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Unit8Aturningpointofmylife我人生的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)Iwasn'tyet30yearsoldandwasworkingasafirefighterinNewYorkCity,inafirehousecompletelyswampedwithcalls.Intheraremomentswhenweweren'tbusy,IwouldmakecallsonourcordlessphonehandsetorrushtoourofficetoreadCaptainGray'ssubscriptionoftheSundayNewYorkTimes.LateoneafternoonwhenIfinallyreadtheBookReviewsection,mybloodbegantoboil.AnarticlestatedathesisItooktobeanoffensiveinsult:WilliamButlerYeats,theNobelPrize-winninglightoftheIrishLiteraryRenaissance,hadrisenabovehisIrishnessandwasnowauniversalpoet.Igrewindignantsuddenly,andadeep-seatedpassionwithinmewasactivated.我那時(shí)還不到30歲,是紐約市的一名消防員,我工作的消防站總是不斷有求助電話進(jìn)來(lái)。偶爾在我們不忙的時(shí)候,我會(huì)打打無(wú)繩電話,或是到辦公室,看看格雷隊(duì)長(zhǎng)訂的《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》周日版。一天下午晚些時(shí)候,當(dāng)我最后讀到書(shū)評(píng)欄時(shí),我開(kāi)始血液沸騰。一篇文章提出了一個(gè)在我看來(lái)帶有侮辱性的觀點(diǎn):它說(shuō)諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者威廉.巴特勒.葉芝,即點(diǎn)亮愛(ài)爾蘭文學(xué)復(fù)興之光的人,已經(jīng)超越了其愛(ài)爾蘭身份,是一名世界性的詩(shī)人。我突然感到憤怒,內(nèi)心深處一種激情也被激發(fā)起來(lái)。TherewerefewthingsIwasmoreproudofthanmyIrishheritage.MyancestorswereCatholicIrishfarmers,fishermenandblue-collarworkers,allofwhomwerepatronsofliterature.FromthetimemyfamilycameashoreonEllisIslandandfacedthethreatofbeingdeported,wehavefoughtdiscriminationagainstIrishimmigrants.EversinceIfirstpickedupabookofhispoems,Yeatshadbeenmyfavoritewriter.HewrotehispoetryincloseadherencetohisIrishsensibilities.Hislifewas,inessence,atributetohishomeland.很少有什么事情比我是愛(ài)爾蘭后裔更讓我感到驕傲的了。我的祖先是信仰天主教的愛(ài)爾蘭人,他們做過(guò)農(nóng)夫、漁民和藍(lán)領(lǐng)工人,但是他們所有人都熱愛(ài)文學(xué)。從我的家族登上埃利斯島、面臨被驅(qū)逐的威脅那一刻起,我們就一直在反抗對(duì)愛(ài)爾蘭移民的歧視。自從我第一次拿起葉芝的詩(shī)集開(kāi)始,他就一直是我最喜歡的作家。他創(chuàng)作的詩(shī)中有著深深的愛(ài)爾蘭情懷。實(shí)際上,他的一生都在贊頌祖國(guó)。所以,不管是從心理的、社會(huì)的還是文學(xué)的角度,認(rèn)為愛(ài)爾蘭的身份是能夠超越的,都是一種侮辱。我感覺(jué)自己繼承的身份就像是成了法庭上的被告,我別無(wú)選擇,只能保護(hù)它并譴責(zé)這樣一種過(guò)時(shí)的偏見(jiàn)。So,itwasoffensivetothinkIrishness,nomatterifitwaspsychological,socialorliterary,wassomethingtoriseabove.Ifeltlikemyheritagewasadefendantatatribunal,andIhadnochoicebuttoprotectitanddenouncesuchanoutdatedprejudice.我焦躁不安,全身顫動(dòng),于是抓起了一張干凈的紙,那張紙的頂部印有紐約市消防局的標(biāo)志。我開(kāi)始給《周日書(shū)評(píng)》欄目的編輯寫(xiě)信,表達(dá)我的憤怒。我把葉芝描述為他本來(lái)的樣子,即無(wú)論從行為還是從作品來(lái)看,他都是地地道道的愛(ài)爾蘭作家。Vibratingwithagitation,Igrabbedapieceofcleanpaper,onethathadthelogooftheFireDepartmentoftheCityofNewYorkacrossthetop.Ibeganaletter,trumpetingmyindignationtotheeditoroftheSundayBookReview,describingYeatsashewas:awriterfundamentallyIrishinallhedidandwrote.我不知道為什么我覺(jué)得自己必須捍衛(wèi)這位世界上最偉大的詩(shī)人(至少是僅次于荷馬和莎士比亞的詩(shī)人),使其免于被“起訴”,或者為什么我要撰文捍衛(wèi)愛(ài)爾蘭文學(xué)。我只知道我必須寫(xiě)那封信,就像牧師必須禱告,或者音樂(lè)家必須演奏樂(lè)器一樣。UntilthatpointinmylifeIhadn'twrittenmuchofvalue-afewpoemsandshortstories.But,likeabeginningartistwholongstoseehisworkcometolife,becomingananimatedDisneyfilm,Iunderstoodthatthemoreonedraws,orwrites,thebettertheendresultwillbecome.Realistically,Iapproachedwritinglikewaxingacar,thoroughlyandrepeatedly.SoIwroteoftentoimprovemywritingskills.Itentativelysentmaterialtovariousmagazinesandreviews,butnoonehadeverbeenwillingtopublishme.所以,當(dāng)《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》發(fā)表了我的評(píng)論,我欣喜若狂。我想編輯決定發(fā)表它,可能是因?yàn)樗紫缺晃宜玫男偶埖恼叫晕恕F浯?,一名中心城區(qū)的消防員竟能使用文雅的語(yǔ)言或許也讓他感到新奇。但是,我寧愿認(rèn)為編輯默默地認(rèn)同了我的觀點(diǎn)。SoitwasanunexpecteddelightwhentheTimespublishedmycommentary.Isupposetheeditordecidedtopublishitbecausehewasfirstattractedbytheofficialnatureofmystationery,andthenbythestrangenessofaninnercityfirefighter'susingrefinedlanguage.I'dliketothink,though,thattheeditorsilentlyagreedwithme.我收到了大概20封來(lái)自大學(xué)教授的表達(dá)同感或祝賀的信。我把它們訂在了主管的桌子旁邊。這些信讓我快樂(lè),讓我激動(dòng)不已,因?yàn)槲蚁氲剑也粌H作品得以發(fā)表,而且我還是個(gè)觀點(diǎn)制造者。突然間,我被稱為擁有重要觀點(diǎn)的人。Ireceivedabout20sympatheticandcongratulatorylettersfromprofessorsthatItackedupbythesuperintendent'sdesk.Theseletterstickledme,makingmyheartflutterwiththethoughtthatIwasnotonlyapublishedwriterbutanopinionmaker.Iwassuddenlydubbedassomeonewhoseviewsmattered.出乎意料的是,我還收到了《真實(shí)》雜志和《紐約客》的來(lái)信,要求采訪我。正是后者激發(fā)了我的事業(yè)——它刊登的題為《消防員史密斯》的文章使一家大型出版公司向我約稿,要我寫(xiě)一本關(guān)于自己人生的書(shū)。Incidentally,IalsoreceivedlettersfromTruemagazineandfromTheNewYorker,askingforinterviews.Itwasthelatterthatignitedmycareer-thearticletitled"FiremanSmith"providedtheimpetusforalargepublishingcompanytorequestamanuscriptaboutmylife.我一直認(rèn)為消防員的工作是個(gè)值得一寫(xiě)的題材,但是到目前為止卻很少被寫(xiě)過(guò)。起初我很困惑,對(duì)于自己是否有能力寫(xiě)一本完整的書(shū)沒(méi)有多少信心。所以,我開(kāi)始一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地寫(xiě),一次寫(xiě)一部分。很快,我對(duì)整本書(shū)有了基本的結(jié)構(gòu)和框架。這本書(shū)最終賣出了200萬(wàn)冊(cè),并被譯成了12種語(yǔ)言。在接下來(lái)的幾年中,我又寫(xiě)了3本暢銷書(shū),去年還出版了一本自傳。Beingawriterhadbeenfarfrommyexpectations;beingcrownedabest-sellingauthorwasalmostunimaginable.Howhadithappened?Ioftenfoundmyselfthinkingaboutit,marvelingattheinconsistencyofmysuccessandearlierfailure.Mythoughtsalwayscamebacktothenucleusatthecenterofitall,thatlettertoTheNewYorkTimes.最清楚的解釋就是,我發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)讓我有強(qiáng)烈感觸的題材,因此,寫(xiě)作就成為這種激情很自然的結(jié)果了。在我寫(xiě)關(guān)于消防員以及后來(lái)寫(xiě)關(guān)于我母親的系列故事時(shí),我都懷有同樣的激情。不管題材是什么,它們總是有意義并且合時(shí)宜的,因?yàn)樗鼈兇砹巳祟惿钪袀ゴ蟮膬r(jià)值觀——得體、誠(chéng)實(shí)和公正。在我寫(xiě)作時(shí),這些題材在我心中炙熱如火。TheclearestexplanationisthatIhadfoundasubjectIfeltsostronglyaboutthatthewritingwasanaturalconsequenceofthatpassion.IfeltthesamekindofpassionwhenIbeganwritingaboutfirefightersand,later,aserialstoryaboutmymother.Whateverthesubjects,theyarealwaysmeaningfulandtimelybecausetheyrepresentthegreatvaluesofhumanlife-decency,honestyandfairness-subjectsthatburnwithinmeasIwrite.多年來(lái),我的五個(gè)孩子會(huì)時(shí)不時(shí)地來(lái)問(wèn)我一個(gè)又一個(gè)讓他們進(jìn)退兩難的問(wèn)題:我應(yīng)該踢足球還是打籃球?我是到這家公司工作還是到那家?Overtheyears,allfiveofmychildrenhavecometomeperiodicallywithonedilemmaoranother.ShouldIgooutforsoccerorbasketball?ShouldItakeajobwiththiscompanyorthatone?我的回答一直是相同的:想想你骨子深處的情感。估量一下那些情感的熱度,因?yàn)槟蔷褪橇魈视谀闵眢w每一部分的激情。任何時(shí)候都要找到那種激情。如果你失去了它,就要重新搜尋到它,然后再重新開(kāi)始。你接受的教育和你的經(jīng)驗(yàn)會(huì)引導(dǎo)你作出正確的決定,但是你的激情總是會(huì)使你在做任何事情時(shí)都成就非凡。Myanswerisalwaysthesame:Thinkaboutyourfeelingsdeepdowninyourbones.Measuretheheatofthefirethere,forthatisthepassionthatwillflowthrougheveryparticleofyourbeing.Alwaysfindthatpassion.And,ifyouloseit,retrieveitandstartagain.Youreducationandyourexperiencewillguideyoutowardmakingarightdecision,butyourpassionwillalwaysenableyoutomakeadifferenceinwhateveryoudo.這就是那天我挺身而出為愛(ài)爾蘭最偉大的詩(shī)人辯護(hù)時(shí)所學(xué)到的東西。That'swhatIlearnedthedayIstoodupforIreland'sgreatestpoet.Ameaningfullife有意義的人生Thedeathofanangelofanimalrightsactivismdoesnotratewiththatofadrugged-outrockstar.SowhenHenrySpiradiedofcancerinSeptember1998,hisdeathpassedwithoutnotice,apartfromabriefobituaryinTheNewYorkTimes.YetHenrySpirallifetellsussomethingimportant,notonlyaboutthemodernanimalmovement,butaboutthepossibilityofanindividualmakingadifferenceinthemodernworld.一位動(dòng)物權(quán)利保護(hù)運(yùn)動(dòng)的天使的去世還比不上一個(gè)沉溺于毒品的搖滾明星的死亡。所以,亨利.斯皮拉在1998年9月因癌癥去世的消息根本沒(méi)有引起公眾的注意,只是《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》上刊登了一則簡(jiǎn)短的訃告。但是亨利.斯皮拉的一生讓我們懂得了一些重要的東西,不僅關(guān)于現(xiàn)代動(dòng)物權(quán)益保護(hù)運(yùn)動(dòng),而且還有一個(gè)人改變現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的可能性。IfirstmetHenrywhenheturnedupatanadulteducationseminarIwasgivingatNewYorkUniversity.Iofferedacourseon"AnimalLiberation"thatattractedabout20students.Onestudentwasanunusualspecimen,outsidetheregularaestheticofan"animalperson".Hisclotheswereuntidy,andhishairuncombed.HislanguagewassobluntandearthythatattimesIthoughtIwaslisteningtoanassassinfromaviolentmob.Yet,Icouldn'thelpfeelingintriguedwithhisdirectwayofspeakingandhissolemn,secularoathtohelpanimalsinneed.第一次見(jiàn)到亨利,是我在紐約大學(xué)教一個(gè)成人教育研修班時(shí)他前來(lái)聽(tīng)課。我開(kāi)設(shè)了一門(mén)關(guān)于“動(dòng)物解放”的課程,吸引了大約20名學(xué)生。其中一名學(xué)生很另類,完全和通常意義上“動(dòng)物權(quán)利保護(hù)者”的形象背道而馳。他的衣著邋遢,頭發(fā)也未曾梳理。他說(shuō)話非常直率并且粗俗,有時(shí)我甚至認(rèn)為,我好像是在聽(tīng)一個(gè)暴力團(tuán)伙的殺手在講話。但是,我情不自禁地被他那種直截了當(dāng)?shù)恼f(shuō)話方式,還有他那莊重的、不是出于宗教目的要幫助處于困境中的動(dòng)物的誓言吸引住了。IleftNewYorksoonafterthat,butonedaygotacallfromHenry.Hetalkedwithmeabouthiswork.Iknewthatforoveracentury,theanimalrightsmovementhadbeenputtingoutgraphicbrochures,leaflets,andaudiopropaganda,alertingpeopletothedreadfulexperimentsonanimals.Butinallthattime,thenumberofanimalsusedinexperimentshadrisenfromasmallbatchofafewhundredtomorethan30million.Noactivisthadmanagedtostopasingleexperimentorimprovethelivesofanimalslivingintiny,constrictedenclosures.Henrychangedthat.Oneofhisearliestcampaignspermanentlycloseddownalaboratoryconductingexperimentswithtoxicvaporonabout60rabbits.在那之后,我很快就離開(kāi)了紐約。但是有一天,我接到了亨利的電話。他和我聊起了他的工作。我知道,一個(gè)多世紀(jì)以來(lái),動(dòng)物權(quán)益運(yùn)動(dòng)的倡導(dǎo)者一直通過(guò)散發(fā)帶圖畫(huà)的手冊(cè)、傳單以及音頻宣傳材料,來(lái)引起公眾對(duì)那些可怕的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)的關(guān)注。但與此同時(shí),用于實(shí)驗(yàn)的動(dòng)物數(shù)量從原來(lái)區(qū)區(qū)幾百驟增到三千多萬(wàn)。沒(méi)有哪位活動(dòng)家曾成功阻止過(guò)一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)或改善了蝸居在狹小困籠中的動(dòng)物的生活。亨利卻改變了這一切。他早期的運(yùn)動(dòng)之一就是使一間用毒蒸汽在大約60只兔子身上做實(shí)驗(yàn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)室被永久關(guān)閉。Followingthatsuccess,Henryrapidlymovedontobiggertargets.HelaidsiegetoRevlonovertheiruseofrabbitstotestcosmeticsforpotentialeyedamage,andexertedenoughpressuretopersuadethemtoput$750,000intothesearchforalternatives.HavingseentheboycottthatRevlonhadnarrowlyavertedandbeingafraidofincurringsimilarwrath,Avon,Bristol-Myersandothermajorcosmeticscorporationssoonfollowedsuit.Thoughittook10yearsfortheresearchtoachieveresults,itwaslargelyHenry'spublicandjudiciouswatchdogeffortsthatbroughtsomanycosmeticscorporationstowheretheynowtruthfullystatetheirproductsarenottestedonanimals.取得上述成功之后,亨利馬上轉(zhuǎn)向更大的目標(biāo)。他譴責(zé)露華濃公司用兔子檢測(cè)化妝品對(duì)眼睛可能造成的傷害。他還給露華濃施加了強(qiáng)大的壓力,說(shuō)服其投入75萬(wàn)美元進(jìn)行研究,以尋找替代方法。雅芳、百時(shí)美及其他大型化妝品公司看到露華濃險(xiǎn)些遭到抵制,擔(dān)心自己也會(huì)招致同樣的憤怒,所以很快也都紛紛效仿。雖然他們的研究歷經(jīng)10年才取得成果,但是正是亨利所作出的這種公開(kāi)而又明智的監(jiān)督,才使得這么多化妝品公司現(xiàn)在可以如實(shí)地說(shuō),他們的產(chǎn)品沒(méi)有在動(dòng)物身上進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。Fromdecadesspentworkingonthesideoftheweakandoppressed,Henrybecameefficientatmastermindingcampaigns.HisvictoryoverRevlondidn'trequirewealth,legislators,orthehelpofbiggovernments.Helearnedhowtobuildpublicawarenesscampaigns,howtoshapemalpracticelawsuitstosuccessfullysuelargecompaniesandhowtobuildcommittedgroupsofsupportersforthecause.經(jīng)過(guò)幾十年為弱勢(shì)及受壓迫群體所做的抗?fàn)?,亨利變得非常善于策劃各種活動(dòng)。他在與露華濃的抗衡中獲勝,靠的不是財(cái)富、立法者或龐大的政府的幫助。他學(xué)會(huì)了如何發(fā)起能夠喚醒公眾意識(shí)的活動(dòng),如何開(kāi)展瀆職訴訟以便成功起訴大公司,以及如何為這一事業(yè)建立忠實(shí)的支持者團(tuán)隊(duì)。Weoftenassumethatsocietyhasbecometoobigandtoobureaucraticforindividualstomakeadifference.Howcouldoneindividual,howeverhumaneandpassionate,possiblybringaboutchangeinthefaceofpowerfulglobalcorporations,ministerialindifferenceandcomplicatedparliamentaryrules?我們經(jīng)常認(rèn)為社會(huì)已經(jīng)變得太大、太官僚,從而個(gè)體不可能改變它。在面對(duì)強(qiáng)大的跨國(guó)公司、冷漠的執(zhí)政部門(mén)和眾多復(fù)雜的議會(huì)規(guī)則時(shí),單單一個(gè)人,不管他多么具有人道主義,多么富有激情,又如何能促成改變呢?Henry'slifewasdedicatedtothecauseofpreventingsufferingofinnocent,helplessanimals,especiallythoseusedinresearch.Hedidn'tstandonthesidelinesortrytogetrevengeforthesufferingheobserved.Henrywaspractical.Heacted.Heappealedtothepublicandcreatedpublicitykitstohelpcommonpeoplebecomeactivists.亨利的一生都致力于阻止無(wú)辜又無(wú)助的動(dòng)物遭受痛苦,尤其是那些被用于研究的動(dòng)物。他沒(méi)有袖手旁觀,也沒(méi)有試圖為他所看到的苦難復(fù)仇。亨利是個(gè)很實(shí)際的人。他采取了行動(dòng)。他向公眾呼吁,并做了各種成套的宣傳材料來(lái)幫助普通人成為積極的參與者。OnApril21,1996,IsentHenryafaxtellinghimIwasthinkingaboutwritingabooktochroniclehislifeandwork.IaskedwhetherIcouldstaywithhimforafewdaysinJunetotalkaboutit.1996年4月21日,我給亨利發(fā)了一份傳真,告訴他我正在考慮寫(xiě)一本記錄其生平和事業(yè)的書(shū)。我問(wèn)他我是否可以6月份過(guò)去和他待幾天,以討論這一事宜。Henrycalledthatevening.Hesaidhe'dreallylikemetowritethebook,buthewasn'tsurehewasstillgoingtobearoundinlateJune.Heexplainedthathe'dbeendiagnosedwithcancer,andaskedwhetherIcouldcomeearlier.當(dāng)天晚上亨利就給我打了電話。他說(shuō)他很愿意由我來(lái)寫(xiě)這本書(shū),但是他不確定自己6月下旬是否還會(huì)活在世上。他解釋說(shuō)他已經(jīng)被確診得了癌癥,所以問(wèn)我能不能早點(diǎn)來(lái)。IwasinNewYorksixdayslater.Henryhadlostalotofweight,andlackedtheenergyIwasusedtoseeinginhim.Hislifeexpectancywasamatterofmonths.Deathseemedtobestalkinghim.6天后我就到了紐約。亨利瘦了很多,而且也沒(méi)有了我以前在他身上看到的精力。他的生命只剩幾個(gè)月了。死亡似乎正在向他逼近。ThemostremarkablethingaboutHenry,though,wasthetotalabsenceofanysignofdepression.Lifehadbeengood,hesaid,refusingtohearmysympathyandcondolences.Hesaidhe'ddonewhathewantedtodoandenjoyeditalot.Whyshouldhebedepressed?盡管如此,亨利最了不起的一點(diǎn)就是,你根本看不到他有一絲一毫的沮喪。他說(shuō)他一直過(guò)得很好,因而拒絕聽(tīng)我說(shuō)同情和安慰的話。他說(shuō),他做了自己想做的事,而且很享受所做的一切,為什么要感到沮喪呢?Henry'slifedidnotterminateinthetimehisdoctorspredicted.Forthenexttwoyearshekeptworking,helpingdevelopthematerialIneededforthebook,throughinterviewsandquestionnaires.WhenIbeganwriting,IneverthoughtHenrywouldseeacompleteddraft,buthelivedtoseethebookonsaleinaNewYorkbookstore.Then,withinaweek,wearinghisfavoritestripedpajamas,hedied.亨利的生命并沒(méi)有像醫(yī)生預(yù)言的那么快終止。在接下來(lái)的兩年里,他一直堅(jiān)持工作,通過(guò)采訪和問(wèn)卷調(diào)查的方式,幫助我準(zhǔn)備寫(xiě)書(shū)需要的材料。在我開(kāi)始動(dòng)筆的時(shí)候,我從來(lái)沒(méi)想到亨利能看到完整的初稿,但是他一直活到親眼看到書(shū)在紐約的書(shū)店出售。然后,不到一個(gè)星期,他就去世了,當(dāng)時(shí)身上穿著他最喜歡的條紋睡衣。Oneessentialmarkoflivingwellistobesatisfiedwithone'saccomplishmentswhentakingaretrospectivelookatlife,andtobeabletoacceptdeathandfaceinfinitycalmly.Henry'slifeseemedtolackmanyofthethingsthatmostofustakeforgrantedasessentialtoagoodlife.Henevermarried,orhadalong-term,live-inrelationship.Hehadnochildrenorsuccessors.Heneverwenttoconcerts,tothetheater,ortofinerestaurants.Hedidn'tbringantibioticstotheneedyorvaccinatethepoor.Hewasnevercalledaherolikethecapedcrusadersofourcomicbooks.Thereisnofancystoneforhimatthecemeteryafterhisdeath.Hejustcaredfortheweakestcreaturesinhissociety.WhatgaveHenrySpira'slifedepthandpurpose?Whatdidhe-andothers-findmeaningfulinthewayhelivedhislife?一個(gè)人活得好的一個(gè)根本標(biāo)志就是,在他回首自己人生的時(shí)候,他對(duì)自己的成就感到滿意,而且能夠冷靜地接受死亡、面對(duì)永恒。亨利的人生似乎缺少了我們大多數(shù)人想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為美好人生所必須具備的很多東西。他一生未婚,也從未經(jīng)歷過(guò)長(zhǎng)期的戀愛(ài)同居關(guān)系;他沒(méi)有孩子或別的繼承人;他從來(lái)不去音樂(lè)會(huì)、劇院或高級(jí)飯店;他也沒(méi)有給生活艱難者帶去抗生素或是給貧困者接種疫苗。他從來(lái)沒(méi)有像我們的漫畫(huà)書(shū)中那些披著斗篷的社會(huì)改革家那樣被稱為英雄。他死后墓地上也沒(méi)有什么精致的墓碑。他只是關(guān)心社會(huì)中脆弱的生靈。是什么讓亨利.斯皮拉的生活富有深度、目標(biāo)明確呢?在他的這種生活中,他,以及其他人,又發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么有意義的東西呢?Unit7Thecomingenergycrisis日益逼近的能源危機(jī)Twohundredyearsago,theworldexperiencedanenergyrevolutionthatlaunchedtheIndustrialAge.Eversincethen,withtherapidincreaseofpopulationdensity,theindustrializedworld'sthirstforenergyhasmorethantripled.Petroleumandnaturalgasareexploitedasversatileandhighqualityenergyproducts.Uraniumisalsotappedtofuelnuclearreactorsandprovideatomicenergy.兩百年前,全球經(jīng)歷了一場(chǎng)能源革命,由此引發(fā)了工業(yè)時(shí)代的到來(lái)。從那時(shí)起,隨著人口密度的迅速增加,工業(yè)國(guó)家對(duì)于能源的需求成倍成倍增加。石油和天然氣被看作是用途多、質(zhì)量好的能源產(chǎn)品而得到開(kāi)發(fā),而鈾也得以開(kāi)發(fā),為核反應(yīng)堆提供燃料并供應(yīng)原子能源。Cheapenergyisthelifebloodofhumansociety.Butthereisadarksidetothenearmonopolyofnon-renewablefossilfuelslikecoal,oilandnaturalgas,alongwithcontroversialuranium,tosupplyourgrowingenergydemands.Thesupplyofthesefuelsisphysicallylimited,andtheirusethreatensourhealthandenvironment.Multipleinternationaltreatieshavebeenproposedtolimittheuseoffossilfuelsforthisveryreason.Fearsofglobalwarmingaside,burningfossilfuelsreleaseschemicalsandparticulatesthatcancausebreathingproblems,canceraswellasbrainandnervedamage.Nuclearenergy,oncehailedas"toocheaptometer",hasneverbeeneconomicallysuccessfulwhenallcostsarefactoredin.Furthermore,publicopinionpollsshownuclearenergyistoocloselyassociatedwithdisastersliketheChernobylreactormeltdownandtheFukushimaexplosion,andwiththedangerthat:rebelinsurgentscoulddodamagewiththetoxicwaste.Inexpensiveandseeminglyabundantnon-renewableenergyfromdeadplantsandextinctanimalsfueledthe20thcenturyeconomy,butgeologists,climatologists,environmentalists,andmanyothersarewarningthatthehoneymoonmaysoonbeover.廉價(jià)能源是人類社會(huì)的命脈。但是,對(duì)煤炭、石油、天然氣這些不可再生的礦物燃料及有爭(zhēng)議的鈾進(jìn)行近乎壟斷地使用以滿足我們?nèi)找嬖鲩L(zhǎng)的對(duì)能源的需求的做法有其危險(xiǎn)的一面。這些燃料的供應(yīng)實(shí)際上是有限的,并且,使用這些燃料對(duì)我們的健康和環(huán)境都造成威脅。正因如此,人們制定了眾多的國(guó)際條約,以限制對(duì)礦物燃料的使用。除了造成全球變暖之外,礦物燃料在燃燒過(guò)程中還會(huì)釋放出某些化學(xué)物質(zhì)和微粒,引發(fā)呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病、癌癥,并造成對(duì)大腦和神經(jīng)的損傷。如果把所有代價(jià)都考慮進(jìn)來(lái)的話,曾經(jīng)被稱頌為"便宜到無(wú)法計(jì)量"的核能從經(jīng)濟(jì)效益上來(lái)說(shuō)則從未獲得過(guò)成功。而且,民意調(diào)查顯示,核能總被認(rèn)為與災(zāi)難密切相關(guān),例如切爾諾貝利核反應(yīng)堆熔毀事件及福島核電站爆炸事件。同時(shí),核能還具有一種危險(xiǎn),就是叛亂分子可能利用其有毒廢物制造傷害。死去的植物和動(dòng)物所產(chǎn)生的價(jià)格低廉且看似充足的非再生能源推動(dòng)了20世紀(jì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,但地理學(xué)家、氣候?qū)W家、環(huán)境學(xué)家以及其他許多人都在警告我們:這樣美好的時(shí)光很快就要結(jié)束了。Atsomeindefinitetimeinthenearfuture,thelastdropofoil,lumpofcoalorwispofnaturalgaswillbecollectedfromtheearth.Theeventualdepletionoffossilfuelsthathithertoprovedsoreliablehasleftuswithnochoicebuttoprepareforanewageofenergysynthesis.Mostcertainly,humandemandforenergywillnotdecreaseorplateaubutsurgeasworldpopulationgrowstoninebillionoverthenext50years.Bytheyear2020,worldenergyconsumptionisprojectedtoshowalinearincreaseof50percent.在不久的將來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)候,地球上最后一滴石油、最后一塊煤或最后一縷天然氣將被開(kāi)采。迄今為止一直被證明是穩(wěn)定可靠的礦物燃料終將消失,這讓我們別無(wú)選擇,只能作好準(zhǔn)備,迎接新的能源綜合利用時(shí)代的到來(lái)??梢钥隙?,人類對(duì)能源的需求不會(huì)趨于減少或保持穩(wěn)定,而是會(huì)隨著世界人口在未來(lái)50年增長(zhǎng)到90億而迅速增加。據(jù)預(yù)測(cè),到2020年,全球的能源消耗將直線增長(zhǎng)50%。Howwillwemeetthesky-rocketingenergydemandsofthefuture?Untilweperfectthetechnologyofcoldfusion,we'llhavetofocusonthedevelopmentandincreasedproductionofenergyfromrenewableenergysources-sun,wind,water,andsoon.Whilerenewableenergysourcesarepromising,aninternationalconfederationofscientistsandengineersisworkingfeverishlytoovercomethevariousobstaclesassociatedwiththese"newenergy"technologies.Themajorchallengeistodevelopefficientandeconomicallyworkableversionsofthesetechnologies.我們?cè)鯓硬拍軡M足未來(lái)急劇增長(zhǎng)的能源需求呢?在我們完善冷聚變技術(shù)之前,我們只能專注于開(kāi)發(fā)太陽(yáng)能、風(fēng)能、水電能之類的可再生能源,并提高其產(chǎn)量。雖然可再生能源前景樂(lè)觀,一個(gè)由科學(xué)家和工程師組成的國(guó)際聯(lián)盟卻正在積極工作,努力克服與這些"新興能源"技術(shù)相關(guān)的各種障礙,其中最大的挑戰(zhàn)就是如何使這些技術(shù)變得既高效又經(jīng)濟(jì)。Takesolarenergyforexample.Itisagoodoptionbecausethereisanunlimitedsupplyofglitteringsunlight.Makingitworkonalargescale,however,ismucheasiersaidthandone.Itwouldbecostprohibitivetotaketheintricategadgetsofsolarenergyfromthefringeof"green"societytothemainstreamformajorworldconsumption.Thesolarapparatusitselfisreadyformanynewbusinessandconsumerapplications,butitiswaytooexpensivetoreplacetheoldcombustionmachineryofgearsandmotorswithnewelectronictechnologyofsemiconductorsandtransistorsonaglobalorevenanationalscale.以太陽(yáng)能為例。由于耀眼的太陽(yáng)光能夠提供源源不斷的能源,所以它是個(gè)不錯(cuò)的選擇。但是,大規(guī)模地使用太陽(yáng)能卻是說(shuō)起來(lái)容易做起來(lái)難。把制造太陽(yáng)能所需要的復(fù)雜零件從"環(huán)保"社會(huì)的邊緣推廣到主流社會(huì),使之成為世界主要的消費(fèi)性能源,其代價(jià)之高讓人望而卻步。太陽(yáng)能設(shè)備本身已是技術(shù)成熟,可以使商業(yè)和消費(fèi)者進(jìn)行許多新型應(yīng)用,但是,在全球或者即便是在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi),用新型的半導(dǎo)體和晶體管電子技術(shù)取代老式的用齒輪和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的燃燒設(shè)備,其成本實(shí)在太高。Windpower,whichhasbeenusedeffectivelyinsomeplacesforgenerations,isalsorapidlygrowingintheenergymarket.Theprinciplebehinditisthatwindconvertsrotaryforceintoelectricitybyturningthebladesoftheturbineclockwiseorcounterclockwisearoundanaxis.Unfortunately,windpowerisveryunreliableanditsstrengthdependsonlocalweatherpatterns,temperature,timeofyear,andlocation.Inadditiontothisunreliability,windpowerequipmentisveryexpensivecomparedwithotherenergysourcesandwon'tbecomeaviablealternativeuntilwecanslashthecostssignificantly.Also,a"windfarm"requiresenormouslandclearingtoproducesignificantamountsofenergy.風(fēng)能在一些地方已經(jīng)被幾代人有效利用,目前在能源市場(chǎng)中也發(fā)展迅速。風(fēng)能的原理是:風(fēng)通過(guò)驅(qū)動(dòng)渦輪機(jī)葉片按順時(shí)針或逆時(shí)針?lè)较蚶@著一個(gè)軸旋轉(zhuǎn),從而把轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的力轉(zhuǎn)換成電能。不幸的是,風(fēng)能非常不穩(wěn)定,其強(qiáng)度取決于當(dāng)?shù)氐奶鞖饽J?、溫度、季?jié)以及地域。除了不穩(wěn)定的因素之外,和其他能源相比,風(fēng)能設(shè)備造價(jià)昂貴。除非我們能將其成本大大降低,否則風(fēng)能就不會(huì)成為一個(gè)可行的替代能源。而且,一個(gè)"風(fēng)能農(nóng)場(chǎng)"需要大片空曠的土地才能生產(chǎn)大量能源。Hydroelectricpowerisanothersourceofcleanandrenewableenergy.Itcanbeharnessedbycontrollingthenaturaloutflowofwaterwithdifferentmethods.Themostpopularisthroughdams,which,unfortunately,arenolongerconsideredenvironmentallyfriendly.Mostofthehydroelectricdamsintheworldarehistoricallyrecent,butallreservoirseventuallywillfillupwithmudandrequireveryexpensiveexcavationtoclearthemuptobecomeusefulagain.水力電能是另外一種既干凈又能再生的能源。人們可以通過(guò)不同方法來(lái)控制自然水流以進(jìn)行發(fā)電。最普遍的方法是通過(guò)水壩,但不幸的是,建水壩已被認(rèn)為是對(duì)環(huán)境不利的方法了。世界上大多數(shù)用于水力發(fā)電的大壩建造歷史都不長(zhǎng),但是所有的水庫(kù)最終都會(huì)被淤泥填塞,需要耗資巨大進(jìn)行清淤才能使它們重新得到利用。Biomassenergyderivedfromplantandanimalmatterisstillanotherrenewablesourcebeingconsideredasastandbyreplacementforfossilfuels.Organicwasteintheformofdeadtrees,leaves,animalcorpsesandfoodprocessingwasteexistsinabundanceandcanbeusedtoproduceenergy.However,thereisnowaytoventilatethedirectburningofbiomassasfuelwithoutdiffusingcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintotheatmosphere.Thesegasescanposearisktotheozonelayer,increasingoverallexposureofhumanbeingstoharmfulUVraysfromthesun.Besides,ittakestimeandmoneytocollectandtransportbiomassinitsrawformtoacentralpointforprocessingintofuel,andtheautomationofsuchaprocessistoodifficult.So,forthetimebeing,biomasshastoomanycostlydrawbackstobeaworkablealternativetofossilfuels.動(dòng)植物物質(zhì)所產(chǎn)生的生物能源也是一種可再生能源,且被認(rèn)為是礦物燃料的備用替代品。以死樹(shù)、枯葉、動(dòng)物尸體以及食品加工廢料的形式存在的有機(jī)廢物十分充足,可以被用來(lái)制造能源。然而,將生物質(zhì)作為燃料直接燃燒,通風(fēng)時(shí)必然會(huì)將二氧化碳及其他溫室氣體排放到大氣中。這些氣體會(huì)對(duì)臭氧層造成威脅,增加人們受到來(lái)自太陽(yáng)的有害紫外線照射的危險(xiǎn)。除此以外,將生物質(zhì)以原始形態(tài)進(jìn)行收集,并將它們運(yùn)送到某個(gè)中心站加工處理成燃料,這一過(guò)程既耗時(shí)又耗財(cái),而且對(duì)這一過(guò)程實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化非常困難。所以,在目前,生物質(zhì)能源有太多高成本方面的缺點(diǎn),不能成為礦物燃料可行的替代品。Althoughrenewableenergiesarenotyeteconomicallycompetitivewithfossilfuels,theirpricebecomesmoreattractivewhencomparedwiththehealthandenvironmentalcostsassociatedwithburningcoalandoil.PerhapsthebestsolutiontoourgrowingenergychallengescomesinabulletinfromtheUnionofConcernedScientists:"Oursociety'sfuturesuccesscannothingeononesinglesolution.Theanswerinsteadmustcomefromafamilyofdiverseenergytechnologiesthatshareaunifiedpurpose-theydonotdepleteournaturalresourcesordestroyourenvironment."Despitethedifficulties,itisimportanttorememberthatanenergycrisisisapproachingatsupersonicspeedsandwillsoonbeuponus.Inordertoinaugurateanewerainenergy,wemustactquicklyandworktowardinternationalcollaborationtofindthemosteffectivesolutionstoourenergyproblems.雖然從經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠方面來(lái)說(shuō),可再生能源沒(méi)有礦物能源有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,但是,與燃燒煤和石油所帶來(lái)的健康及環(huán)境代價(jià)相比,它們的價(jià)格又變得較有吸引力了。也許,對(duì)于日益緊迫的能源挑戰(zhàn),最好的解決辦法正如"憂思科學(xué)家聯(lián)盟"所出的一份簡(jiǎn)報(bào)上所說(shuō)的那樣:"未來(lái)我們社會(huì)的成功不能依賴于某一單一的解決方案。相反,答案須來(lái)自一系列各種不同的能源技術(shù)。這些技術(shù)有一個(gè)共同目的:它們不會(huì)耗盡我們的自然資源,也不會(huì)破環(huán)我們的環(huán)境。"盡管困難重重,我們需要牢記的是,能源危機(jī)正以超音速逼近,即將來(lái)到我們面前。為了在能源領(lǐng)域開(kāi)創(chuàng)一個(gè)新時(shí)代,我們必須趕快行動(dòng),努力尋求國(guó)際合作,以找到能源問(wèn)題最有效的解決辦法。Aworldwidefoodcrisis會(huì)有全球糧食危機(jī)嗎?Historically,onlylocalgovernmentsworriedaboutawidespreadfoodcrisis,buttoday,asharpspikeinfoodpricesandtheresultingfoodcrisiscanquicklybecomeaworldwidephenomenon.Recentdroughtsalongtheequator,andinRussiaandUkraine-twocountrieswhichaccountforone-fourthofworldwheatexports-causedwheatpricestosurge.Manyworrythetightsupplywillcauseinflationaryprices.Theyfeartheskyrocketinggraincostsin2007,whichharshlystrucktheworld'spoorandledtofoodriots,willrecur.在歷史上,只有地方政府才會(huì)擔(dān)心大范圍的糧食危機(jī),而如今,糧食價(jià)格的急劇上漲及由此導(dǎo)致的糧食危機(jī)會(huì)很快成為一種全球現(xiàn)象。最近發(fā)生在赤道沿線、俄羅斯及烏克蘭的干旱使小麥價(jià)格不斷飆升——俄羅斯和烏克蘭兩國(guó)小麥出口總量占世界出口總量的四分之一。許多人擔(dān)心小麥供應(yīng)短缺會(huì)引發(fā)其價(jià)格膨脹,他們害怕2007年使世界窮人遭受重創(chuàng)并引發(fā)食品騷亂的飛漲的糧食價(jià)格會(huì)再次出現(xiàn)。Istheirfeargrounded?Consultancyfirmsmeasuringthestatusofcommoditieslikewheatdon'tthinkso.Stocksofwheatareatsufficientlyhighlevels,andharvestturnoutfromotherbigproducersliketheUSisexpectedtostaystrong.Sounlikein2007,thesupplysituationisn'tdesperate,meaningwheatpricesshouldeventuallycalmdownandleveloff.他們的擔(dān)心有根據(jù)嗎?負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)像小麥這樣的商品現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行評(píng)估的咨詢公司并不這樣認(rèn)為。目前小麥的儲(chǔ)備非常充足,并且,重要農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)國(guó)如美國(guó)等的農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)也有望十分強(qiáng)勁。所以,與2007年不同,現(xiàn)在糧食供應(yīng)狀況并不那樣令人絕望,這也意味著小麥價(jià)格最終會(huì)恢復(fù)正常并平穩(wěn)下來(lái)。However,thisrosypictureprovidesonlytemporarysecurity.Thebiggerpicturedisclosesarealitynotsooptimistic.Thoughcurrentpricesaren'tassky-highasinthepanickedmarketof2007,they'restillathigherlevelsthanbeforeandarelikelytostaythatway.TheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentseestheaveragepricesofproductsclassifiedasessentialsuchasgrains,vegetableoils,anddairyproductsrisingforthenextdecade.但是,這一美好的畫(huà)面只能帶來(lái)短暫的安心。更大的畫(huà)面所揭示的現(xiàn)實(shí)不容樂(lè)觀。雖然目前糧食價(jià)格沒(méi)有達(dá)到2007年引起恐慌的市場(chǎng)上的那種天價(jià),但和以前相比,價(jià)格仍然居高不下,而且很有可能維持這樣。經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織認(rèn)為,谷物、植物油和奶制品這些基本食品的平均價(jià)格在未來(lái)十年都將持續(xù)上漲。Itdoesn'ttakeanoracletoforetellthatthefighttofeedtheworldwillbeahugechallengefacingtheglobaleconomyoverthenext20years.Foodproductionissufferingfromdecadesofneglectofagriculture,aperiodwhenthesectorwasstarvedoftheresourcesandtechnologyitneededtokeepupwithrisingworlddemand.Thoughmoreandmorepeopleareintriguedbytheissueandthereisagrowingglobalconsensusabouttheneedforreforminfarming,we'rereallyonlyatthebeginningofalong,expensive,processofrepairingworldagriculturalpractices.Thatmeansfoodpriceswillstayhighoverthenextseveralyears,aswilltheriskofdangerouspricefluctuationslikethecurrentonewithwheat.未來(lái)20年,讓世界上所有人都吃飽飯將是全球經(jīng)濟(jì)所面臨的巨大挑戰(zhàn),這一點(diǎn)很明確,不需要通過(guò)行家來(lái)預(yù)言。由于過(guò)去幾十年對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)的疏忽,糧食生產(chǎn)受到影響,而這幾十年正是農(nóng)業(yè)這一行業(yè)急需得到資源和技術(shù)支持以滿足日益增長(zhǎng)的世界需求的重要時(shí)期。雖然現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的人對(duì)這一問(wèn)題表示出興趣,對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)耕作進(jìn)行改革的需要也獲得全球越來(lái)越廣泛的認(rèn)同,但事實(shí)上,在修復(fù)全球農(nóng)業(yè)作業(yè)這樣一項(xiàng)耗時(shí)長(zhǎng)、代價(jià)高的工作中,我們還只處于起步階段。這也意味著,糧食價(jià)格在未來(lái)幾年會(huì)居高不下,正如目前小麥價(jià)格波動(dòng)所帶來(lái)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也會(huì)居高不下一樣。Foodisn'tlikegarmentsorotherproductstradedonworldmarkets.Theissueoffoodisfilledwithemotion.Intermittentuncertaintyinfoodmarketswillanimatepeopletoactwhentheywouldotherwiseremaincalm.Nocountry,forexample,wantstorunoutoffoodorwatchsky-highpricespushpeopleintopovertyandmalnourishment.Thatcanleadtoriotsorevenrevolutions.Whenemotionsarerunninghighenough,grainexportersandimportersmaytakeextrememeasurestopreventashortage,likehoardingandpanic-drivenwholesalepurchases.Inotherwords,theoverreactionofmarketplayerswillactlikeapistoltothehead,creatingacrisiswhennoneshouldexist.糧食這一商品和世界市場(chǎng)上交易的衣服或其他商品有所不同。糧食問(wèn)題是充滿感情色彩的。糧食市場(chǎng)時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)的不確定性會(huì)促使人們采取行動(dòng),而這種不確定性如果涉及的是其他商品,人們則會(huì)保持冷靜。比如,沒(méi)有哪個(gè)國(guó)家希望出現(xiàn)糧食短缺,眼睜睜看著糧價(jià)飛漲而使人們陷入貧窮和營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的困境,因?yàn)檫@樣會(huì)引發(fā)騷亂甚至革命。當(dāng)人們的情緒積聚到足夠高度的時(shí)候,糧食出口商和進(jìn)口商就會(huì)采取一些極端的手段,以防止糧食出現(xiàn)短缺。比如,他們會(huì)囤積糧食及因恐慌而大批量購(gòu)買(mǎi)等等。換句話說(shuō),市場(chǎng)操縱者如果反應(yīng)過(guò)度,其作用就如同指向頭部的手槍,會(huì)無(wú)中生有地制造危機(jī)。Willcurrentpricesstayhighandvolatile?Probablyyes.Thereareenormousstructuralproblemswiththeagricultureindustrythathavecausedthegreatimbalancebetweensupplyanddemand.Theseproblemshaveadualnature,onepartofitontheproductionside,andtheotherontheconsumptionside.目前的價(jià)格會(huì)一直居高不下且變化不定嗎?很可能會(huì)的。農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)方面存在的諸多問(wèn)題已經(jīng)引發(fā)了供求關(guān)系的巨大失衡。這些問(wèn)題具有兩面性,一個(gè)是生產(chǎn)方面的,另一個(gè)是消費(fèi)方面的。Ontheproductionside,globalfundingforruralinfrastructureortechnologicalresearchtokeepyieldsgrowinghasbeenverysmall,wellbelowwhatisneededtokeepcrisesatbayandtomeetourfuturefooddemands.Butinthepast,whenevereconomistspredictedmassiveshortages,technologicaladvanceslikehigher-yieldstrainsofwheatwouldovercomethedifferenceandrescuecivilizationsfromlarge-scalestarvation.在生產(chǎn)方面,全球用于鄉(xiāng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)或農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)研究以保持糧食產(chǎn)量持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的資金非常少,大大低于能夠使我們避免危機(jī)、滿足人類未來(lái)食品需求所必需的資金投入量。但是,在過(guò)去,一旦經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們預(yù)測(cè)會(huì)有大規(guī)模的糧食短缺,就會(huì)有像高產(chǎn)量小麥之類的技術(shù)進(jìn)步來(lái)解決這一供需差異,使人類免受大規(guī)模挨餓之苦。Ontheconsumptionside,citizensofwealthiercountrieshavegrownaccustomedtoconsumingmorefoodthantheyneedandeatingmorecostlytypesoffoodlikemeat.Thismeansmoregraingetsturnedintolivestockfeedinsteadoffoodforpeople.Addinthenewdemandforbio
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