專門用途英語簡介課件

PartI.OrientationofESP

PartI.OrientationofESP

11.WhatisESPESPisavariationofEnglishthatislearnd/taughtgenerallyforaclearlyutilitarianpurpose.1.WhatisESPESPisavariati2ItisunfairforEnglishlearnersmajoringinsciencestoacquireEnglishthroughclassicliteratureworkswhichisthetraditionalwayoflearninglanguage.ESP,aspartofLSP,ismoresuitablefortheminthatitoffersthemopportunitiestolearnwhattheyneedandsparewhattheyneednot.

——Steven.PItisunfairforEnglishlearn3ESPshouldbeproperlybeseennotasanyparticularlanguageproductbutasanapproachtolanguageteachingwhichisdirectedbyspecificandapparentreasonsforlearning.

——Hutchison&WatersESPshouldbeproperlybeseen42.TheTaxonomyofESP2.TheTaxonomyofESP53.TheDevelopmentofESPRegisterAnalysisTargetSituationAnalysisDiscourseAnalysisSkillsandStrategies3.TheDevelopmentofESPRegi61.TheDevelopmentofESPwhathowwhyhuman-oriented

1.TheDevelopmentofESPwhat74.GenreisESPAgenrecomprisesaclassofcommunicativeevents,thememberofwhichsharesamesetofcommunicativepurposes.Thesepurposesarerecognizedbytheexpertmembersoftheparentdiscoursecommunity,andtherebyconstitutetherationalforthegenre.——Swales4.GenreisESPAgenrecompris84.GenreisESP4.GenreisESP94.GenreisESP4.GenreisESP10PartII.ParagraphsPatterns

——Anillustrationofgenre

PartII.ParagraphsPatterns

111.TheTopicSentenceReaderswantto1.knowrightawaywhatthetopicis;2.havesomeideaofhowthistopicwillbedeveloped.1.TheTopicSentenceReaders121.TheTopicSentenceAsawriter,youshould1.allowreaderstoguesswhat’scomingandthusunderstanditmoreeasily;2.allowthemtoavoidreadingtheparagraphaltogetherifthesubjectmatterholdsnointerestforthem.1.TheTopicSentenceAsawri131.TheTopicSentencee.g.Thehumanbodyismadeupofmillionsandbillionsofcells,eachofwhichcontains,amongothersubstances,millionsandbillionsofproteinmolecules....1.TheTopicSentencee.g.The141.TheTopicSentencee.g....Anaveragecellcontainshundredofdifferentkindsofprotein,andallofthecellsofthehumanbodycontain,amongthem,asmanyas100,000differentkindsofproteins.Theseproteinscanperformmillionsofdifferentfunctions,aversalitywhichislargelyresponsibleforthephenomenoncalled“l(fā)life”.1.TheTopicSentencee.g....152.PatternsofOrganizationsomeofthemostcommonlyusedpatternsinEST1.choronologicaldescription;2.cause-and-effectanalysis;3.comparisonandcontrast;4.listing;5.general-to-particularorderingofdetails.2.PatternsofOrganizationso162.PatternsofOrganizationthechoronologicaldescription;feature1:timeadverbsandphrases;in1995,lastweek,at10:15,first,second,soonaftertheprojectbegan,...2.PatternsofOrganizationt172.PatternsofOrganizationthechoronologicaldescription;feature2:verbtensesequencing;Originallywewantedto...;Morerecentlywehaveattemptedto...;Nowwearetryingto...andinthefutureweshalltryto....2.PatternsofOrganizationt182.PatternsofOrganizationthechoronologicaldescription;feature3:grammaticalparallelism;Mountthegratingneartheend...;Locatearideronthescale...;Adjustthegrating...;Readthedistanceonthescale....2.PatternsofOrganizationt192.PatternsofOrganizationthechoronologicaldescription;e.g.TotalU.S.R&Dspendingisprojectedtoreachacurrentdollarlevelof$66.7billionin1981,anincreaseof10%overthe1980projectedlevelandnearlydoubletheamountspentontheseactivitiesin1975.Eveninconstantdollars,anddespitethereductionsinR&DprogramcontainedintheFederal1980and1981budgets,U.S.R&Dspendingin1981

isexpectedtofollowthegrowthtrendofthepastfiveyears,2.PatternsofOrganizationt202.PatternsofOrganizationthechoronologicaldescription;whenR&Dfundinggrewatanaverageannualrateofbetterthan3%.ThatgrowthresultedinlargepartfromincreasedemphasisonsearchingformeanstoresolvenergeandenvironmentalproblemsandaresurgenceofdefenseR&Dactivity.Between1975and1978,thelastyearforwhichsurveydataareavailabe,energyaccountedforonethirdoftheR&Dspendingincreasewhile,atthesametime,amountingto10%ofthenationalR&Deffort.2.PatternsofOrganizationt21GroupHomeworkSearchandpresentthedefinitions,featuresandexamplesofthefollowingparagraphpatterns.1.cause-and-effectanalysis;2.comparisonandcontrast;3.listing;4.general-to-particularorderingofdetails.GroupHomeworkSearchandprese222.PatternsofOrganizationthecause-and-effectanalysis;Thispatternisusedwhenyou1.makealogicalargument;2.describeaprocess;3.explainwhysomethinghappenedthewayitdid;4.predictsomefuturesequenceofevents.2.PatternsofOrganizationt232.PatternsofOrganizationthecause-and-effectanalysis;connectivewordsandphrasessubordinateclausescausativeverbstherefore,thus,consequently,accordingly,asaresult,so,...since,because,dueto,...cause,giveriseto,affects,require,produce,...2.PatternsofOrganizationt242.PatternsofOrganizationthecause-and-effectanalysis;

e.g.Whenozonereactswithnitricoxide,theozoneisdestroyedandNO2isformed.2.PatternsofOrganizationt252.PatternsofOrganizationthecomparisonandcontrast;connectivewordsandphrasescomparativeconstructionssubordinateclauseshowever,ontheotherhand,conversely,similarly,likewise,in/bycontrastto/with,...more/less/ratherthan,as...as,while,but,whereas2.PatternsofOrganizationt262.PatternsofOrganizationthecomparisonandcontrast;e.g.1.ProgramXwillbeeasytoimplement,whereasprogramYwouldentailanumberofcomplications.2.ModelXisreliableandefficient,whereasmodelYisunreliableandrelativelyinefficient.2.PatternsofOrganizationt272.PatternsofOrganizationlisting;Principlesoflisting1.Allitemsinalistshouldbecastinparallelgrammaticalform;2.Iftheitemsinalistarenotequallyimportant,theyshouldbearrangedindescendingorderofimportance.2.PatternsofOrganizationl282.PatternsofOrganizationlisting;Inadditiontogoalandnuclearenergy,awidevarietyofotherpowersourcesarealsofrequentlydiscussedinthenewsandinscientificliterature;unfortunately,mostarenotyetforpracticaluse.Geothermalenergyisoneofthemostpracticalofproposednewsources.ItisalreadyinuseinItaly,Iceland,andNorthernCaliforniabutisnotyetmeetingallexpectationsforit.2.PatternsofOrganizationli292.PatternsofOrganizationlisting;Solarenergyseemsanelegantideabecauseitisinexhaustibleandaddsnonetheatorcarbondioxidetotheglobalenvironment.Yetpresentmethodsofexploitingitmakesolarenergyhopelesslyinadequateasamajorpowersourceinthenextfewdecades.Sophisticatedwindmillstogenerateelectricityareunderstudybysome.Biomassconversionisalsogettingunderway.2.PatternsofOrganizationli302.PatternsofOrganizationlisting;Someofthesesourcesofenergy,whichwenowgenerallyregardasesoteric,maywellprovethemselvesandmakeasubstantialcontributionoverthelongruniftheircostscanbebroughtwithinreason.2.PatternsofOrganizationli312.PatternsofOrganizationlisting;Inadditiontogoalandnuclearenergy,awidevarietyofotherpowersourcesarealsofrequentlydiscussedinthenewsandinscientificliterature;unfortunately,mostarenotyetforpracticaluse.Geothermalenergyisoneofthemostpracticalofproposednewsources.ItisalreadyinuseinItaly,Iceland,andNorthernCaliforniabutisnotyetmeetingallexpectationsforit.2.PatternsofOrganizationli322.PatternsofOrganizationlisting;Solarenergyseemsanelegantideabecauseitisinexhaustibleandaddsnonetheatorcarbondioxidetotheglobalen