(黃世忠)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表粉飾與分析

財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表粉飾與分析7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing1黃世忠教授Ph.D

CPA

MBA廈門(mén)大學(xué)管理學(xué)院副院長(zhǎng)電話/p>

Levitt的觀點(diǎn)審計(jì)總署（GAO）的調(diào)查中國(guó)上市公司報(bào)表粉飾的典型手段報(bào)表粉飾的傳統(tǒng)手段報(bào)表粉飾的現(xiàn)代手段中國(guó)上市公司報(bào)表粉飾典型案例分析財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析框架（Harward

Model

of

F.S.A)附錄：Sarbanes-Oxley

Act簡(jiǎn)要介紹該法案對(duì)獨(dú)立董事的啟示，特別是與CPA溝通應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing2Overview

of

Financial

Fraud7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing3Biggest

U.S

Bankruptcies

Since

19807/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing4Debts

owned

to

Banks

and

Institutional

Investors

by

WorldCom(

Total

Assets:

BV

$

107

billion;

MV

$15

billion;

Total

Debts

$41

billion)7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing5$

in

millionBank

&

TrustAmountInstitutional

InvestorsamountJP

Morgan

Trust

Co.17,200.00CALPERS387.5Deutsche

Bank240.25Prudential386.5ABN

Amco

Bank202.75Metropolitan

Life

Insur.300.3Citibank154.88Vanguard281.9Fleet150.00Travelers

Asset

mgt.270.1Bank

One100.00Northwest

Invest.

Mgt.267.0Mellon

Bank100.00Alliance

Capital

Mgt.253.9Wells

Fargo

Bank100.00American

Express

F.A212.4JP

Morgan

Chase6.00Wellington

Mgt.212.1Merck’

Faked

Revenue7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing6Financial

Frauds

and

Independent

Directors7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing7Overview

of

financial

frauds

or

earnings

management其他公司–

Microsoft,

GE,

IBM,

Boeing,

Lucent,

Cisco,

Oracle,

AOL,

Nortel,

Qwest,Tyco,

Global

Crossing,

Cendant,

WMX,

Sunbeam,

Adelphia公司名稱(chēng)(事務(wù)所名稱(chēng)）舞弊種類(lèi)及金額是否由AC發(fā)現(xiàn)？是否由CPA發(fā)現(xiàn)？獨(dú)立懂事/董事會(huì)人數(shù)Enron

(AA)虛增利潤(rùn)6億美元,隱瞞負(fù)債30多億美元否否15/17Xerox

(KPMG)虛增利潤(rùn)15億美元否否7/9Rite

Aid(KPMG)虛增利潤(rùn)22億美元否否7/9WorldCom(AA)虛增利潤(rùn)93億美元否否9/11CFE’s

Classification

SchemeFraudCorruptionAssetMisappropriationFraudulentStatementsConflicts

of

InterestBriberyIllegal

GratuitiesEconomic

ExtortionCashFraudulentDisbursementsInventories

andAll

Other

AssetsBogus

RevenueTiming

DifferencesConcealed

L

&

EImproper

DisclosureImproper

Valuation7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing8CFE:

Duration

of

by

Scheme

Type7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing9CFE:

Initial

Detection

of

Fraud發(fā)現(xiàn)舞弊方法及比例雇員舉報(bào)偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)部控制內(nèi)部審計(jì)外部審計(jì)客戶舉報(bào)匿名舉報(bào)賣(mài)方舉報(bào)執(zhí)法部門(mén)通報(bào)26.3%18.8%18.6%15.4%11.5%8.6%6.2%5.1%1.7%7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing10CFE:

Effective

Measures

to

Prevent

Fraud7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing11SAS

99

:Consideration

of

Fraud

in

aFinancial

Statement

Audit7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing12AICPA恢復(fù)公眾信任的一個(gè)重大舉措2002.10.15，AICPA發(fā)布采納SAS

99的決定取代SAS

82

（1996）自2002年12月15日生效SAS將在2002年10月末或11月初正式頒布Significant

Changes

in

the

New

Fraud

Standard7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing134個(gè)重大變化進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)職業(yè)懷疑（Professional

Skepticism)的重要性對(duì)舞弊及其特征進(jìn)行描述要求審計(jì)小組應(yīng)當(dāng)直面舞弊應(yīng)當(dāng)具有職業(yè)懷疑的心態(tài)（Mindset

of

PS)重大變化實(shí)施意想不到的審計(jì)測(cè)試（Unpredictable

Audit

Tests)對(duì)客戶沒(méi)料到的地區(qū)、場(chǎng)所和賬戶進(jìn)行測(cè)試對(duì)管理當(dāng)局逾越控制（Override

of

Control)作出反映提出測(cè)試管理當(dāng)局逾越控制的審計(jì)程序Description

and

Characteristics

of

Fraud7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing141個(gè)關(guān)鍵要素舞弊是蓄意行為（Intentional

Behavior)

舞弊是個(gè)法律概念，CPA不對(duì)某項(xiàng)行為是否屬于舞弊作出法律決定舞弊與差錯(cuò)的差別在于是否故意造成錯(cuò)報(bào)或漏報(bào)實(shí)際工作中難以判斷，如不合理會(huì)計(jì)估計(jì)（Unreasonable

AccountingEstimates)2種舞弊類(lèi)型虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告產(chǎn)生的錯(cuò)報(bào)Misstatements

arising

from

fraudulent

financial

reporting挪用資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的錯(cuò)報(bào)Misstatements

arising

from

misappropriation

of

AssetsDescription

and

Characteristics

of

Fraud7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing153個(gè)必備條件動(dòng)機(jī)或壓力

Management

or

employees

have

an

incentive

or

areunder

pressure機(jī)會(huì)

Circumstances

exist

(e.g.

absence

of

control,

ineffeccontrol,

ability

of

management

to

override

controls)

tprovide

an

opportunity

for

a

fraud

to

be

perpetrated理由

Those

involved

are

able

to

rationalize

a

fraudulent

abeing

consistent

with

their

personal

code

of

ethicsTriangle

of

FraudAlbrecht

el.al提出的舞弊鐵三角PressureOpportunityRationalizatioFraud7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing16Arthur

Levitt’s

Comments

on

“

Number

Game”7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing175

Methods

Game

Playing

identified

by

LevittBig-bath

charges(洗大澡或巨額沖銷(xiāo)）Creative

acquisition

accounting

（創(chuàng)造性并購(gòu)會(huì)計(jì)）Cook-jar

reserves

（甜餅盒式準(zhǔn)備金）Revenue

recognition

（收入確認(rèn)）Materiality

（重大性）GAO

:

Restatement

by

Reason,

1997-20027/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing18中國(guó)上市公司報(bào)表粉飾典型手段報(bào)表粉飾的傳統(tǒng)手段收入確認(rèn)虛擬資產(chǎn)期間費(fèi)用資本化股權(quán)投資存貨及應(yīng)收賬款其他應(yīng)收應(yīng)付款報(bào)表粉飾的現(xiàn)代手段資產(chǎn)重組關(guān)聯(lián)交易資產(chǎn)評(píng)估補(bǔ)貼收入八項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)備會(huì)計(jì)調(diào)整7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing19A公司的財(cái)務(wù)圖象(單位：萬(wàn)元）年度凈資產(chǎn)主營(yíng)收入凈利潤(rùn)199920,7096,75720,01020003,0146,797-16,5852001-

198,8685,187-225,7247/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing20A公司2001年度減值明細(xì)表(單位：萬(wàn)元）7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing21項(xiàng)目年初余額本年增加數(shù)本年轉(zhuǎn)回?cái)?shù)年末余額壞賬準(zhǔn)備其中：應(yīng)收賬款其他應(yīng)收款42,72432,66710,057166,049128,05537,994---------208,773160,72248,051存貨跌價(jià)準(zhǔn)備其中:原材料12,60610,85514,95312,572838327,47623,344長(zhǎng)期投資減值準(zhǔn)備2,3511,335---3,686固定資產(chǎn)減值準(zhǔn)備---7,657---7,657在建工程減值準(zhǔn)備---232---232合

計(jì)57,681190,22683247,824三、A公司案例---巨額沖銷(xiāo)7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing22A公司對(duì)巨額壞賬的解釋?xiě)?yīng)收賬款的壞賬準(zhǔn)備關(guān)聯(lián)公司欠款單位名稱(chēng)本年增加本年余額賬齡以前年度累計(jì)準(zhǔn)備本年計(jì)提準(zhǔn)備累計(jì)壞賬準(zhǔn)備香港XX自行車(chē)有限公司19,29859,816>

5

y11,73948,07759,816DB

(HK)

Co.Ltd6,13824,155>

5

y1,80822,34724,155XX國(guó)際有限公司---13,940>

5

y3,52310,41713,940合

計(jì)25,43697,91117,07080,84197,911A公司案例---巨額沖銷(xiāo)7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing23–非關(guān)聯(lián)方欠款：S

Co.Ltd,Au

Co.Ltd，其他出口經(jīng)商商、國(guó)內(nèi)客戶欠款單位名稱(chēng)本年增加本年欠款余額賬齡以前年度累計(jì)準(zhǔn)備本年計(jì)提準(zhǔn)備累計(jì)壞賬準(zhǔn)備S

Co.Ltd*4,8229,793>

5

y---9,7939,793Au

Co.Ltd---4,166>

5

y---4,1664,166其他出口經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商*3,67412,711>

5

y12312,58812,711國(guó)內(nèi)客戶**---35,648>

3

y15,42520,22335,648合計(jì)8,49662,31815,54846,77062,318A公司案例---巨額沖銷(xiāo)7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing24其他應(yīng)收賬款的壞賬準(zhǔn)備關(guān)聯(lián)公司欠款單位名稱(chēng)本年增加本年余額賬齡以前年度累計(jì)準(zhǔn)備本年計(jì)提準(zhǔn)備累計(jì)壞賬準(zhǔn)備XX復(fù)合材料制品（深圳）公司---6,128>

5

y---6,1286,128深圳XX工貿(mào)發(fā)展有限公司---5,029>

5

y1,8073,2225,029香港XX自行車(chē)有限公司---3,089>

5

y---3,0893,089合

計(jì)---14,2461,80712,43914,246A公司案例---巨額沖銷(xiāo)7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing25其他應(yīng)收賬款的壞賬準(zhǔn)備非關(guān)聯(lián)公司欠款單位名稱(chēng)本年增加本年余額賬齡以前年度累計(jì)準(zhǔn)備本年計(jì)提準(zhǔn)備累計(jì)壞賬準(zhǔn)備S

Co.Ltd*---22,004>

5

y6,44915,55522,004ML

Co.Ltd

*---3,006>

5

y---3,0063,006其他**---6,817>

3

y1,7625,0556,817合

計(jì)---31,8278,21123,61631,827A公司的八大疑點(diǎn)7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing26巨額壞賬準(zhǔn)備與以前年度收入確認(rèn)的關(guān)系？

在本年度主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)收入只有5187萬(wàn)元的情況下，為何本年度增加對(duì)關(guān)聯(lián)方的應(yīng)收賬款竟達(dá)到25,436萬(wàn)元？為何本年對(duì)非關(guān)聯(lián)方增加的應(yīng)收賬款高達(dá)8496萬(wàn)元？

本年度對(duì)關(guān)聯(lián)方的應(yīng)收賬款和其他應(yīng)收款計(jì)提的壞賬準(zhǔn)備高達(dá)

93,280萬(wàn)元，主要理由是聯(lián)系不到。為何聯(lián)系不到？誰(shuí)應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)責(zé)任？是否存在違法違規(guī)行為？以前年度壞賬準(zhǔn)備計(jì)提比率為何如此之低？

本年度對(duì)非關(guān)聯(lián)方的應(yīng)收賬款和其他應(yīng)收款計(jì)提的壞賬準(zhǔn)備也高達(dá)70,386萬(wàn)元，主要理由是聯(lián)系不到或資不抵債。是否存在違法違規(guī)行為？以前年度壞賬準(zhǔn)備計(jì)提比率為何如此之低？

應(yīng)收關(guān)聯(lián)方和非關(guān)聯(lián)方的上述款項(xiàng)全額計(jì)提壞賬準(zhǔn)備，累計(jì)金額高達(dá)206,302萬(wàn)元。背后的真實(shí)故事是什么？虛假收入？收入確認(rèn)違反規(guī)定？關(guān)聯(lián)公司和非關(guān)聯(lián)公司逃廢債務(wù)？將來(lái)若由收回，如何進(jìn)行會(huì)計(jì)處理？全額計(jì)提的壞賬若今后又收回，如何進(jìn)行會(huì)計(jì)處理？

對(duì)這樣的喪失持續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)能力（凈資產(chǎn)-225,724萬(wàn)元）、應(yīng)收賬款內(nèi)部控制缺失、隨意計(jì)提巨額壞賬的公司，CPA發(fā)表無(wú)保留意見(jiàn)的依據(jù)何在？B公司案例：抵債背后的真實(shí)故事經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)一覽表年度主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)收入凈利潤(rùn)1998112,14711,8001999111,29615,5252000105,7535482001112,282-97,8567/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing27B公司經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)的嬗變(單位：%）年度凈資產(chǎn)收益率銷(xiāo)售利潤(rùn)率19989.610.5199911.713.920000.40.52001-397.1-87.27/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing28B公司財(cái)務(wù)狀況的嬗變(單位：萬(wàn)元）財(cái)務(wù)狀況一覽表年度股東權(quán)益凈資產(chǎn)比率（%）1998123,02439.11999132,79240.82000122,67135.2200124,6449.17/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing29B公司財(cái)務(wù)狀況的嬗變(單位：%）財(cái)務(wù)狀況一覽表年度凈資產(chǎn)率流動(dòng)比率199839.1141.2199940.8143.0200035.280.320019.155.07/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing30B公司利潤(rùn)結(jié)構(gòu)1998年金額占利潤(rùn)總額%營(yíng)業(yè)利潤(rùn)5,88539.2投資收益7,12347.4補(bǔ)貼收入1,98913.2營(yíng)業(yè)外收支凈額220.2利潤(rùn)總額15,019100.07/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing31B公司利潤(rùn)結(jié)構(gòu)1999年金額占利潤(rùn)總額%營(yíng)業(yè)利潤(rùn)7,88543.2投資收益7,85543.1補(bǔ)貼收入2,42413.3營(yíng)業(yè)外收支凈額680.4利潤(rùn)總額18,232100.07/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing32B公司利潤(rùn)結(jié)構(gòu)2000年金額占利潤(rùn)總額%營(yíng)業(yè)利潤(rùn)-5,300投資收益7,067補(bǔ)貼收入0.5營(yíng)業(yè)外收支凈額-

496利潤(rùn)總額1,271.57/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing33B公司利潤(rùn)結(jié)構(gòu)2001年金額占利潤(rùn)總額%營(yíng)業(yè)利潤(rùn)-29,945投資收益814補(bǔ)貼收入100營(yíng)業(yè)外收支凈額-71,947利潤(rùn)總額-100,9787/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing34B公司(單位：萬(wàn)元）投資收益與現(xiàn)金流量年度投資收益投資收益相關(guān)的現(xiàn)金流入19987,12377119997,8551,48420007,06744120018142,9807/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing35B公司投資收益構(gòu)成7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing36項(xiàng)目名稱(chēng)1998199920002001委托貸款收益43,627,932.6447,018,425.3732,516,159.86(250,000.00)委托貸款準(zhǔn)備(2,063,492.78)(2,062,014.44)------股權(quán)投資收益25,181,284.8133,163,288.0134,421,843.267,809,254.00非控股公司分配的利潤(rùn)5,376,000.001,700,000.004,631,999.985,300,400.00股權(quán)投資差額攤銷(xiāo)(899,748.42)(899,748.42)(899,748.42)(899,748.42)債券投資收益8,750.00---------轉(zhuǎn)讓收益---(368,869.26)------長(zhǎng)期投資減值準(zhǔn)備---------(3,816,255.16)合計(jì)71,230,726.2578,551,081.2870,670,254.708,143,650.44B公司7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing372001巨虧的原因剖析董事會(huì)的說(shuō)明董事會(huì)的信號(hào)發(fā)送B公司董事永遠(yuǎn)是正確的都是《企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)制度》和新聞媒體惹的禍不是B公司無(wú)能，而是市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)太激勵(lì)存在的疑問(wèn)為何不說(shuō)明資產(chǎn)減值的原因？為何不說(shuō)明2000年度抵債的影響？B公司7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing38–營(yíng)業(yè)外支出明細(xì)項(xiàng)目2001年2000年固定資產(chǎn)清理凈損失1,939,922.21107,011.62固定資產(chǎn)盤(pán)虧---6,750.91固定資產(chǎn)減值準(zhǔn)備101,653,386.863,082,589.97無(wú)形資產(chǎn)減值準(zhǔn)備328,677,500.86---對(duì)外擔(dān)保預(yù)計(jì)負(fù)債286,357,085.06---捐贈(zèng)支出128,928.602,187,890.00債務(wù)重組損失982,928.60---其他100,240.0315,732.00合

計(jì)719,839,465.285,399,974.50B公司7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing39資產(chǎn)減值的原因2000年6月份大股東的抵債交易–短期貸款23,099,247.00–短期投資664,095,572.75應(yīng)提多少準(zhǔn)備？–應(yīng)收賬款38,720,381.381,936,029.37–其他應(yīng)收款553,011,748.8527,650,587.44–其他應(yīng)付款3,246,949.98–

合計(jì)1,275,680,000.00其他關(guān)聯(lián)交易1998年年末向大股東及其他關(guān)聯(lián)方提供資金余額為

1,103,594,212.82元，收取利息131,084,164.92元，占當(dāng)年利潤(rùn)總額87.3%，占凈利潤(rùn)111.1%1999年末向大股東及其他關(guān)聯(lián)方提供的資金余額為

805,704,235.42元，收取利息92,219,696.20元，占當(dāng)年利潤(rùn)總額50.6%，占凈利潤(rùn)59.4%B公司7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing40–2000年度因抵債，向大股東及其他關(guān)聯(lián)企業(yè)提供資金的年末余額為零，收取的利息為46,760,153.38元，占當(dāng)年利潤(rùn)總額

367.7%，占凈利潤(rùn)852.6%抵償?shù)馁Y產(chǎn)及其減值項(xiàng)目名稱(chēng)2000年6月評(píng)估價(jià)值2000年6月抵償作價(jià)2001年度減值準(zhǔn)備減值準(zhǔn)備占抵償價(jià)比例房屋建筑物38,04838,04810,13926.7%土地使用權(quán)53,52053,52019,43836.3%商標(biāo)權(quán)31,22030,00013,43044.8%股權(quán)6,2176,000------合

計(jì)129,005127,56843,00733.7%C公司案例：“巨額沖銷(xiāo)+銷(xiāo)售退回”背后的故事—“奇圣膠囊”演繹的神話經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)一覽表年度主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)收入凈利潤(rùn)199827,0996,568199928,4918,135200050,41924,191200110,043-58,4127/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing41C公司：2001年度上下半年的反差經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)一覽表年度主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)收入凈利潤(rùn)上半年20,5616,154下半年-10,518-64,566全年10,043-58,4127/22/2023Comparative

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on

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Dressing42C公司：凈利潤(rùn)與經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)的反差NI

v.s

CFFOA年度凈利潤(rùn)C(jī)FFOA19986,568-

6,29319998,135-

8,062200024,19119,6152001-58,412-74,0347/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing43C公司---經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流量7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing44CFFOA：2001v.s

2000項(xiàng) 目

名

稱(chēng)20012000銷(xiāo)售商品、提供勞務(wù)收到的現(xiàn)金154,902,472.69514,146,801.97收取的租金562,784.00收到的稅費(fèi)返還---11,154,500.80收到的其他與經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)有關(guān)的現(xiàn)金126,146,385.1411,854,612.64現(xiàn)金流入小計(jì)281,048,857.83537,718,699.41購(gòu)買(mǎi)商品、接受勞務(wù)支付的現(xiàn)金38,661,406.7458,904,277.28經(jīng)營(yíng)租賃所支付的現(xiàn)金---224,088.00支付給職工以及為職工支付的現(xiàn)金15,312,928.7815,312,719.45支付的各項(xiàng)稅款243,148,586.14110,460,669.35支付的其他與經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)有關(guān)的現(xiàn)金724,266,389.07152,975,914.86現(xiàn)金流出小計(jì)1,021,389,310.73341,564,738.92經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流量?jī)纛~-740,266,389.07196,153,960.49C---令人費(fèi)解的現(xiàn)金流入流出項(xiàng)目7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing45收到或支付的其他與經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)有關(guān)的現(xiàn)金流量項(xiàng)目名稱(chēng)20012000收到的其他與經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)有關(guān)的現(xiàn)金126,146,385.1411,854,612.64其中：蕪湖市財(cái)政局給予的國(guó)有企業(yè)虧損補(bǔ)貼91,000,000.00銀行存款利息21,142,855.77支付的其他與經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)有關(guān)的現(xiàn)金724,266,389.07152,975,914.86其中：北京飛霞廣告有限公司（借款）380,000,000.00北京京華天地廣告藝術(shù)公司（預(yù)付廣告費(fèi)）100,611,963.90通化三利化工有限公司借款108,800,000.00支付各種廣告費(fèi)用81,464,228.87銷(xiāo)售員借款及提成款67,398,360.29C公司：2000-2002股價(jià)最高、最低7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing46C公司---“奇圣膠囊”的功效Window

Dressing“奇圣膠囊”對(duì)主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)的貢獻(xiàn)項(xiàng)

目2001年度2000年度主營(yíng)收入主營(yíng)成本毛利率主營(yíng)收入主營(yíng)成本毛利率奇圣膠囊5,0972,91443%52,09125,14752%治麋靈栓3,01341586%7,81092988%參蓮膠囊-

1,328-

23682%2,98149983%壯骨伸筋膠囊2,22053876%2,20739882%其他5,1891,67568%9,6442,59573%內(nèi)部抵銷(xiāo)4,1472,25946%24,31422,5207%合計(jì)10,0433,04770%50,4197,04886%7/22/202347Comparative

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Measures

ofC公司---“成也蕭何，敗也蕭何”Window

Dressing董事會(huì)對(duì)“奇圣膠囊”迥然不同的說(shuō)法2000年度董事會(huì)報(bào)告2001年董事會(huì)報(bào)告1、經(jīng)公司2000年第二次臨時(shí)股東大會(huì)審1、公司主打產(chǎn)品“奇圣膠囊”，議通過(guò)，決定延緩實(shí)施配股募集資金投資由于市場(chǎng)運(yùn)作不利，銷(xiāo)路不暢，22,077.99萬(wàn)元進(jìn)行……將投資進(jìn)行調(diào)整，上年度以及本年上半年部分已用于購(gòu)買(mǎi)恒春奇圣膠囊全部技術(shù)及生產(chǎn)經(jīng)銷(xiāo)售的“奇圣膠囊”藥品出現(xiàn)銷(xiāo)權(quán)和購(gòu)買(mǎi)張恒春藥業(yè)有限公司股權(quán)?？備N(xiāo)售退回，沖減了本期營(yíng)業(yè)收投資34,466.8萬(wàn)元（購(gòu)買(mǎi)奇圣膠囊31,800入，致使2001年度營(yíng)業(yè)收入大萬(wàn)元，購(gòu)買(mǎi)張恒春藥業(yè)股權(quán)2666.8萬(wàn)幅下降。元）……2、由于“奇圣膠囊”銷(xiāo)路不暢，2、公司于2000年10月16日至17日在通化出于謹(jǐn)慎考慮，將購(gòu)買(mǎi)“奇圣市召開(kāi)了“奇圣膠囊銷(xiāo)售代理招商大會(huì)”，膠囊”全部技術(shù)及生產(chǎn)經(jīng)銷(xiāo)權(quán)與全國(guó)176家醫(yī)藥經(jīng)銷(xiāo)單位簽定了“奇圣的無(wú)形資產(chǎn)全額計(jì)提減值準(zhǔn)備，膠囊經(jīng)銷(xiāo)協(xié)議”，總金額14.85億元，其是導(dǎo)致2001年度出現(xiàn)虧損的重中現(xiàn)款現(xiàn)貨2.15億元，預(yù)售12.7億元……要原因。奇圣膠囊區(qū)域經(jīng)銷(xiāo)拍賣(mài)總成交金額1450萬(wàn)元……7/22/2023

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48C公司---價(jià)值連城？一文不值？“奇圣膠囊”的價(jià)值變遷日期變化過(guò)程金額2000.10臨時(shí)股東大會(huì)批準(zhǔn)購(gòu)買(mǎi)318,000,0002000.11-12計(jì)提2個(gè)月攤銷(xiāo)5,300,0002000.12.31攤余價(jià)值312,700,0002001.1-12計(jì)提12個(gè)月攤銷(xiāo)31,800,0002001.12.31攤余價(jià)值280,900,0002001.12.26董事會(huì)臨時(shí)電話會(huì)議決定全額計(jì)提減值準(zhǔn)備280,900,0002001.12.31賬面價(jià)值0影響分析：倘若“奇圣膠囊”物有所值，全額計(jì)提攤銷(xiāo)意味著通化金馬在未來(lái)的8年中，每年可增加3180萬(wàn)元的利潤(rùn)；倘若“奇圣膠囊”一文不值，那么通化金馬的股東損失了3.18億元，那么，受益者又是誰(shuí)7/？22/2023

Comparative

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49Window

DressingD公司案例---高科技公司的法寶R&D7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing502、利用研究開(kāi)發(fā)費(fèi)用調(diào)節(jié)利潤(rùn)上市公司類(lèi)型高科技上市公司做法

以收入與成本配比為由，將R

&

D計(jì)入長(zhǎng)期待攤費(fèi)用、在建工程或固定資產(chǎn)典型案例剖析D公司D公司：經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)變動(dòng)趨勢(shì)年度主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)收入凈利潤(rùn)199890,3829,8761999108,87412,6312000239,76217,8442001205,1453,6102002Q129,367-

4,8357/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing51D公司：凈利潤(rùn)與現(xiàn)金流量之反差年度凈利潤(rùn)C(jī)FFOA19989,876-

17,191199912,308-

21,248200017,844-

53,57620013,610-

2,5947/22/2023Comparative

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on

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Dressing52D公司：2000年度凈利潤(rùn)創(chuàng)新高的秘笈年度凈利潤(rùn)比例調(diào)整前17,844調(diào)整后6,99539.2%調(diào)整額10,84960.8%調(diào)整將原計(jì)入長(zhǎng)期待攤費(fèi)用原因和在建工程的R

&

D，作為重大會(huì)計(jì)差錯(cuò)進(jìn)行調(diào)整7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing53D公司案例---高科技公司的法寶R&D7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing542001年報(bào)的解釋董事會(huì)報(bào)告的說(shuō)明重大事項(xiàng)說(shuō)明其他疑問(wèn)2001年研發(fā)費(fèi)用支出多少？是否存在推遲研發(fā)支出時(shí)間的現(xiàn)象？1999年度是否存在將研發(fā)費(fèi)用資本化的現(xiàn)象？–1999年長(zhǎng)期待攤費(fèi)用只有幾十萬(wàn)，但當(dāng)年在建工程增加了4.33億元，研發(fā)費(fèi)用是否混跡其中？

R

&

D費(fèi)用化后，上市公司是否應(yīng)當(dāng)披露當(dāng)期發(fā)生的研發(fā)支出？占收入的比例？同行業(yè)或主要競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手在研發(fā)費(fèi)用的投資收入應(yīng)否披露？CPA如何判斷在建工程、固定資產(chǎn)、無(wú)形資產(chǎn)是否包括研發(fā)費(fèi)用？

如果上市公司與關(guān)聯(lián)企業(yè)合作進(jìn)行研發(fā)，然后將研發(fā)成果轉(zhuǎn)讓給上市公司，如何進(jìn)行會(huì)計(jì)處理？E公司案例---“知錯(cuò)必改”7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing553、利用會(huì)計(jì)差錯(cuò)更正調(diào)節(jié)利潤(rùn)情形會(huì)計(jì)違規(guī)被監(jiān)管部門(mén)稽查發(fā)現(xiàn)面臨ST或退市邊緣更換會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所更換大股東更換高管人員做法

以時(shí)間換空間，某一年度明知故犯，下一年度再予以更正典型案例剖析P公司P公司案例---“知錯(cuò)必改”7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing562001年報(bào)關(guān)于“會(huì)計(jì)差錯(cuò)更正”的披露（疑點(diǎn)之一）

根據(jù)企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)制度，公司本年度調(diào)減2001年年初留存收益

13,296,326.62元，其中調(diào)減了2000年年初留存收益14,579,451.77元；調(diào)增2000年度的凈利潤(rùn)1,283,125.15元。調(diào)整原因如下：項(xiàng)

目追溯調(diào)整（2000年以前）追溯調(diào)整（2000年度）備注壞賬準(zhǔn)備追溯調(diào)整-8,999,677.931,054,365.91A長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資減值準(zhǔn)備追溯調(diào)整-

848,305.27230,530.21B利息等費(fèi)用追溯調(diào)整-1,731,468.57165,947.40C賠償支出追溯調(diào)整----399,058.60D代銷(xiāo)收入追溯調(diào)整---231,340.23E預(yù)計(jì)負(fù)債追溯調(diào)整-3,000,000.00---F合

計(jì)-14,579,451.771,283,125.15PT百花村案例---“知錯(cuò)必改”7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing57A、壞賬準(zhǔn)備追溯調(diào)整

2001年2月本公司收到人民法院”民事裁定書(shū)，由于被執(zhí)行人XX電器有限公司、XX有限責(zé)任公司已停業(yè)，無(wú)任何財(cái)產(chǎn)，裁定“支付令”終結(jié)執(zhí)行。本公司2000年及以前年度計(jì)提壞賬時(shí)未考慮以上因素，故本年在核銷(xiāo)XX電器有限公司、XX有限責(zé)任公司應(yīng)收賬款時(shí)對(duì)上述壞賬準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)行了更正–

Note:

Audit

report

for

2000

dated

March

2001,

what

are

theimplications?

Subsequent

event,

type

1

or

type

2?Is

thisaccounting

treatment

justifiable?

In

what

grounds?PT百花村案例---“知錯(cuò)必改”7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing58B、長(zhǎng)期股權(quán)投資減值準(zhǔn)備追溯調(diào)整

XX發(fā)展中心長(zhǎng)期經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況不佳，XX高新技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)行政管理局

于1998年7月21日公告吊銷(xiāo)了該公司的營(yíng)業(yè)執(zhí)照。以上投資在2000年以前已全部形成損失，公司本年度核銷(xiāo)了對(duì)其的投資，并對(duì)長(zhǎng)期投資計(jì)提了減值準(zhǔn)備。C、利息等費(fèi)用追溯調(diào)整

公司在1997年-1998年欠XX貿(mào)易發(fā)展中心利息，當(dāng)時(shí)股份公司主辦會(huì)計(jì)將利息單在本人抽屜中未進(jìn)行賬務(wù)處理，2001年對(duì)賬時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，就進(jìn)行了追溯調(diào)整。D、賠償支出追溯調(diào)整

本公司在2000年7月29日發(fā)生特大交通事故，死亡11人，應(yīng)該在

2000年度賠償死者家屬45萬(wàn)元，因資金緊張還差24萬(wàn)元未賠付也未進(jìn)行掛賬，另外本公司與一商戶于2000年解除了租賃合同，應(yīng)賠付23萬(wàn)元，因資金緊張，只賠付了7萬(wàn)元，本公司漏計(jì)以上業(yè)務(wù)，本年度進(jìn)行了追溯調(diào)整。PT百花村案例---“知錯(cuò)必改”7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing59E、代銷(xiāo)收入追溯調(diào)整

系分公司XX購(gòu)物中心將2000年代銷(xiāo)商品產(chǎn)生的收入

2000年未入賬，計(jì)入2001年度。應(yīng)進(jìn)行追溯調(diào)整。F、預(yù)計(jì)負(fù)債追溯調(diào)整

本公司于1995年12月為XX有限責(zé)任公司提供300萬(wàn)元

三年期技改貸款擔(dān)保，該項(xiàng)貸款已于1998年12月到期。目前該借款尚未歸還。由于該公司長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)財(cái)務(wù)狀況

不佳，無(wú)力償還借款。對(duì)以上擔(dān)保應(yīng)預(yù)計(jì)負(fù)債，本公

司漏計(jì)此筆業(yè)務(wù)，本年度對(duì)此進(jìn)行了更正。G公司案例---“控股權(quán)變動(dòng)=業(yè)績(jī)?cè)鲩L(zhǎng)”7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing60股權(quán)變動(dòng)1999年，原第一大股東與XYZ科技發(fā)展有限公司簽定了《股份轉(zhuǎn)讓合同書(shū)》，但尚未辦理過(guò)戶手續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)實(shí)質(zhì)上從1999年起托管給XYZ2000年XYZ入主G公司經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)顯著改善1998至2001年的經(jīng)營(yíng)成果控股權(quán)變動(dòng)前后的G公司經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)(單位：萬(wàn)元）年度主營(yíng)收入主營(yíng)利潤(rùn)凈利潤(rùn)19987,7541,38332199915,4979,1066,352200022,5287,8672,994200125,1179,4462,1857/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing61控股權(quán)變動(dòng)前后的G公司經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)(單位：萬(wàn)元）年度主營(yíng)利潤(rùn)率銷(xiāo)售利潤(rùn)率凈資產(chǎn)收益率199817.8%0.4%0.08%199958.8%41.0%16.3%200034.9%13.3%7.3%200137.6%8.7%5.1%7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing62奧秘所在—來(lái)自分行業(yè)的資料7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing63項(xiàng)目名稱(chēng)1998199920002001發(fā)電機(jī)組：主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)收入主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)成本毛利率5,7664,65419.3%5,8724,59721.7%6,8366,8080.4%6,4375,8529.1%通信產(chǎn)品：主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)收入主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)成本毛利率------------------7,1245,21326.8%10,7597,33631.8%技術(shù)服務(wù)：主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)收入主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)成本毛利率---------7,777---100%6,88942693.8%5,25835393.3%蓄電池隔板

主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)收入機(jī)電新材料

主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)成本及其他：

毛利率1,9881,64717.2%1,8481,50018.8%1,6801,36718.6%2,6671,98225.7%G公司毛利率7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing64G公司案例---“控股權(quán)變動(dòng)=業(yè)績(jī)?cè)鲩L(zhǎng)”7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing65審計(jì)問(wèn)題CPA連續(xù)四年均發(fā)表標(biāo)準(zhǔn)無(wú)保留意見(jiàn)CPA確認(rèn)技術(shù)服務(wù)收入的依據(jù)技術(shù)服務(wù)合同–主要為軟件開(kāi)發(fā)服務(wù)，一頁(yè)紙，開(kāi)發(fā)周期3至6個(gè)月銀行進(jìn)賬單或函證疑點(diǎn)CPA是否評(píng)估該公司是否具有軟件開(kāi)發(fā)能力？CPA是否審計(jì)該公司開(kāi)發(fā)的軟件或提供的服務(wù)？

軟件服務(wù)1999年只有收入，沒(méi)有成本，2000至2001年的毛利率也高達(dá)90%以上，CPA為何沒(méi)有保持應(yīng)有的職業(yè)謹(jǐn)慎？CPA是否合理地懷疑這部分收入來(lái)源的合法性？財(cái)務(wù)分析框架1、From

Business

Activities

to

Financial

StatementsBusiness

ActivitiesOperating

ActivitiesInvestment

ActivitiesFinancing

ActivitiesAccounting

SystemMeasure

and

ReportEconomic

Consequencesof

Business

ActivitiesFinancial

StatementsManagers’

Superior

inf.On

Business

ActivitiesEstimation

ErrorsDistortions

fm

Managers’Accounting

ChoicesBusiness

EnvironmentLabor

MarketsCapital

MarketsProduct

MarketsSupplierCustomersCompetitorsBusiness

RegulationsAccounting

EnvironmentCapital

Market

StructureContracting

&

GovernanceAccounting

ConventionsAnd

RegulationsTax

&

Financial

AccountingLinkageThird-party

AuditingLegal

System

forAccounting

DisputesBusiness

StrategyScope

of

Business:Degree

of

DiversificationType

of

DiversificationCompetitive

Positioning:Cost

LeadershipDifferentiationKey

Success

Factors

andRiskAccounting

StrategyChoice

of

Acctg

PoliciesChoice

of

Acctg

EstimatesChoice

of

Reporting

FormatChoice

of

SupplementaryDisclosures7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing66財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表分析框架2、Doing

Business

Analysis

Using

Financial

StatementsFinancial

StatementsManagers’

superior

inf

on

business

activitiesNoise

from

estimation

errorsDistortions

from

managers’

acctg

choicesOther

Public

DataIndustry

and

firm

dataOutside

financial

statementsBusiness

Application

ContextCredit

analysisSecurities

analysisMergers

and

acquisition

analysisDebt/dividend

analysisCorporate

communication

strategy

analysisGeneral

business

analysisAnalysis

ToolsBusiness

Strategy

AnalysisGenerate

performance

expectations

throughIndustry

analysis

and

competitive

strategyAnalysisAccounting

AnalysisEvaluate

accounting

qualityBy

assessing

accountingPolicies

and

estimatesFinancial

AnalysisEvaluate

performance

using

ratiosAnd

cash

flow

analysisProspective

AnalysisMaking

forecasts

and

valueBusiness7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing67會(huì)計(jì)分析7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing681、Doing

Accounting

AnalysisStep

1:

Identify

key

accounting

policiesStep

2:

Access

accounting

flexibilityStep

3:

Evaluate

accounting

strategyKey

questionsHow

do

the

firm’s

accounting

policies

compare

to

the

norms

in

theindustry?

If

they

are

different,

is

it

because

the

firm’s

competitive

sis

unique?Does

management

face

strong

incentives

to

use

accounting

discretion

foearnings

management?Has

the

firm

changed

any

of

its

policies

and

estimates?

What

is

thejustification?

What

is

impact

of

changes?Have

the

firm’s

policies

and

estimates

been

realistic

in

the

past?Does

the

firm

structure

any

significant

business

transactions

so

that

iachieve

certain

accounting

objectives?會(huì)計(jì)分析7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing69Step

4:

Evaluate

the

quality

of

disclosureKey

questionsDoes

the

firm

provide

adequate

disclosure

to

assess

the

firm’s

businesstrategy

and

its

economic

consequences?Do

the

footnotes

adequately

explain

the

key

accounting

policies

andassumptions

and

their

logic?Does

the

firm

adequately

explain

its

current

performance?

(MD&A)If

accounting

rules

and

conventions

restrict

the

firm

from

measuring

itsuccess

factors

appropriately,

does

the

firm

provide

adequate

additiondisclosure

to

help

outsiders

understand

how

these

factors

are

being

manaIf

the

firm

is

in

multiple

business

segments,

what

is

the

quality

of

segdisclosure?How

forthcoming

is

the

management

with

respect

to

bad

news?How

good

is

the

firm’s

investor

relations

program?

Does

the

firm

provifact

books

with

detaileddata

on

the

firm’s

business

and

performance?Ithe

management

accessible

to

analysts?會(huì)計(jì)分析7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing70Step

5:

Identify

potential

red

flagsCommon

red

flagsUnexplained

changes

in

accounting

policies

and

estimates,

especially

whenperformance

is

poorUnexplained

transactions

that

boost

profitsUnusual

increases

in

account

receivable

in

relation

to

sales

increasesUnusual

increases

in

inventories

in

relation

to

sales

increasesAn

increasing

gap

between

a

firm’s

reported

income

and

its

cash

flow

fromoperating

activitiesAn

increasing

gap

between

a

firm’s

reported

income

and

its

tax

incomeA

tendency

to

use

financing

mechanisms

like

research

and

development

partnershipsand

the

sale

of

receivables

with

recourseLarge

fourth-quarter

or

fist-quarter

adjustmentsQualified

audit

opinions

or

change

in

independent

auditors

that

are

not

well

justifieRelated-party

transactions

or

transactions

between

related

entitiesStep

6:

Undo

accounting

distortions4

approaches

(

refer

to

window-dressing

of

financial

statements)附錄：Sarbanes-Oxley

Act7/22/2023Comparative

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Dressing71Sarbanes-Oxley

Act

of

2002

2002.7.25參眾兩院通過(guò)，2002.7.30布什總統(tǒng)簽署,主要內(nèi)容包括7個(gè)方面1、設(shè)立Public

Company

Accounting

Oversight

Board（公眾公司會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)察委員會(huì)）委員會(huì)的組建和管理所有為證券發(fā)行公