美國歷史英文版課件

AmericanHistoryFrom1800to1945AmericanHistoryFrom1800to11Preface:the1790sTheUnitedStatesgraduallyexpanded,territoriallyandexperientially.TheBillofRightsisaddedin1791.Thecottonginisinventedin1793.Preface:the1790sTheUnitedS2Preface:the1790sThecountryhadbuiltup$74,000,000ofdebtfromthewar,andhadtopasstaxestopaythisdebt,andthenenforcethetaxes.Preface:the1790sThecountry3Preface:The1790sThefirstpoliticalpartieswereJeffersonandMadison’sDemocratic-RepublicanpartyandHamilton’sFederalistparty.Preface:The1790sThefirstpo4Preface:The1790sTheFederalistswantedtocreateastrongandefficientfederalgovernment,butsometimesalienatedthepeople,forexamplebypassinghightaxesonhouses,land,andslaves,andinturncausingseveralrebellions.TheDemocratic-Republicansfavoredthemiddleclass,andencouragedexpansionofAmericansettlements.Preface:The1790sTheFederali5TheLouisianaPurchaseThepurchaseofahugeexpanseoflandfromFrancein1803radicallyincreased thesizeof theUnited Statesand allowedfor agreater numberof farmers.TheLouisianaPurchaseThepurc6TheWarof1812TheAmericansdeclaredwaragainstBritainbecauseofinterferenceswithAmericantradeinEurope,mistreatmentofAmericansailors,andBritain’sencouragementofhostilitieswiththeNativeAmericans.WashingtonD.C.wasburned,buttheAmericanseventuallywon.NativeAmericanswerelaterforcedtomovewest(toOklahoma)intheTrailofTears(1830).TheWarof1812TheAmericansd7EconomyandPoliticsinthe1820sNewpoliticalpartiesformed:theDemocrats(fromtheDemocratic-Republicans)andtheWhigs.Thelatterfavoredthegrowthofindustry.Bankingwasanobjectofgreatdebate:therewasnofederalbankorcurrency,andthepreviousfederalbank’scharterhadexpired.EconomyandPoliticsinthe188EconomicGrowthinAmericaEconomicGrowthinAmerica9TheSecondGreatAwakeningTherewasagreatreligiousrevivalthatchangedthefaceofAmericanChristianity.TheSecondGreatAwakeningTher10“ManifestDestiny”

andtheAmericanDreamThoughpeoplewereoptimisticaboutAmericansociety,mostfarmershadlittletimeormoney,andthoughthereweremorewealthypeopleintheUnitedStatesthanEuropeby1850,mostofthemwerebornintowealthyfamilies.Westernexpansiondispersedthiswealth,asAmericansassertedarighttospreadouttoplaceslikeOregon,California,andTexas,anideacalled“ManifestDestiny”.“ManifestDestiny”

andtheAm11SlaverySlaverywasanestablishedinstitutionintheAmericaneconomy,particularlyintheSouth,butmanypeoplebecameconvincedthatitwasanundesirableinfluenceonsociety.Economicdevelopmentshadalsomadeitalessprofitableinstitutionthanithadbeeninthepast.Atthesametime,therewasawidespreadideathatAfricanAmericanswereinferior,accordingtodifferenttheories.SlaverySlaverywasanestablis12SlaveryTherewerealsomanydisputesinthelawabouttheslaves:TheConstitutiondefinedslavesas3/5ofapersonforthepurposesofCongressionalrepresentation.Thetrans-Atlanticslavetradewasbannedin1807bytheBritishParliament.TheFugitiveSlaveActof1850requiredNorthernpolicetohelpincatchingslaves.IntheDredScottCase,theSupremeCourtruledthatslaveswerepropertyandcouldnotsueincourtnorbeprotectedbyactsoftheFederalgovernment.SlaveryTherewerealsomanydi13TheBeginningsofWarPartisanpoliticstookholdofissuesofslaveryandeconomicsthatdividedtheNorthandSouth,andmadealready-inflamedissuestakecenter-stageinpoliticalissues.Thereareanumberofpolarizingcauseswithinthat:theslaveryquestion,regionalism,theelectionofLincoln,andtheongoingdominanceoftheNorthinCongress.TheendresultwasthattheSouthgrewtiredofitsbondstotheUnion.TheBeginningsofWarPartisan14TheWarBeginsOn12April1861,ConfederateforcesattackedFortSumterinSouthCarolina.Lincolnrespondedbysummoninga volunteerarmyto recapture government property.TheNorth quicklybuiltupa strongborder defenseand blockadedthe Southernstates.TheWarBeginsOn12April186115TheNatureoftheConflictTheAmericanCivilWarwasthebloodiestconflictinAmericanhistory,andsoonbothsideswererunningoutofsoldiersandsupplies,buttheNorthhadamorediverseandstableeconomytodrawfrom.TothecreditoftheSouth,GeneralRobertE.LeewasloyaltohisstateofVirginia,andwascertainlythemosttalentedcommanderofeitherside,andhadthesoldiersandopportunitytowinthewar,ifitcouldbewonquickly.TheNatureoftheConflictThe16Objectivesofthe

ConfederateStatesofAmericaPresidentJeffersonDavisoftheCSAeffectivelyturnedcontrolofthearmyovertoGeneralLee,whohadrapidlyprovedhisbrillianceincommand,tothewiderespectofhismen.Thestrategywastostrikehard andfastatWashingtonD.C.,to disablethearmy,captureLincoln, anddemoralizetheUnion.TheBritishwereconsidering allyingthemselveswiththeSouth.Objectivesofthe

Confederate17ObjectivesoftheFederalGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaPresidentLincolnhadtokeepatenuousbalancebetweentheextremesoftheremaining UnionStatesfortheirloyalty. Hisprioritywas maintainingtheunityofthe nation,becauseregarding anyissue,ifthecountrywasnot whole,hisactionswouldbeof limitedeffectiveness.ObjectivesoftheFederalGove18TheWarRagesForoneyear,thewarcontinued,asGeneralLeewononebattleafteranotherandtheUnionwasforcedtosendmoreandmoretroops.In1862,theUniondefeatedLeeattheBattleofAntietam,pushinghimback,andLincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamation.In1863,theBattleofGettysburgwoulddecidetheresultofthewar,thoughthewarwouldcontinueforanothertwoyears,untilthecaptureoftheSoutherncapitol:Richmond,Virginia.TheWarRagesForoneyear,the19TheBattleofGettysburgTheBattleofGettysburgwasathree-daymilitaryengagementbetweentheattackingRebelArmyofGeneralLeeandthedefendingUnionArmyofthePotomacRiver.Thearmies,unknowntoeachother,movedpasteachothersothattheSouthernarmywaspositionedtoattackWashingtonD.C.fromthenorthandtheNorthernarmywasbetweentheSouthernersandtheFederalCapitol.SuddenlytheymetinthesmalltownofGettysburg,Pennsylvania.TheBattleofGettysburgTheBa20TheBattleofGettysburg:Day1Inthefirstdayofthe battle,theUnionand Rebelforcesmetand theUnionretreatedto aridgeabovethecity.Thisridgewouldbea strongUnionposition fortherestofthe battle.TheBattleofGettysburg:Day21TheBattleofGettysburg:Day2Ontheseconddayof battle,theRebelarmy attemptedtoflankthe Unionarmybygoing aroundthesouthern edge,atLittleRound Top,wheretheywere famouslydefeated.TheBattleofGettysburg:Day22TheDefenseofLittleRoundTopThemostfamousmaneuveroftheseconddaywasthedefenseofLittleRoundTopbyColonelJoshuaLaurenceChamberlainandhissoldiersfromMaine.TheDefenseofLittleRoundTo23TheBattleofGettysburg:Day3Havingattackedboth sidesoftheUnionarmy, Leedecidedtoattack thecenter.Heordered aboldchargewith artillerysupport.This wasunlikelytosucceed andwasrepelled.TheBattleofGettysburg:Day24美國歷史英文版ppt課件25TheEndoftheWarAfterdefeatatGettysburg,theSouthlostitsalliesanditsabilitytoeffectivelyattack,andsowasdefensivefortherestofthewar.EventuallyRichmondwaslost,andtheConfederacysurrenderedin1865.ThevictorywasbittersweetasPresidentLincolnwasassassinatedbySouthern-sympathizingconspiratorslaterthatyear.TheEndoftheWarAfterdefeat26TheReconstructionBeingrecentlytreacherous,thegovernmentoftheSouthernstateshadtobereplacedbymoreloyal,Northernmilitaryleadership.Lincolnhadwantedamoderateplanforreconstruction,butheandhisfollowerswereopposedbysuspiciousRepublicans.ThismadetheSouthvulnerabletoexploitation.TheFreedman’sBureauwasestablishedtosupportthenewly-freedslaveswithhealthcare,education,andemployment.TheFourteenAmendmentappliedmostoftheBillofRightstostategovernmentsaswellasthefederalgovernment.TheReconstructionBeingrecent27NewFormsofRacismWiththeirstategovernmentsunderNorthernmartiallaw,Southernersbecamefiercelyopposedtonewlegislations.By1877,theSouthernstateshadbeengrantedtheirsovereigntyagain,andpassedtheJimCrowlaws,declaringthatBlackswouldremain“separatebutequal”.Ofcourse,itwasnotreallyequal,becausethelawmakerswerenotconcernedwiththequalityofBlackpeoples’facilities.NewFormsofRacismWiththeir28NewFormsofRacismDuringtheReconstructionEra,societiessuchastheKuKluxKlan(KKK)formedtoresistanyonewhocreated “impurities”intheir elitistWhiteAnglo- SaxonProtestant culturebyactsof violenceand terrorism.NewFormsofRacismDuringthe29IndustryandUrbanExpansion

from1865to1918Over27,000,000immigrantsarrivedintothecitiesoftheUnitedStates,offeringaworkforceandpopulationbase.Theaverageannualincomeofnon-agriculturalworkersgrewbyover100%(afterfactoringinflation).Corporationsgrewevenmorepowerful,becoming“trusts”,whichwereeffectivelyaformofmonopoly.TheUnitedStateshadbecometheworld’sleadingindustrialnation.IndustryandUrbanExpansion

f30TheWorkingClassThewagesofworkersrosetobedoublewhatwaspaidinEurope,buttheworkwasharderandwithlessleisure.Laborunions, groupsofworkers usingstrikingand commoninterests todemandhigher wagesandbetter workingconditions, begantoappear.TheWorkingClassThewagesof31TheSpanish-AmericanWarIn1898,theUnitedStateslostpatiencewithSpanishabuseoftheCubannativeswhenanAmericanshipwassunkinaCubanharbor.Theresultwasamostly-navalbattlewonbytheAmericans.Atreatywaswritten,endingtheSpanishEmpirebytransferringownershipofCuba,Guam,PuertoRico,andthePhilippinestotheUnitedStates.Cubawasimmediatelygivenindependence;thePhilippinesfoughtanotherwarwiththeUnitedStatesuntil1902.GuamandPuertoRico’scolonialgovernmentstransitionedsmoothlyintoAmericanterritorialcommonwealths.Thesegrantsmadeexpansionismanissueinpolitics.TheSpanish-AmericanWarIn18932美國歷史英文版ppt課件33Women’sSuffrageFromasearlyas1848,thegrowinginvolvementofwomeninpoliticsmadewomen’ssuffrageanissue.In1912,thesuffragemovementwasrevived,andin1919,women’ssuffragebecameaconstitutionalamendment.Somestateshadalreadygrantedwomentherighttovotebeforethen;others,suchasSouthernstates,considereditdangeroustothepoliticalconsistencyofthestates.ItwasthesensethatwomenservedthecountryontheHomeFrontthatdefeatedtheoldargumentthatnon-soldiersshouldnotvote.Women’sSuffrageFromasearly34WorldWarI(1914-1918)LargelyaconflictofEuropeanpolitics,whichtheAmericansstronglyavoidedgettinginvolvedin.Britain,France,andRussiawerefightingagainstGermany,Austria-Hungary,andItaly.BritainblockadedGermany,andGermanyusedsubmarinestosecretlydestroyshipsgoingtoBritain,includingAmericanones.JustincasetheAmericanstriedtofightGermanyoverthis,GermanyofferedMexicosupportifMexicofoughttheUnitedStates.TheUnitedStatesheardoftheoffer,andwiththeAlliesdefeatedGermanyin1918.WorldWarI(1914-1918)Largely35TheTreatyofVersaillesandtheLeagueofNations Britain,France,andRussiarequiredthatGermanypaytocompensateforthemassivelossesofthewar,however,theUnitedStatesrefuseditandsigneditsowntreatywithGermany.PresidentWilsonfoundedtheLeagueofNationsasanallianceoftheworld’smostpowerfulnations,whichtheUnitedStatesdidnotjoin."Myoffensiveequipmentbeingpracticallynil,itremainsformetofascinatehimwiththepowerofmyeye."TheTreatyofVersaillesandt36TheRoaringTwentiesEconomicgrowthcontinuedintothetwenties,withayet-strongeconomysupportedbypaymentsfromBritainandFrancefromwardebts.Veterans,inspiredbytheirtravelsinthewar,begantomovemoreandmoreintocities.Hollywoodbeganlarge-scalefilmproduction.Jazzmusicandclubsbecamepopularwiththeyouthincities,furtherencouragedbytheillegalbarsduringtheProhibitionEra(1920-33),whenproducingandsellingalcoholwasbannedandorganizedcrimeflourished.TheRoaringTwentiesEconomicg37美國歷史英文版ppt課件38TheGreatDepressionIn1929,theeconomybegantodecline,andwasacceleratedbyBlackTuesday,whichwasamassivecrashinthestockmarketasaresult.By1933,unemploymenthadrisenfrom3%to25%,andmanufacturingproductivitydroppedby30%.Agriculturehadalreadybeensufferingforsometime.PeoplewouldmovefromthesufferingSouth,trytogetfactoryjobsthathiredonaday-to-daybasis,standinbreadlines,andliveinshacksinpublicparks.Thereweremanyriotsaswell.TheGreatDepressionIn1929,t39美國歷史英文版ppt課件40FDR’sNewDealTocounterthedecline,PresidentRooseveltclosedthebanksandbegancreatingneweconomicpolicies.Heendedthegoldstandardinfavorofthecreditsystembybanningprivateownershipofgoldandprintingmassiveamountsofcurrency.Hereducedthesalaryofgovernmentemployeesandpensionofveteransbyupto15%toreducegovernmentspending.Heorderedthedestructionandsuspensionofagriculturalproductiontoreducesurplus.Hecreatedalargenumberofgovernmentorganizationstocreateandsecurenewjobs.FDR’sNewDealTocounterthed41FDR’sSecondNewDealIn1935-1936,asecondgroupofpolicies furtherchangedAmericaneconomics.Theseprovedmorecontroversial,astheywereclearlydesignedtoredistributewealth.ProgramsincludedeverythingfromSocialSecuritytopricecontrol,corporationbreak-ups,andheavytaxesonbusinessowners.In1937,anotherdeclinehittheeconomy,commonlyblamedonthestrengthenedunionsanddeterringeffectoftheNewDealonbusinessinvestment.NewplansweredevelopedasWWIIbegan.FDR’sSecondNewDealIn1935-142ResultsoftheNewDealWhetherornottheNewDealbenefitedtheeconomy,itwasWorldWarIIthatendedtheGreatDepression,withthesuddenincreaseingovernmentspendingandtheneedforasmanyworkersaspossible—productivitydoubled,andunemploymentsuddenlydroppedbackdownto2%overthecourseofthewar.Eitherway,theNewDealgavethepresidentconsiderablymorepowertocontroltheeconomythanbefore,despitethechecksoftheCongressandSupremeCourt.ResultsoftheNewDealWhether43美國歷史英文版ppt課件44WorldWarII(1939-1945)Thedeadliestconflictinhumanhistory,with50-70,000,000casualties,beganin1939whenNaziGermanyinvadedPoland.Thiswouldbeatotalwar,andi