisTony.IliveinCityGardenCommunity.Thesedays,peopleinourcommunityarediscussinghowtobuildamodelcommunity.Hereismyadviceonit.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________